1. List all the scientist involved in the History of Immunohematology .

1) Braxton Hicks
2) Karl Landsteiner
3) Edward E. Lindemann
4) Unger
5) Hustin
6) Lewisohn
7) Rous and Turner
8) Charles Drew
9) Loutit and Mollison
10) Gibson

2. What is Immunohematology / transfusion medicine?

More commonly known as "blood banking".
This is the area of laboratory medicine dealing with preparing blood and
blood components for transfusion as well as selection of appropriate,
compatible components for transfusion.
Study of antigens and antibodies associated with blood transfusion and
some complications of pregnancy.

3. What are the importances of Immunohematology to Medtechs, to blood banking
and to life?

Immunohematalogy is important to the Medical Technologist because one
of the samples we take is blood. As a Medtech if we are knowledgeable
about immunohematology , we will understand the test that we do
more.To life, having a knowledge of
immunohematology is very important
because if you are in a life and death
situation, and there is a blood loss you have a
basic knowledge on what kind of blood type
will be transfused to you.


4. RBC Structure, Chemical Composition and Function
Structure
- Biconcave disc
- Diameter of 7-8 micrometers
Chemical Composition
- 40% lipids, 52% proteins, 8 Carbohydrates
- Protein:
o Glycophorin (an integral membrane protein, carry RBC antigens
and are receptors or transport proteins)
o Spectrin (a peripheral membrane protein of the cytoskeleton,
binds with other peripheral proteins to form the skeletal network
of microfilaments on the inner surface of RBC membrane)
o Ankyrin (Primarily anchors lipid bilayer to membrane skeleton)
o Protein 4.1( May link the cytoskeleton to the membrane by
means of its associations with glycophorin )
o Actin (Responsible for contraction and relaxation of membrane)
Function
- RBC's are responsible for carrying oxygen and removing carbon
dioxide from cells in the human body.

5. 2 Characteristic of cell membrane of RBC
1) Deformability
- Viability of the red blood cell, essential for oxygen delivery.
2) Permeability
- Prevents colloid hemolysis and it controls the volume of the red blood
cell.

6. What are the ions that passed thru the RBC?
Chloride, Bicarbonate

7. 3 pathways
1) Embden-Myerhof Pathway
- anaerobically catabolyze glucose to lactic acid. Serves three functions
in the RBC: ATP production, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate production, and
NADH production.
2) Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Regenerate NADPH from NADP
+
through an oxidation/ reduction
reaction.
3) Leubering- Rapaport Pathway
- Production of 2,3 DPG
4) Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
- Prevents iron of Hgb from being oxidized, makes NADH which is
reducing power. Methemoglobin reductase reduces iron as NADH is
converted to NAD.































8. Steps in blood donation
Step 1: Registration.
Step 2: Medical History.
Step 3: Donation. You will be asked to sit in a reclining chair. Your arm will be
sterilized with a swab and a sterile needle inserted into a vein. You will only feel a
small pinch when the needle is inserted. The donation process rarely takes more
than 10 minutes and the quantity of blood taken is about 1 pint.
Step 4: Refreshments.
9. Screening of blood donors
- HIV, Hepatitis, Parasitic disease, Bacterial infection
10. Steps in extracting bloood
1) Review and accession test request
2) Approach, identify and prepare patient
3) Verify diet restrictions and latex sensitivity
4) Sanitize
5) Position patient, apply tourniquet and ask patient to make a fist
6) Select vein, release tourniquet and ask patient to open fist
7) Clean and air dry site
8) Prepare equipment and put on gloves
9) Reapply tourniquet, uncap and inspect needle
10) Ask patient to remake a fist, anchor vein, and insert needle
11) Establish blood flow, release tourniquet, and ask patient to open fist
12) Fill, remove and Mix tubes in order of Draw
13) Place gauze, Withdraw needle, Activate safety feature and apply pressure
14) Discard needle and holder unit
15) Label tubes
16) Observe special handling instructions
17) Check patients arm and apply bandages
18) Disposal of used material
19) Thank patient, remove gloves and sanitize hands

11. Anti-coagulants
- Antithrombin III
- Heparin: interfering primary with the action of thrombin after combing
with antithrombin III.
- Fibrinolysis
- Warfarin is an anticoagulant that may be used to prevent blood clots.

12. Forms of transfusion
- Red Blood Cell Transfusions
- Platelet and Clotting Factor Transfusions
- Plasma Transfusions