BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290

5.0 DC MACHINES
5.0 INTRODUCTION
DC Generator:
When it operates as a generator, the input to the machine is mechanical power and the
output is electrical power. A prime mover rotates the armature of the dc machine, and dc
power is generated in the machine. The prime mover can be a gas turbine, a diesel
engine, or an electrical motor. The dc machine operating as a generator is driven by a
prime mover at a constant speed and the armature terminals are connected to a load.
DC Motor:
When the dc machine operates as a motor, the input to the machine is electrical power
and the output is mechanical power. If the armature is connected to a dc supply, the
motor will develop mechanical torque and power. In fact, the dc machine is used more as
a motor than as a generator. D motors can provide a wide range of accurate speed and
torque control. In both modes of operation !generator and motor" the armature winding
rotates in the magnetic field and carries current.
5.1 CONSTRUCTION
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig. $.%!a": D &achine construction
It consists of two main parts:
'i( )tator as the non*rotating part
'ii( +otor armature as the rotating part.
The basic construction of dc machine is illustrated in #ig. $.%a
#ig. $.%b: ,eneral Arrangement of a D &achine
The stator of the dc motor has poles, which are e-cited by dc current to produce
magnetic fields.
In the neutral .one, in the middle between the poles, commutating poles are
placed to reduce spar/ing of the commutator. The commutating poles are
supplied by dc current.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
ompensating windings are mounted on the main poles. These short*circuited
windings damp rotor oscillations.
The poles are mounted on an iron core that provides a closed magnetic circuit.
The rotor has a ring*shaped laminated iron core with slots.
oils with several turns are placed in the slots. The distance between the two
legs of the coil is about 01% electric degrees.
The coils are connected in series through the commutator segments.
Two brushes are pressed to the commutator to permit current flow.
The brushes are placed in the neutral .one, where the magnetic field is close to
.ero, to reduce arcing.
The commutator switches the current from one rotor coil to the ad2acent coil,
The switching requires the interruption of the coil current.
The sudden interruption of an inductive current generates high voltages.
The high voltage produces flashover and arcing between the commutator
segment and the brush.
In a dc machine, the armature winding is placed on the rotor and the field windings are
placed on the stator. The essential features of a two*pole dc machine are shown in #ig. $.0.
#ig. $.0: )chematic diagram of a D &achine
The stator has salient poles that are e-cited by one or more field windings, called shunt field
windings and series field windings. The field windings produce an air gap flu- distribution that
is symmetrical about the pole a-is !also called the field a-is, direct a-is, or d*a-is".
The voltage induced in the turns of the armature winding is alternating. A commutator*brush
combination is used as a mechanical rectifier to ma/e the armature terminal voltage
unidirectional and also to ma/e the mmf wave due to the armature current fi-ed in space.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
The brushes are so placed that when the sides of an armature turn !or coil" pass through the
middle of the region between field poles, the current through it changes direction. This ma/es
all the conductors under one pole carry current in one direction.
As a consequence, the mmf due to the armature current is along the a-is midway between
the two ad2acent poles, called the quadrature !or q" a-is. ln the schematic diagram of #ig.
$.0, the brushes are shown placed on the q*a-is to indicate that when a turn !or coil"
undergoes commutation its sides are in the q*a-is. 3owever, because of the end connection,
the actual brush positions will be appro-imately 4%5 from the position shown in #ig. $.0.
5.2 MOTOR/GENERATOR ACTION
D &achines can he subdivided into two functions namely: dc generator which generates dc
voltage and dc motor which required dc supply to operate. 6efore we can go directly to dc
generation, it is better for us to discuss on the generation of the ac signal which can be later
needed into dc signal. As a conclusion:
D ,enerator : )upply current to the load
D &otor : +equired7need current from the supply
+efer to #ig. $.8, assume the coil is rotating. This motion is perpendicular !normal" to the will
cut the electric flu- which e-ist between 9orth !9" pole to the )outh !)" of the magnet. The
coil rotates from %5 into 01%5 and continues accordingly.
#ig. $.8: :hysical arrangement of A generating method
)lip ring : used to generate ac signal
arbon brush : used to collect output voltage !ac signal"
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9o Angle
:osition
generated
Emf Description
i" =0 V 0 = 9o flu- cutting at all
ii" =30 + = 30 sin E #lu- being cut at 30
iii" =45 + = 45 sin E #lu- being cut at 45
iv" =90
max
E + = #lu- being cut at 90 or ;ve ma-
v" =180 V 0 = 9o flu- cutting at all
vi" =270
max
E = #lu- being cut at 270 or <ve ma-
#ig. $.=: The moment where the motion cuts the flu- for various angle positions
The reading from every instant 'i( through 'vi( can be plotted in time domain as illustrated in
#ig.$.>
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#ig. $.>: ?mf generated at various instant !angle position"
It is found that the plotted data is in the shape of sinusoidal signal
5.2.1 GENERATION OF DC SIGNAL
The generating method of ac signal can be used by minor modification of the generating
apparatus. This can be done by replacing the slip ring with commutator so that rectification
process can happen. The physical arrangement is illustrated in #ig. $.$
#ig. $.$: :hysical arrangement of D generating method
When the slip rings are replaced by commutator@ dc signal can be generated. This is done
through rectification or commutation process@ which converts ac signal into dc mechanically.
Therefore a commutator is called as a mechanical rectifier. The dc signal is illustrated in #ig.
$.A.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig. $.A: A is converted into D signal through commutation process
?-tra reference
http:77www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au72w7electricmotors.html
5.3 EMF EUATION
The mathematical equation for ?&# generated is given in ?qn. >.% below@

60
2
c
zNP
EMF
gen
= BBBBBBBBBBBBBB.. !>.%"
!"ere z : 9o. of conductors in the armature circuit
: 9o. of conductors7slot - no of slots
c : 9o. of parallel path
: 9o. of current path
: P 2 !for lap winding"
: 2 !for wave winding"
N : )peed in rev7min !rpm"

: Cseful flu-7pole !Weber D Wb"

P : 9o. of pole pair
It is difficult to visuali.e the current path physically, but it can be represented as the
parallel circuits appeared in #ig. $.E.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig. $.E: Wave and Fap onnection.
5.# T$%ES OF !INDINGS
&achine winding is subdivided into 8 classifications namely@
'a( Armature winding
'b( #ield winding
The details of this winding are illustrated in #ig. $.1.
#ig. $.1: Winding onnection in D &achine
5.5 ARMATURE REACTION
If the magnetic field windings of a D machine are connected to a power supply and the
rotor of the machine is turned by an e-ternal source of mechanical power, then a voltage will
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
be induced in the conductors of the rotor. This voltage will be rectified into a D output by the
action of the machineGs commutator.
9ow connect a load to the terminals of the machine, and a current will flow in its armature
windings. This current flow will produce a magnetic field of its own, which will distort the
original magnetic field from the machineGs poles. This distortion of the flu- in a machine as
the load is increased is called armature reaction. It causes two serious problems in real D
machines.
5.5.1 NEUTRAL&%LANE SHIFT.
Defined as the plane within the machine where the velocity of the rotor wires is e-actly
parallel to the magnetic flu- lines, so that
ind
e
in the conductors in the plane is e-actly .ero.
E'()anat*on: The commutator must short out commutator segments 2ust at the moment
when the voltage across them is equal to .ero. If the brushes are set to short out conductors
in the vertical plane, then the voltage between segments is indeed .ero until the machine is
loaded. When the machine is loaded, the neutral plane shifts, and the brushes short out
commutator segments with a finite voltage across them. The result is a current flow
circulating between the shorted segments and large spar/s at the brushes when the current
path is interrupted as the brush leaves a segment. The end result is arcing and spar/ing at
the brushes.
Ma+or (ro,)e-.
Drastically reduced brush life !this problem cannot be fi-ed even by placing the
brushes over the full*load neutral plane, because then they would spar/ at no
load"
an lead to flashover in the commutator segments near the brushes. The air near
the brushes in a machine is normally ioni.ed as a result of the spar/ing on the
brushes. #lashover occurs when the voltage of ad2acent commutator segments
gets large enough to sustain an arc in the ioni.ed air above them. If flashover
occurs, the resulting arc can even melt the commutators surface.
5.5.2 FLU/ !EA0ENING.
To understand flu- wea/ening, refer to the magneti.ation curve shown in #ig.$.4. &ost
machines operate at flu- densities near the saturation point. Therefore, at locations on the
pole surfaces where the rotor magnetomotive force adds to the pole magnetomotive force,
only a small increase in flu- occurs. 6ut at locations on the pole surfaces where the rotor
magnetomotive force subtracts from the pole magneto* motive force, there is a larger
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
decrease in flu-. The net result is that the total average flu- under the entire pole face is
decreased.
#ig. $.4: A typical magneti.ation curve shows the effect of pole saturation where armature
and pole magnetomotive forces add.
Ma+or (ro,)e-.
In generators, the effect of flu- wea/ening is simply to reduce the voltage supplied by
the generator for any given load.
In motors, when the flu- in a motor is decreased, its speed increases. 6ut increasing
the speed of a motor can increase its load, resulting in more flu- wea/ening. It is
possible for some shunt D motors to reach a runaway condition as a result of flu-
wea/ening, where the speed of the motor 2ust /eeps increasing until the machine is
disconnected from the power line or until it destroys itself.
5.1 E/CITATION 2SE%ARATEL$ E/CITED3 SHUNT3 SERIES3 COM%OUND
TECHNIUE4
Divide into 8:
1. Se(arate)5 E'6*te7 F*e)7 !*n7*n8
There is no direct connection between armature circuit and the field circuit.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
2. Se)9 E'6*te7 F*e)7 !*n7*n8
There is a direct connection between armature circuit and the field circuit.
5.1.1 SE%ARATEL$ E/CITED FIELD !INDING
In separately e-cited winding, normally open*circuit characteristic test is to be conducted.
The schematic diagram is illustrated in #ig. >.00.
#ig. $.0%: )eparately ?-cited )chematic Diagram
In separately*e-cited dc machine !especially dc generator"@ we normally do the
followings:
'i( +un the dc generator at rated speed
'ii( &easure open*circuit voltage, goc
E
at field current,
A 0
f
=
'iii( Increase field current, f

gradually until it reaches 08%H of the machine

rated current.
'iv( Ibtain the table for if versus goc
E
and plot the graph. This graph is called as
open*circuit characteristics.
5.1.1.1 O%EN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISICS 2OCC4
The open*circuit characteristics for separately*e-cited !normally for shunt generator" is
illustrated in #ig. >.00.
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig. $.00: Ipen*circuit haracteristics for )eparately ?-cited D &achine
#rom the open*circuit characteristic we normally deduce the following parameters
#ig. $.08: Ipen*circuit haracteristics for )eparately ?-cited D &achine
For 6r*t*6a) re.*.tan6e3
c
!
:
'i( Draw a tangent of the curve that starts from the origin
'ii( The slope of this tangent J critical resistance,
c
!
For No&)oa7 :o)ta8e:
'i( Draw a line which has slope f
! m =
for the shunt generator.
'ii(

excitation
=
at the intersection of the two curves i.e.: Ipen*circuit
haracteristics. And line with f
! m =
'iii2
"oad no
V

or stable operating voltage is the voltage at this intersection point.
5.1.2 SELF E/CITED FIELD !INDINGS
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
In self*e-cited dc machine, there are three types of e-citation method namely@
'a( Ser*e. E'6*tat*on : the field winding is connected in
series with the armature circuit.
'b( S";nt E'6*tat*on : the field winding is connected
inparallel with the armature circuit.
'c( Co-(o;n7 E'6*tat*on : the field winding are connected in
series and parallel with with the armature
circuit.
The schematic diagrams for the three types of these machines are illustrated in #ig.$.0=
which includes the dc motors and dc generators. 9ote that the difference between dc motor
and dc generator is in terms of the current direction
In dc generator : armature current.
a

is supplied to the armature.

In dc motor : armature current,
a

is received by the armature

D )eries ,enerator D )eries &otor

( )
f a a # g
! ! V E + + =

( )
f a a # c
! ! V E + =
#ig. $.0=!a": D )eries ,enerator and &otor
D )hunt ,enerator D )hunt &otor

( )
a a # g
! V E + =

( )
a a # c
! V E =
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig. $.0=!b": D )hunt ,enerator and &otor
D ompound ,enerator D ompound &otor
( )
2 f a a # g
! ! V E + + =

( )
2 f a a # c
! ! V E + =
#ig. $.0=!c": D )hunt ,enerator and &otor
9ote g
E
: ,enerated emf !for dc generator"
c
E
: ounter emf : bac/ emf !for dc motor"
5.< %O!ER FLO! DIAGRAM
:ower #low Diagram !:#D" is normally represented as a fish bone, where it illustrates the
power flow in the machine from the input part into the output part. The branches indicate the
losses that present in the machine.In any machine:
Input power
$osses %&t'&t + =
5.=.1 %
O
!
E
R FLO! DIAGRAM IN DC GENERATOR
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig.$.0>!a": :ower #low Diagram for D )eries ,enerator
#ig. $.0>!b": :ower #low Diagram for D )hunt ,enerator
#ig. $.0>!c": :ower #low Diagram for D ompound ,enerator
5.=.2 %O!ER FLO! DIAGRAM IN DC MOTOR
#ig. $.0$!a": :ower #low Diagram for D )eries &otor
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#ig. $.0$!b": :ower #low Diagram for D )hunt &otor
#ig. $.0$!c": :ower #low Diagram for D ompound &otor
#rom the power flow diagram, some terminologies are to be clarified:
>1? For 76 8enerator
+ =
o&t in
P P
Total Fosses
where : Total losses
P P P
cf ca
+ + =
=
ca
P
armature cooper losses
=
cf
P
field cooper losses
=

P
mechanical losses ; stray ; friction ;
windage ; etc
>2? For 76 -otor:
+ =
o&t in
P P
Total Fosses
where :
$ # o&t
V P =
!input power ta/en from the dc supply"
Developed mechanical power,
a c m
E P =
Also@
o&t m
P P P + =

Total losses
P P P
cf ca
+ + =
=
ca
P
armature cooper losses
=
cf
P
field cooper losses
=

P
mechanical losses ; stray ; friction ;
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
windage ; etc
5.@ TORUE
The basic formula of torque can be deduced from power equation in terms of mechanical
formula.
#or mechanical power equation:
#
(0
N 2
# P

= =
Where = motor speed in rad7s
(0
N 2
=
= N )peed in rev7min !rpm"
= # Torque in 9m
Therefore
N 2
P (0
#

=
This formula can be further specified as torque at different places:
#or load torque D shaft torque D net torque D output torque
N 2
P (0
#
o&t
o

=
#or mechanical torque
N 2
P (0
# ) #
m
m mec*

=
#or loss torque
N 2
P (0
#
$

=
5.10 EFFICIENC$
?fficiency is defined as:
+ 100
P
P
in
o&t
=
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
#or D ,enerator:
+ 100
"oss , tota" V
V
P
P
$ #
$ #
in
o&t

+
= =
#or D &otor:
% 100
.

= =
$ #
$ #
in
o&t
V
"oss tota" V
P
P

Tutorials
0" Draw a typical equivalent circuit for :*
i" D series motor
ii" D compound generator
iii" D shunt motors.
Indicate in your diagram the ma2or components and the direction of current.
8" ?-plain four types of losses that occur in D machines.
=" A D shunt machine ! 8$ /W , 8>% K, 0%%% rpm " has +a J %.0$ L, 9f J A$% turns7pole.
The machine is operated as a separated e-cited dc generator. When If J 0.$ A, the no
load terminal voltage is 8>%K .When the generator delivers full*load current, the terminal
voltage drop to 88%K. Determine the:
i" generated voltage at full load.
ii" developed torque when the generator delivers full load
iii" current at rated output if the efficiency of the motor is 4$ H at rated output.
>" A >>%K, ompound D generator has the following parameters:*
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
i" Armature resistance J %.0$M
ii" )eries field resistance J %.%$M
iii" )hunt field resistance J 8$%M
At full load, the line current is at 0=A, and the motor runs at 4$%rpm
a" Draw the circuit diagram N the power flow of the generator
b" #ind the generated ?&# of the motor
c" #ind the input power in 3:
d" #ind the overall efficiency of the generator, given that the rotational losses as A%%W
$" A compound D generator delivers $%A at $%%K to a resistive load. The armature, series
N shunt field resistances are %.0AM, %.%1M and 8%%M respectively. The rotational losses
is given as $8%W. The speed of this generator is at 0$%%rpm. alculate the:
i" generated ?&# and armature current
ii" efficiency for this generator
iii" output torque of this generator
6) The resistance of series and shunt field circuit of DC generator are 0.10 and 220 respectively.
When the output of the generator is 130 W! the ter"inal voltage is #20 $ and the generated e"f
is 600 $. Calculate%
i) ar"ature resistance
ii) value of generated e"f &hen the output is '0 W! if the ter"inal voltage is then #00 $.
') ( 200 $ shunt "otor has the follo&ing para"eters%
)( % 0.*2 )+ % 1#2 ,rotational % 2*6 W
-n full load the line current is 22.* ( and the "otor runs at 1300 rp". Deter"ine the%
i) developed po&er.
ii) output po&er.
iii) output tor.ue.
iv) efficiency at full load.
*) Dra& the po&er flo& diagra" sho&ing the various po&er losses for the follo&ing%
i) DC series "otor
ii) DC co"pound "otor
iii) DC shunt generator
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELE 290
/) ( 220$ shunt "otor has the follo&ing para"eters0
(r"ature resistance 1 0.# 2
+ield resistance 1 16# 2
3tray losses 1 230W
In full load the line current is 0E.$A and the motor runs at 0E$% rpm. Determine:
i) 4echanical po&er developed
ii) -utput po&er
iii) -utput tor.ue
iv) 5fficiency at full load
0%" A D shunt machine ! 8$ /W , 8>% K, 0%%% rpm " has +a J %.0$ L, 9f J A$% turns7pole.
The machine is operated as a separated e-cited dc generator. When If J 0.$ A, the no
load terminal voltage is 8>%K. When the generator delivers full*load current, the terminal
voltage drop to 88%K. Determine the:*
i" generated voltage at full load.
ii" developed torque when the generator delivers full load
iii" current at rated output if the efficiency of the motor is 4$ H at rated output.

00" The resistance of the field circuit of a shunt D generator is 0$%M.When the output of the
generator is at 0$%/W, the terminal voltage is measured at >$%K and the generated ?&#
is >A$K. alculate the:*
i) ar"ature resistance in the DC generator setup
ii) value of generated 54+ &hen the output of the DC generator is at 100W &ith the
ter"inal voltage at 6'0$ using the value of ar"ature resistance o7tained a7ove