Integumentary System

Introduction
The integumentary system is the organ thats protects the body from various kinds of damage such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.
Integumentary system consists of the skin,hair and nails. All performing essential function of the body.
Organs Description Function Location Disease


Skin
Skin is the largest organ of the
body with asurface area.
Dermis The layer of the skin
deep to the epidermis,
composed of dense irregular
connective tissue.
Epidermis Superficial layer
of the skin, composed of
keratinized stratified
squamuos epithelium
Sebaceous gland An
epidermal gland that produces
an oily secretion called sebum
Skin covers the whole
body part.
Two types of skin
Dermis and Epidermis
.
Skin ordinarily
receives very little
respect from its
inhabitants.
Coversa all in the body
Acne
Dermatosis
Eczema
Furuncolosis
Jungle rot
Keratonosis
lichen
Shingles
Vitiligo
Moles
Alopecia Areata
Dermatitis
Acne
Athletes Foot
Paronchia
Accute Paronchia
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Rash
Skin Grafts
Blister
Albinism
Pressure Ulcers
Vitilago
Hair removal
Male shavig
Nits
Badness
alopecia



Hair

Hair originates from a tiny
tubelike structure called a
hair follicle that attends
deep into the dermis layer,
hair shafts differ in size,
shape and color.

Hair roughly 5 million
hair cover the body of
an average individual.
About 100,000 of
those hair
Protects us from the
suns damaging
ultraviolet rays.

Hair located around
the eyes, ears and the
mouth.


Nails

As a new cells are formed,
older cells are pushed
forward, forming the nail
body or the visiblr attached
portion of the nai.

Nails for humans
correspond to the
hoover of horses and
cattle and.
Serves to enhance
pthe claws of birds
and recise delicate
movements of the
distal digits through
counter-pressure
exerted on the pulp of
the finger.

Located on the ends of
finger and toese.

Allergies
Verrucas
Boils
Ecsema
Dermatitis
Pseudomonas
Fungal
Yest
Tinea unguis
paronychia

Terms:

Albinism Keratin Stratum corneum
Arrector pili muscle Keratinization Stratum germinativum
Basal cell carcinoma Lunula Stratum granulosum
Callus Medulla Stratum lucidum
Corium Melanocytes Stratum spinusum
Corns Melanin Sweat glands
Cortex Nail bed
Cuticle Nail body
Cyanosis Nail root
Dermis Root
Desmosomes Sebaceous Glands
Epidermis Sebum
Hair Shaft
Hair follicle Strata
Hypodermis Stratum Basale




Endocrine System

Introduction
The endo crine system consist of specialized glands located in different parts of the body. These glands secrete chemical substances called
hormones, which transfer information from one set of cells to another.
Organs Description Function Location Disease

Hypothalam
us







Pituitary
Gland
It is called the
master gland
because it
produces
hormones that
control other
glands and
many body
functions
including
growth.


Hangs from the
base of the brain
by stalk and is
enclosed by bone.
Anterior
pituitary gland is
subject to
neurochemical
stimulation by
the
hypothalamus.




Which controls growth and the
activity of the adrenal, and sex
glands.
Nearby part of the brain.







Nearby the posterior
pituitary gland and
conterior.
Diabetes
Hyperthyroidism
Cushing Syndrome
Diabetes Mellitus
Hormone Deficiency
Thyroid Cancer
Hypoclycemia
Metabolic Disorder
Glucagonoma
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis
Thyroid Cancer
Adrenal Insufficiency
Osteoporosis
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary Tumors
Hermaphroditism
Delayed Puberty
Precocious Puberty
Amenorrhea
Dwarfism
Gigantism
Diabetes Insipidus
Seasonal Affective
Disorders
Acromegaly
Addisons Disease
Cretinism


Thyroid
Gland

Formed from thicking
of the endoderm that
forms the pharnyx

Stimulates
thyroid gland to
release thyroid
hormone
Changes in
metabolic rate
are reflected by
changes in pulse
rate and heat
production.

It is located in the interior
portion of the neck, in
front of the tracheas, 2
nd
,
3
rd
and 4
th
C-shaped
cartilaginous pieces and
below the larynx.


Parathyroid
Gland

Any of usually four
small kidney-shaped
glands that lie in pairs

To regulate the
amount of
calcium in the

It is located behind the
thyroid gland in the neck.
. Exophthalmus
Simple Goiter
Extreme thinness
Growth failure
Sexual aberration
Lack of iodine
Goiter
tumor
Malignant Goiter
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypersecretion
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyposecretion
Myxoedema
Tetany
Thyrotoxicosis
Menopause
Graves Disease


Adrenal
Glands

The paired adrenal
glands each
approximately the
size of an almond, aid
perched.

Adrenal Cortex -
the outer part of the
gland and it produces
hormones that help
regulate metabolism
and immune
response, among
other things.
Adrenal Medulla -
the inner part of the
gland that secretes
important hormones
for coping with stress.
It is the release of
adrenalin that
triggers the "fight or
flight" response.


Promotes release
of
gluccocorticoids
and androgins.

Keep bodys reaction to
stress in balance so that
they are appropriate and not
harmful.
Producing glands
manufacture and
secrete almost 50
different
hormones,
including steroid
hormones such
as adrenalin,
cortisol,
aldosterone,
estrogen and
testosterone that
are absolutely
essential to your
health and
vitality.


located. To above each
kidney.


Pancreas







A long, irregularly
shaped gland in
vertebrates that
secretes pancreatic
juice into the
duodenum and
insulin, glucagon, and
somatostatin into the

Secretes a
digestive fluid
into the intestine
through one
more ducts
Secretes the
hormone insulin
The enzymes

Lying behind the stomach.
Obesity
Low Testosterone
Growth Hormone
Deficiency
Pre-diabetes
Thyroid Nodules
Hyperglycemia


Adrenal
glands
bloodstream. secreted by
exocrine gland in
the pancreas
help break down
carbohydrates,
fats, proteins,
and acids in the
duodenum.



Weakness
Fatigue
Weight loss
Lack of appetite
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Constipation
Diarrhea
Darkening of the skin







neoplasms
hydrocele testis
orchitis
sexual arousal.




Pineal Gland

A small part of the
endocrine system,
called as the pineal
body.
Produces melatonin,
a hormone that
affects the
modulation of
wake/sleep patterns
seasonal functions.

Secretion of the
Hormone
Regulation of the
Endocrine
Function
Causes Feeling of
Sleepines

. It is situated between the
cerebral hemispheres,
attached to the third
ventricle.



Thymus
Gland

. Large and
conspicuous in
infants children.
A glandular structure
of largely lymphoid
tissues that functions
especially in the
development of the
bodys immune
system is present in
the young of the most
invertebrates.

To produce T-
cells also known
as T-
lymphocytes.

The thymus gland is
located in the upper thorax
behind the sternum, but
below the thyroid gland.



Testes

.testes also called
testicle, the organ
that produced sperm,
the male reproductive
cell. And androgens
the male hormone

The main function of the testis is to
produce sperm. It also helps in
producing androgens, which are the
primary testosterone. Testes are
components or the mechanisms of
both the reproductive system and the

ocated directly behind
the penisand in front of
the anus.


Ovary

The paired ovaries
which flank the
uterus on each side
are about the size and
shape of almonds.


. To produce hormones that
help regulate menstrual
cycle.
To produce the egg released during
each menstrual cycle.

Located in the lateral wall
of the pelvis within a
region known as the
ovarian fossa in the human
body.
Ovarian cancer
Luteoma
Hypogonadism
Hyperthecosis







Terms:


Androgens Hormones Ovaries
Beta cells Hyperparathyroidism Parathyroid glands
Calcitonin Hyperthyroidism

Pineal body
Chief cells Pituitary glands Thymosin
Diabetes mellitus releasing hormones Thymus gland
Endocrine glands Testes Thyroid gland

Acidosis Estrogen Hypophysis
Adrenal cortex Goiter Hypothalamus
Adrenal glands Homeostasis Hypothyroidism
Adrenal medulla Hormones Insulin
Adrenalin Goiter Melatonin
Alpha cells Homeostasis Myxedema






Lymphatic System

Introduction
. Lymphatic organs play an important part in the immune system, having a considerable overlap with
the lymphoid system. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid
follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils.

Organ Description Function Location Disease


Tonsils
A small oral mass of
lymphoid tissues,
especially either of two
such masses embedded
in the lateral walls of
the opening between
the mouth and the
pharynx. There are 3
different types of
tonsils:

Palatine tonsils -
These are the most
commonly removed
tonsils, located at the
back of your throat.
Lingual tonsils -
These tonsils are
located underneath
your tongue.
Pharyngeal tonsils
or Adenoids - These
tonsils are located
behind your
nasopharyngeal area,
higher in your throat
near your nose.
are
collections of
lymphoid
tissue
[1]
facing
into the
aerodigestive
tract. The set of
lymphatic tissue
known
as Waldeyer's
tonsillar
ring includes
the adenoid
tonsil, two tubal
tonsils,
two palatine
tonsils, and
the lingual
tonsil.
At the rear of the
throat.
Lymphedema
Hodgkins Lymphoma
Castle Man Disease
Lymphangiomatosis
Lymphangiosarcoma
Lymphatic Filaris
Lymphoid
Leukemia
Splenomegaly
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
Lymphangitis
Lymphadentis
Lymphocytosis
Lymphatic Filariasis
Lymphangiectasia
Edema











Spleen

. he spleen is an organ
in the upper far left part
of the abdomen, to the
left of the stomach. The
spleen varies in size
and shape between
people, but its
commonly fist-shaped,
purple, and about 4
inches long. Because
the spleen is protected
by the rib cage, you
cant easily feel it
unless its abnormally
enlarged

The spleen
synthesizesantibodie
s in its white
pulp and removes
antibody-coated
bacteria and
antibody-coated
blood cells by way of
blood and lymph
node circulation

Filters blood via
splenic artery and
splenic vein.
Helps to control the
amount of blood

located in the
left upper
quadrant of the
abdomen.

sickle cell
anemia, sarcoidosis, malaria, bacte
rial
endocarditis, leukemia, pernicious
anemia,Gaucher's
disease, leishmaniasis, Hodgkin's
disease, Banti's
disease, hereditary
spherocytosis, cysts,







Thymus
Gland

A glandular structure of
largely lymphoid tissues
that functions
especially in the
development of the
bodys immune system
is present in the young
of the most
invertebrates.

site of maturation of
T-cells
site of production &
secretion of
thymosins(hormones
which stimulate
maturation of T-
cells)
The Thymus gland is
most active from
birth to puberty

It is located in the
mediastinum along
the trachea behind
the sternum.


Payers
Patches

any of numerous
large oval patches of
closely aggregated
nodules of lymphoid
tissue in the walls of
the small intestine
especially in the
ileum that partially
or entirely disappear
in advanced life and
in typhoid fever
become the seat of
ulcers which may
perforate the
intestines

They resemble
tonsils
Their macrophages
destroy bacteria.

Found in the wall
of the small
intestine.


Terms:

Complement Lymph capillaries Right lymphatic duct
Edema Lymph nodes Spleen
Efferent lymphatic vessels Lymphatics Thoracic duct

Germinal center Macrophage Thymus gland
Hilum Memory cell

Active immunity Immunity Palatine tonsils
Afferent lymphatic vessels Interstital fluid Passive immunity

Antigens Intestinal trunk Pathogens
B cells Lingual tonsils Peyers Patches
B lymphocytes Lumbar trunk Pharyngeal tonsils
Chyle Lymph Plasma cells


Urinary System

Introduction:
urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood to remove wastes and
produce urine. The ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra together form the urinary tract, which acts as a plumbing system to drain urine
from the kidneys, store it, and then release it during urination. Besides filtering and eliminating wastes from the body, the urinary system
also maintains the homeostasis of water, ions, pH, blood pressure, calcium.
The urinary system is also known as excretory system of the body. It is the system of production, storage, and elimination of urine. Formation and
elimination of urine is important for human body because urine contains nitrogenous waste of the body that must be eliminated to maintain homeostasis.

Organs Description Function Location Disease

Kidneys
Each of a pair of
organs in the
abdominal cavity of
mammals, birds, and
reptiles, excreting
urine.
1.

Remove liquid waste
from the blood in the
form of urine.
Keep a stable balance
of salts and other
substances in the
body.
It is located below the ribs
towards the middle back.
Urethritis
Acute kidney failure
Chronic kidney
Dialysis
Nephritis
Treatment
Nephrosis
Kidney stones
UTI

Cystitis
Ureteritis
Pyelonephritis
Lepospirosis
Urinary Tract Infection
Kidney Stones
Bladder Cancer
Cystocele
Hematuria
Impotence
Infertility in Men
Infertility in Women
Neurogenic Bladder


Ureters

The ureter has a
main function of
transporting urine
from the renal
pelvis of the
kidney to the
bladder. The
ureter connects
the kidneys and
the urinary
bladder in the
process of
excretion of wastes
from the body.


The ureter is the tube
that carries urine
from the kidney to the
urinary bladder. In
humans there are two
ureters, one attached
to each kidney. The
upper half of the
ureter is located in the
abdomen and the
lower half is located in
the pelvic areaBut
mainly by a wave of
contraction, called
peristalsis, which pass
several times minute

The upper half of the ureter is in
the abdomen proper;
The lower half of the ureter is in
the pelvis.

Urinary
Bladder

An elastic,
muscular sac
situated in the
interior part of the
pelvic cavity in
which urine
collects before
excretion.
urinary bladder is derived in embryo
from the urogenital sinus and, it is
initially continuous with the allantois. In
males, the base of the bladder lies
between the rectum and the pubic
symphysis. It is superior to the prostate,
and separated from the rectum by
the rectovesical excavation. In females,
the bladder sits inferior to the uterus
and anterior to the vagina; thus, its
maximum capacity is lower than in
males. It is separated from
the uterus by thevesicouterine
excavation

It is located in the abdominal
cavity. In males, it is anterior to
the rectum and above the prostate
gland. In females, it is located
much lower, anterior to the uterus
and upper vagina.
Prostate Cancer
Urinary Incontinence
Interstitial Cystitis
Peryronies Disease
Prostate Disease
Prosteate Cancer
Vesicoureteral Reflux
Protenuria


Urethra

The urethra is a
thin tube that
carries urine from
the bladder to
outside the body.
Near the bladder,
the urethra passes
through the
prostate.

In women, the urinary
tube serves only as a
passage for urine from
bladder to the region
near clitoris and
vagina.
In men, it is involved
in dual functions that
are the transfer of
urine out of the body
through penile
opening as well as the
ejaculation of seminal
fluid.

In females, it is
located in the
wall of the
vagina just
above the
vaginal opening.
In males, it is
located below
the bladder.



Terms:

Detrusor muscia Medulla Right renal artery
Efferent arteriole Micturition Right renal vein
Erythropoietin Minor Calyx Ureters
Giomerulus Nephrons Urethra
Hilum Papillary ducts Urinary bladder
Interlobar veins Parenchyma Urinary system
Interiobular veins Podocytes Urine Afferent arteriole
internal urinary sphincter renal capsule
Arcuate arteries Kidneys renal columns
Arcuate veins Left renal artery renal pelvis
Collecting duct Left renal vein renal pyramids
Cortex Major Calyces renal tubule








Reproductive System

Introduction:
The reproductive system is a collection of organs that work together for the purpose of producing a new life. Scientists argue that the reproductive
system is among the most important system in the entire body. Without the ability to reproduce, a species dies.

Organ Description Function Location Disease

Penis
A male erectile organ of
copulation by which urine and
semen are discharged from the
body and that develops from the
same embryonic mass tissues as
the clitoris.
Removing waste fluids
from the male body.
For insertion of sperm
(in semen) with the
female to produce
offspring, so continues
the cycle of human life.
It is located at
the base of the
abdominal
cavity, at about
the same level
as the base of
the hips.
Amenorrhea
Atrophic Vaginitis
Cervical Cancer
Delayed Sexual Development
Dysmenorrhea
Dyspareunia


Scrotum

The pouch which hangs the
anterior part of the perineum and
the sub pubic region at the rout of
the penis.

Acts as a sack to hold
and support the testis
outside the body.
Allowing sperm to
develop at a
temperature lower than
that of the internal
body.
Contains testicles, and
their pedicles, the
spermatic cord.

A muscular
pouch
underneath the
penis
containing to
compartments
to hold the
testicles.
Endometriosis
Epididymitis
Female Sexual Dysfunction
Hydrocele
Impotence
Infertility in Men
Infertility in Women
Mastalgia
Mastitis
Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian Cyst
Premature Birth
Premature Ejaculation
Premenstrual Syndrome
Uterine Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Vaginismus


Testes

These are oval organs about the
size of large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by
a structure called spermatic cord.
Most men have two testes.

To produce sperm
Helps to produce
androgens

Each testis is
located
descended
from the pelvis
posterior and
inferior to the
penis.


Vagina

A canal that
joins the cervix
to the outside of
the body. It is
also known as
the birth canal.
A female
reproductive
organ.

it receives the male
penis during sexual
intercourse.
Provides the
passageway for
menstrual blood during
menstruation
Serves as the birth canal
for fetal offspring.

It is located
between the
legs, adjacent
to the anus.


Uterus
(Womb)

A hallow, pear-shaped organ that
is the home to a developing fetus.

Nurturing the fertilized
ovum that develops into
the fetus and holding
until the baby is mature
enough for birth.
Provides structural
integrity and support to
the bladder, bowel,
pelvic bones and organs
as well.
Separates the bladder
and the bowels.

It is located
behind the
bladder in
front of the
rectum.


Fallopian
Tube

A pair of slender ducts through
which ova pass from the ovaries
to the uterus in the female
reproductive system of humans.

Connects the ovaries to
the uterus.

It is located in
the human
female
abdominal
cavity.


Terms:

Abdominal cavity Human life Vagina
Amenorrhea Male reproductive organ Vaginismus
Androgens Menstrual blood Waste fluids
Atrophic Vaginitis Menstruation Womb
Birth Oval Premenstrual
Birth canal Ovum Premature Birth
Bladder Pedicles Premature Ejaculation
Bowel Pelvic Bones
Canal Pelvis
Cervix Scrotum
Clitoris Semen
Embryonic mass Sub pubic
Fallopian tube Testicles
Female reproductive organ Testis/testes
Fetal offspring Urine
Fetus Uterus

Digestive System

Introduction:
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire
body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). The
alimentary canal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines. In addition to the
alimentary canal, there are several important accessory organs that help your body to digest food
Organ Description Function Location Disease
Oral
Cavity
Where the digestion
begins.
A body opening
through which food
(and air) enters the
body of a human.
the opening through
which food is taken
in and vocalizations
emerge; "he stuffed
his mouth with
candy
. The oral cavity is
responsible for a variety
of functions. These
include oral competence,
which is the ability to
hold food and saliva in
the mouth without
drooling. The grinding
and crushing of food that
is essential for digestion
also occurs in the oral
cavity.
Use for chewing
(mastication), talking and
breathing.
the part of
the mouth
behind the
gums and
teeth that is
bounded
above by the
hard and soft
palates and
below by the
tongue and
by the
mucous
membrane
connecting it
with the
inner part of
the mandible

Colon Cancer
Colonoscopy
Constipation
Cohns Disease
Diarrhea
Heartburn
Hepatitis
Hernia
Hemochromatosis
Common Cold
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis
Persistent Cough
Abdominal Adhesions
Acid Indigestion
Acid Reflux
Appendix
Anal Fissure
Barium Enema
Barium Swallow
Bloating
Biopsy

Esophagus
The esophagus is a muscular tube
connecting the throat (pharynx) with
the stomach. The esophagus is about
8 inches long, and is lined by moist
pink tissue called mucosa. The
esophagus runs behind the windpipe
(trachea) and heart, and in frontspine..

Secretes mucus
Transport food to the
stomach through an
opening in the diaphragm
called esophageal hiatus.

It lies
between the
windpipe and
spinal cord.

The
Pharynx

is that part of the digestive tube which
is placed behind the nasal cavities,
mouth, and larynx. It is a
musculomembranous tube, somewhat
conical in form, with the base upward,
and the apex downward, extending
from the under surface of the skull to
the level of the cricoid cartilage in
front, and that of the sixth cervical
vertebra behind.
The part of the alimentary canal
immediately behind the mouth in
invertebrates.

The cavity of the pharynx
is about 12.5 cm. long,
and broader in the
transverse than in the
antero-posterior diameter.
Its greatest breadth is
immediately below the
base of the skull, where it
projects on either side,
behind the pharyngeal
ostium of the auditory

The pharynx
is a region
located
where the
oral and
nasal cavities
meet
Esophagus
Acute esophageal necrosis
Achalasia
Barrett's esophagus
Chagas disease
Caustic injury to the esophagus
Esophageal atresia and Tracheoesophageal
fistula
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal varices
Esophageal web
Esophagitis
GERD
Hiatus hernia
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Neurogenic dysphagia
Schatzki's ring
Zenker's Diverticulum
Boerhaave syndrome

Stomach

stomach is a muscular organ located
on the left side of the upper abdomen.
The stomach receives food from the
esophagus. As food reaches the end
of the esophagus, it enters the
stomach through a muscular valve
called the lower esophageal sphincter

The stomach secretes
acid and enzymes that
digest food. Ridges of
muscle tissue called
rugae line the stomach.
The stomach muscles
contract periodically,
churning food to enhance
digestion. The pyloric
sphincter is a muscular
valve that opens to allow
food to pass from the
stomach to the small
intestine.

Begin the chemical break
down of proteins through
the enzyme pepsin.


It is in the
left upper
quadrant,
lying
between the
esophagus
and the
intestine, just
below the
diaphragm.

Pancreas

A large elongated exocrine gland.

Produce digestive
enzymes that get carried
by the pancreatic duct to
the duodenum of the
small intestine.
Its pancreatic islets
secrete the hormones
insulin and glucagons
into the blood to control
blood sugar levels.

An organ
located
across the
back of the
abdomen,
behind the
stomach.
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal dysphagia
Influenza
Pneumonia
Pleaurisy
Tuberculosis


Liver

liver is a large, meaty organ that sits
on the right side of the belly. Weighing
about 3 pounds, the liver is reddish-
brown in color and feels rubbery to the
touch. Normally you can't feel the liver

he liver has two large
sections, called the right
and the left lobes. The
gallbladder sits under the
liver, along with parts of
the pancreas and
intestines. The liver and
these organs work
together to digest,
absorb, and process
food.
It produces bile salts that
emulsify or break down
fats.

It sits to the
right of the
stomach
where it not
only
detoxifies the
blood, but
also aids in
digestion by
creating bile,
which helps
break down
fats

Small
Intestine

The narrow, winding, upper part of the
intestine where digestion is completed
and nutrients are absorbed by the
blood.

Completion of the
absorption of the digested
food.
It digests decomposed
food from the stomach
and extracts proteins and
nutrients.
It is coiled in
the center of
the
abdominal
cavity. It is
held in place
by two
membrane
sheets
attached to
the walls of
the
abdominal
cavity.

Large
Intestine

Part of the alimentary canal
consisting, caecum, appendix and
rectum.
is to absorb water from the remaining
indigestible food matter, and then to
pass useless waste material from the
body.

The large intestine takes
up a lot of room in the
abdomen, since it can be
4.9 feet in length. It
begins in the right region,
just below the waist, and
ends at the anus.
Formation and expulsion
of feces.
large
intestine is
located in the
lower
abdomen.

It begins in
the right
region, just
below the
waist, and
ends at the
anus/


Anus

The end of the line
of the alimentary
canal.
The opening where
the gastrointestinal
tract ends and exits
the body.

Dispose the waste
product out of the body.
Eliminate the left over
waste solids in the body.
To excrete solid waste.

Located on
the back end
of humans
body in
between the
two buttoks.


Terms:

Appendix Food teeth
Aspirin Fuel tongue
Breathing Glucose thrombin
Carbohydrates Gums large intestine
Chemical digestion Hard Palate small intestine
Chewing/mastication Heartburn diaphragm
Churn Heparin exocrine gland
Colon Cancer Mechanical breakdown Pancreas
Common cold Mucus Pancreatic duct
Complex system Mucus membrane duodenum
Deglutition/swallowing Oral cavity
Digestion Pharynx

Abdomen Enzyme pepsin Spinal cord
Abdominal Adhesions Esophageal hiatus Soft palate
Anus Esophagus talking
Alimentary canal Fats taste
Diarrhea Prothrombin
Energy Saliva


Respiratory System

Introduction:
Respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The
respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This
exchange of gases is the respiratory system's means of getting oxygen to the blood.

Organ Description Function Locatio
n
Disease
Nose . is the protruding
part of the face that
bears thenostrils. The
shape of the nose is
determined by
the ethmoid
bone and the nasal
septum, which
consists mostly
The nose has an area
of specialised cells
which are responsible
for smelling part of
theolfactory system
Helps you to speak and
power to smell.
Located in
the middle
of the face.
Bronchitis
Tonsillitis
Bronchiectasis
Influenza (Flu)
Asthma
Tuberculosis
Lung Disease
Throat Cancer
of cartilage and
which separates the
nostrils. On average
the nose of a male is
larger than that of
a female

Pneumocaniosis
Epistaxis
Cystic Fibrosis
Emphysema
noseblleed
Pneumonia
Atelectasis
Laryngitis

Allergic Rhinitis
Asbestosis
Black Lung
Bronchiolitis
Empyema
Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngomalacia
Legionnaires' Disease
Asthma
Allergies
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Lung cancer









Pharynx

The membrane-lined cavity behind the
nose and mouth, connecting them to
the esophagus.

Acts as a passageway
for food on its way to
the stomach and for air
en route to the lungs.
Moves the air to the
lungs.
Moves food into the
stomach.

It is located
behind the
oral and
nasal
cavities.

Larynx

structure that holds
the vocal cords.
Also called as the
voice box.
A muscular and
cartilaginous

It is used to breath,
talk and swallow.


It is located
within the
anterior
aspect of the
neck.

Epiglotti
s

is a flap that is made
of elastic
cartilage tissue
covered with
a mucous
membrane, attached
to the entrance of
the larynx. It projects
obliquely upwards
behind the tongue
and the hyoid bone,
pointing dorsally. The
term, like tonsils,

the opening between
the vocal folds
Protects the trachea
against the food
aspiration.
Prevent food from
entering the lungs.

The
epiglottis
resides in
the throat,
behind the
tongue.

Trachea

Also known as
windpipe.
The large air tube
that leads from the
larynx to the bronchi.


Allows inhaled air to
travel into and out of
the lungs to and from
the atmosphere.
Helps with air flow.

Ii is a
vertical tube
that runs
through the
neck and
chest, just
anterior to
the
esophagus.

Bronchi

s the part of the respiratory system that
connects the trachea to the lung
parenchyma. It is composed of an
extensive branching system of airway
passages that transmit the air from the
atmosphere to the alveoli
Any of the major air passages of the
lungs that diverge from the windpipe.

To permit air to pass
through it.
Preventing function

It is located
near the
sterna angle,
the trachea
bifurcates,
into the
right and left
side of the
chest.

Lungs

lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled
organs located on either side of the
chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe)
conducts inhaled air into the lungs
through its tubular branches, called
bronchi. The bronchi then divide into
smaller and smaller branches
(bronchioles), finally becoming
microscopic.

The lungs are covered
by a thin tissue layer
called the pleura. The
same kind of thin
tissue lines the inside
of the chest cavity --
also called pleura. A
thin layer of fluid acts
as a lubricant allowing
the lungs to slip
smoothly as they
expand and contract
with each breath.
They pull in oxygen
and absorb oxygen into
the lining of the lungs.

located
on either
side of
the chest
(thorax).


Alveoli

in the lungs takes place across the
membranes of small balloon-like
structures called alveoli attached to
the branches of the bronchial
passages

They hold the oxygen
until the blood can come
by and swap co2 for
oxygen
Capillaries are inside the
alveoli, which allow the
exchange with the blood.

Alveoli are located within the
lungs of the body. They are at
the end of the branches of the
respiratory tree.


Diaphragm
is the dome-
shaped sheet of
muscle that
separates the
chest from the
abdomen.

It helps respiration and
breathing.
Contracts and relaxes
during inhalation and
exhalation so as to
accommodate and expel
air from the body.

It is located directly below the
lungs.

Terms:
Superior meatus
Corniculate Cartilage Lobules Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage Middle meatus Trachea
Epiglottis Nasal cavities
Exhalation Nasal septum
External respiration Nasopharynx

Alveolar ducts/atria Fauces Nostrils
Alveolar sacs Glottis Oropharynx
Alveoli Inhalation Pharynx
Arytenoid Cartilages Internal nares Pleural cavity
Auditory Internal respiration Pleural membrane
Bronchial Tree Laryngopharynx Respiration
Bronchioles Larynx



Nervous System

Introduction:
is the part of an animal's body that coordinates the voluntary and involuntary actions of the animal and transmits signals
between different parts of its body. In most types of animals it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system and the peripheral
nervous system

Organ
s
Description Function Location Disease
Brain . has the same
general structure as
the brains of
other mammals, but
is larger than any
other in relation to
body size.
.
Acts as a control center by
receiving, interpreting
and directly sensory
information throughout
the body.
Forebrain receiving
and processing sensory
information, thinking,
and perceiving, producing
and understanding
language controlling
motor function.
Midbrain the portion
of the brainstem that
connects the hindbrain
and the forebrain.
Hindbrain extends
from the spinal cord.
It is located
in the skull.
Neuritis
Parkinsons Disease
Sciatica
Alzheimer's Disease
Broca Aphasia
Huntington's disease
Locked-In Syndrome
Pituitary adenoma
Tourette Syndrome
Bells Palsy
Cerebral Palsy
Motor Neuron Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Myalgic Ensephalomyelitis
Neuralgia
CMV Retinitis
Diabetic Retinopathy
Epiretinal Membranes (Macular
Pucker)
Floaters, Flashes and Posterior
Vitreous Detachments

Spinal
Cord

is a long, thin,
tubular bundle
of nervous
tissue and support
cells that extends
from
the brain (the medul
la
oblongata specifical

The information highway
of the body messages are
sent back and forth
between the brain and the
spinal cord is basically the
"information highway of
the body", messages are
sent back and forth
between the brain and the

It is located
inside the
backbone.

Macular Edema (CME)
Macular Holes
Macular Translocation
Melanoma
Retinal Detachment
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR)
PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT)
Subretinal Neovascular Membranes
and Surgery


Retina

retina is the optic
nerve, a circular to
oval white area
measuring about 2 x
1.5 mm across. From
the center of the
optic nerve radiates
the major blood
vessels of the retina.
Also an organ of
Central Nervous
System.


Responsible for collecting
light to create an image.
The photo receptive
sensory layer in the back
of the eye, where the optic
of the eye focuses an
image of what is in front
of the eye.

It is located
outside the
Central
Nervous
Syste.

Ganglia

* are a group of nuclei of varied
origin in the brainsof vertebrates
that act as a cohesive functional
unit.

Controls cognition
Movement coordination
Voluntary movement

It is located
deep within
cerebral
hemispheres
in the
telencephalo
n region of
the brain.

Nerve

nervous system consists of the
brain, spinal cord, sensory
organs, and all of the nerves
that connect these organs with
the rest of the body. Together,
these organs are responsible for
the control of the body and
communication among its parts.
The brain and spinal cord form
the control center known as the
central nervous system (CNS),
where information is evaluated
and decisions made.

Conduct impulses from
the brain/ spinal cord to
these receptor organs
back to the brain/ spinal
cord.
A fiber that connects the
brain and spinal cord with
various parts of the body.


around the
body.

Terms:

Communicating learning Skull
Controlling maintaining homeostasis Spinal cord
Controlling motor function memory Retina
Cylindrical bundle Midbrain Telencephalon
Forebrain Nerve Synapses
Ganglia Nervous Visual image
Brain Hindbrain Nervous system
Central Nervous System Interpretation Neuritis
Cerebral hemisphere Intervertebrate nervous system Pituitary Adenoma







Circulatory System

Introduction:
Circulatory system, group of organs that transport blood and the substances it carries to and from all parts of the body. The circulatory system
can be considered as composed of two parts: the systemic circulation, which serves the body as a whole except for the lungs, and the pulmonary circulation,
which carries the blood to and from the lungs. The most important thing to remember about the circulatory system is its variability. This is because of the way
circulatory system develops. It ensures every cell in our body.

Organs Description Function Location Disease
Heart













4
Chambers
A hallow muscular organ
that pumps the blood
through the circulatory
system by rhythmic
contraction and dilation.
Pumping blood through
your lungs to make
certain that the blood
supply is constantly
refreshed with the
oxygen and carbon
dioxide is removed.
Pumping blood through
your body to meet its
demand for oxygen and
nutrients.
Collects the
deoxygenated blood
from the body and
pushes it to the lungs
where it becomes
oxygenated, the heart
pumps the oxygen reach
blood to the body.

Left Atrium
Receives blood from the
lungs.

Right Atrium
Receives blood from the
rest of the body.

It is located in
between the two
lungs. It lies left of
the middle chest.
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Angina Pectoris
Arrythmia
Ischemia
Cardiomyopathy
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Defects
Hypertension
Aortic Aneurysm
Atherusclerosis
Deep Vein
Thrombosis
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Coronary Artery Disease
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Left Ventricle
pumps out blood from
the rest of the body.

Right Ventricle
Pumps blood to the
lungs.
Lungs A pair of breathing organs
which remove carbon
dioxide from and bring
oxygen to the blood.
Lungs fill the blood with
oxygen and get rid of
excess carbon dioxide.
Helps you breathe and
starts the air in the blood.
It is located on either
side of the chest.
Blood The red liquid that
circulates in the arteries
and veins of human,
carrying oxygen to and
carbon from the tissues of
the body.
Transports many
substances through the
body and helps to
maintain homeostasis of
nutrients, wastes, and
gases.
Carry oxygen and glucose
to cells.
Hormones distribute all
parts of the body in the
blood.

Red Blood Cells:
Carries oxygen from lungs
to all cells of the body.
Carry carbon dioxide away
from cells
Also called as
Erythrocytes.
Platelets:
Help blood to clot
Protect body by stopping
bleeding.
Also called as
Thrombocytes.
White Blood Cells:
Defend the body against
infection and disease.
Also called as
Leukocytes.
Plasma:
Transports dissolved
substances.
Brings nourishment to
cells and removes waste
product.
It is under the skin.

Terms:

Arteries Deoxygenated blood Leukocytes systemic circulation Oxygen
Breathing organs Erythrocytes maintain homeostasis rhythmic contraction Lungs
Carbon dioxide gases nutrients Right atrium skin
Chest heart Pulmonary circulation Right ventricle Red blood
Circulation hormones Plasma Red liquid Thrombocytes
Circulatory system Left atrium Platelets veins White blood
Dilation Left ventricle Pumping blood wastes
Skeletal System

Introduction:
The human skeleton is an amazing and complex structure and is involved in vital functions such as supporting the bodily organs, providing points
of attachment for the musculature system to allow movement, maintaining body shape, and protecting vital organs such as the brain and spinal cord. The
skeleton is divided into two parts, an axial skeleton and appendicular skeletons. Axial skeletons are the skull bones, hyoid bones, vertebrae, ribs, and
sternum. An appendicular skeleton is formed by the bones of pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, upper and lower limbs.

Organ Description Function Location Disease

Bone
The hard, rigid form of
connective tissue
constituting most of the
skeleton of humans.
Supports the body.
Protects the vital organs
Allow movement
Structural support for
heart, lungs and
marrow.
Protection for brain,
uterus, and other
internal organs.
Defense against
acidosis.
Found at the
expanded head of
long bones, such as
bones of the arms,
legs, fingers, toes and
also in the ribs.
Leukemia
Bursitis
Osteoporosis
Sprains
Fracture
Spina Bifida
Scurvy
Scoliosis
Talipse Equinovarous
Tendinitis
Kyphosis
Polyomyelitis
Arthritis
Bone Cancer
Rickets
Spinal Curvatures
Bone Tumor
Gout

Cartilage

Firm, whitish, flexible
connective tissue.

Reduces friction in the
joint movement.
Acts as a cushion
between joints to
prevent the bones from
rubbing against each
other.

Found in joints
between bones, the
rib cage, the ear, the
nose, the elbow, the
knee, the ankle,
bronchial tubes, and
inter vertebral discs.

Tendon

A band of tissue that
attaches a muscle to bone.

A type of soft tissues
that connects muscle to
bones just like ligaments
that connect two or
more bones.
To transfer force
between muscles and
bones.
Allows the joint
movement that allows
for everyday activities
like walking or reaching.

It is located
throughout the body.

Lordosis
Osteomyelitis
Neoplasm
Osteopenia
Coxa Vara

Ligaments

A sheet or band of tough,
fibrous tissue connecting
the bones or cartilages at a
joint or supporting an
organ.

Connects two or more
bones together and help
stabilize joints.
Supports tendons and
bone.

It is located where
there are joints in the
body.


Terms:

Acromial process Fontanelle Medullary cavity
Alveolus Foramen Metaphysis
Atlas Foramen magnum Metacarpal bone
Axis Fossae Nasal bone
Calcaneus Fracture Nevicular
Canallcul Frontal bone Neck
Cancellous/spongy bone Gladlolus Occipital bone
Capais Hamate Occipital condyle
Cartilage Haversian Orbital margin
Cervical vertebrae Head Ossification
Clavicle Hematopolasis Osteoblasts
Coccygeal vertebrae Humerus Osteoclasts
Compact/dense bone Hyoid bone Palatine bones
Condyle Incus Pariatal bones
Costae Kyphosis Phalanges
Diaphysis Lacrimal bone Phalanx
Endosteum Lacunae Pelvic girdle
Epiphyseal line Lambdoid suture Pisiform
Epiphysis Lamelia Processes
Ethmoid bone Ligaments Pubis
Femur Line Radius
Fibula Lumbar vertebrae Red bone marrow


Muscular System

Introduction:
The muscular system is the largest system in the body. Muscles are located in practically every region. And control virtually all movement. The
limbs are almost entirely made up of muscles. There are over forty muscles located in the skull. Muscles are unique and very useful because they can contract.
There are three different types of muscles tissue, cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

Organ Description Function Location Disease

Frontalis
muscle
A thin, of a quadrilateral form,
and intimately adherent to the
superficial fascia. It is broader
than the Occipitalis and its
fibers are longer and paler in
color.
Help an individual lift
his or her eyebrows up,
especially when a
person is looking up.
It also helps an
individual adjust his or
her vision when the
view is too dim or
distant.
It is located on
the front of the
head.
Muscular dystrophy
Cerebral palsy
Myasthenia gravis
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS)
Fibromyalgia
Myotania
Mitochondrial Myophathies

Trapezius

A large superficial muscle that
extends longitudinally from the
occipital bone to the lower
thoracic vertebrae and laterally
to the spine of the scapula.

to move the shoulder
blade in toward the
spine
to rotate the shoulder
blade so that the
topmost part of the
upper arm faces up
to move the shoulder
blade up and down
to bring the head and
neck in a backward
direction
to rotate and side bend
the neck
to assist in breathing


It is located at
the back of the
neck and the
upper part of
the thorax, or
chest.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Muscular Dystrophy
Dermatomyositis
Compartment Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Rhabdomyolysis
Polymyositis
Cramps
Strains

Deltoid
muscle

A large and powerful muscle of
the shoulder joint. It
distinctively shapes the surface
anatomy of the shoulder.

To prevent the
dislocation of the
humeral head when a
person carries heavy
loads.
It lifts the arm and
presses the upper arm
bone into the shoulder
joint.

A muscled
forming the
rounded
contour located
in the
shoulder.

Pectoralis
Major

A larger one that arises from the
clavicle, the sternum, the
cartilages of most or all of the
ribs, and the Apo neurosis of the
external oblique muscle and is
inserted by a strong flat tendon
into the posterior bicipital ridge
of the humerus

It flexes and rotates the
humerus.
It keeps the arm
attached to the trunk of
the body.

It is located at
the front of the
thoracic cage.

Pectoralis
Minor

A smaller one that lies beneath
the larger, arises from the third,
fourth, and fifth ribs, and is
inserted by a flat tendon into the
coracoids process of the scapula.

It pulls the scapula
interiorly and inferiorly
toward the ribs.
It elevates the third to
fifth ribs and expands
the ribcage.

It is located
under the
pectoralis
major, and both
form the
anterior wall of
the axilla.

Triceps
Brachii

A large three-headed muscle
running along the back of the
upper arm and serving to extend
the forearm.


To straighten the arm.
To permit movement
and maintain posture.
Extending the elbow.

Triceps are
located on the
back of the
upper arm.

Biceps
Brachii

A muscle that flexes and
supinates the forearm.

Helps flex the forearm,
which allows the
elbows to bend.
Contract to raise the
forearms.

The biceps are
usually located
on the front of
the upper arms.

Latissim
us
Dorsi

A broad flat muscle on either
side of the back.

It helps in flexion from
extended position.
Rotation of shoulder
joint along with the
synergistic effect on the
spine.

It is located
around the
sides of your
back and is
posterior to the
arm.


Abdominal
Muscles

A large group of muscles in the
front of the abdomen that assists
in the regular breathing
movement and supports the
muscles of the spine while lifting
and keeping abdominal organs
such as the intestines in place.

Along with the back
muscles, they keep the
body upright.


It is located
below the chest
between the
ribs and the
pelvis.


Gluteus
maximus

The broad, thick, outermost mus
cle of the buttocks, involved in
rotation and extension of the
thigh.

It supports the
stabilization of the hip
joint.
The contraction of the
cranial fibers leads to
abduction whereas the
contraction of the
caudal fibers causes an
adduction.

It is located in
the buttocks.


Gluteus
midius

A muscle with origin in the
ilium, with insertion to the
surface of the greater
trochanter, with nerve supply
from the superior gluteal nerve,
and whose action abducts and
rotates the thigh.

Contraction of the
ventral fibers results in
a flexion and inward
rotation.
Stabilization of the
pelvis.

It is located
directly under
the gluteus
maximus.


Gluteus
minimus

the innermost of the three
muscles in each buttock that
arises from the outer surface of
the ilium, that is inserted into
the greater trochanter of the
femur, and that acts similarly to
the gluteus medius.

Acts as a flexor, an
abductor and an
internal or external
rotator, depending on
the position of the
femur and which part
of the muscle is active.
To stabilize the head of
the femur in the
acetabulum by
tightening the capsule
and applying pressure
on the head.

It is located
directly under
the gluteus
maximus.


Sartorius

A flat narrow thigh muscle, the
longest of the human anatomy,
crossing the front of the thigh
obliquely from the hip to the
inner side of the tibia.

To flex the leg near the
knee joint.

It slants across
the front of the
upper thigh
from the side to
the middle and
then descends
vertically to the
knee. It ends in
a tendon that
expands to be
inserted into
the surface of
the body of the
tibia.


Biceps
femoris

A muscle of the posterior (the
back) thigh.

It allows you to jump
higher as it extends the
thighs and hip
movEment.
Flexion and hip
extension

It is located at
the back of the
thigh and forms
part of
the hamstring
group of
muscles.


Rectus
Femoris

The Rectus femoris muscle is
one of the four quadriceps
muscles,

To straighten the leg
bones at the knee.
Straightens the hip
joint to increase ones
angle between the back
and the calf.

It is located in
the anterior
thigh, on top of
the vastus
intermedius.


Gastrocnem
ius

It is a very powerful
superficial bipennate
muscle that is in the back part of
the lower leg.

It helps you point your
toe by pulling on your
heel.

It is found in
the leg slightly
lower than the
knee.


Achilles
Tendon

The hero Achilles was
invulnerable to injury except for
his heel, which proved his
downfall when it was pierced by
Paris's arrow. It has also proved,
to be the downfall of many
athletes who have experienced
the sudden pain of its rupture.

To extend the ankle so
that one is "pointing
their toes."
It's essential for
pushing off the ground
while walking.

A tough sinew
that attaches
the calf muscle
to the back of
the heel
bone (calcaneus
).


Terms:
A bands Diaphragm Inferior rectus
Abductor digiti minimi Extensor carpi Insertion
Abductor hallucis Extensor hallucis internal oblique
Abductor pollicis Extensor pollicis Interossel
Acetylcholine Fascia Lateral rectus
Actin Flexor carpi Levator Scapulae
Action potential Flexor hallucis Masseter
Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis Mastication
Agonists Frontalis Medial rectus
All-or-none law Gastrocnemius Motor unit
Anconeus Gluteus maximus Muscle twitch
Antagonists Gluteus midius Myosin
Aponeurosis Gluteus minimus Opponens pollicis
Biceps brachii Gracilis Origin
Biceps Femoris H band Pectoralis major
Brachialis I bands Pectoralis minor
Cardiac muscle Inferior oblique