I nt r oduc t i on t o

Chemi st r y
What i s Chemi st r y?
The study of matter, its
composition, properties, and the
changes it undergoes.
Everyday life?
Chemi st r y i s
central to modern science, and to
almost all human endeavors.
important to all sciences - biology,
geology, physics, engineers, etc.
a natural science.
a language with its own
vocabulary.
Why St udy Chemi st r y?
everyone and everything around
us involves chemistry
What in the world isnt Chemistry?
CHEMISTRY IN YOUR LIFE
What do you do in
the morning?
Is there an activity without chemistry?
Chemi st r y Far and Wi de
Materials- perfume, steel,
ceramics, plastics, rubber,
paints, nonstick cooking
utensils, polyester fibers
Energy- greater demands
conserve it, or produce more
fossil fuels, solar, batteries,
nuclear (dont forget pollution!)
Chemi st r y Far and Wi de
Medicine and Biotechnology-
vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin
materials for artery transplants
and hipbones
Human Genome Project
bacteria producing insulin
cloning
Chemi st r y Far and Wi de
Agriculture- worlds food
supply
plant growth hormones
ways to protect crops
disease resistant plants
The Environment- both risks
and benefits involved in
discoveries
carbon dioxide, ozone, warming
Chemi st r y Far and Wi de
Astronomy and Space
Exploration-
composition of the planets
analyze moon rocks
planet atmospheres
life on other planets?
The Sc i ent i f i c Met hod
The Sc i ent i f i c Met hod
A logical approach to solving
problems or answering
questions.
Starts with observation- noting
and recording facts
hypothesis- an educated
guess as to the cause of the
problem, or a proposed
explanation
Sc i ent i f i c Met hod
controlled experiment- designed
to test the hypothesis
only two possible answers
hypothesis is right
hypothesis is wrong
Generates data observations from
experiments.
Modify hypothesis - repeat the
cycle
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
Cycle repeats
many times.
The hypothesis
gets more and
more certain.
Becomes a theory
A thoroughly
tested model that
explains why
things behave a
certain way.
3 KI NDS OF MATTER
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
El ement s
All (living and nonliving) of the
different kinds of matter in the
universe is made from about 100
different substances, called elements.
Elements are called the building
blocks of matter because all matter is
composed of elements.
Each element is made up of the same
type of atoms.
Compounds
A compound is a substance made of two or
more different kinds of elements chemically
combined in a specific ratio.
Each compound is represented by a formula
that uses symbols to identify which
elements are present.
A formula shows the ratio of elements in the
compound.
H2O ratio of Hydrogen is 2:1 Oxygen
Mol ec ul es
A molecule is formed when two or
more atoms join together chemically.
Diatomic molecules are made of two
atoms of the same element.
Hydrogen H
2
Oxygen O
2
What i s t he di f f er enc e
bet w een a c ompound and a
mol ec ul e?
A molecule is formed when two or
more atoms join together chemically.
A compound is a molecule that
contains at least two different
elements.
All compounds are molecules but not
all molecules are compounds.
Molecular hydrogen (H
2
), molecular
oxygen (O
2
) and molecular nitrogen
(N
2
) are not compounds because
each is composed of a single
element.
Water (H
2
O), carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
and methane (CH
4
) are compounds
because each is made from more
than one element.
What i s t he di f f er enc e
bet w een a c ompound and a
mol ec ul e?
Mi x t ur es
Most matter in the
universe is found in
mixtures.
A mixture is made
from two or more
substances either
elements, compounds
or both - that are not
chemically combined.
Mi x t ur es and
c ompounds
di f f er i n t w o
w ays
Substances in a mixture keep
their individual properties.
Parts of a mixture are not
necessarily present in specific
ratios.
Het er ogeneous Mi x t ur e
A mixture in which different
materials can be easily
distinguished.
Pizza, dry soup, are all examples.
Sol ut i ons
Homogeneous mixture: is a
substance in which two or more
substances are uniformly spread out.
For example salt water.
Solution is another term for
homogeneous mixture.
Sol ut i ons
Solute is the substance being
dissolved.
Solvent is the substance that
dissolves a solute.
Solubility is the amount of a
substance (solute) that will dissolve
in a solvent.
Ex ampl e
Salt water:
The water is the solvent
NaCl is the solute
Col l oi ds and Suspensi ons
A colloid is a
heterogeneous
mixture that like a
solution never
settles.
Milk and smoke are
examples.
suspensi on
A suspension is a heterogeneous
mixture containing a liquid in which
visible particles settle.
River water
Ener gy i n Reac t i ons
T hank Y ou