Sensors and Transducers

Sensors and Transducers
Sensors and Transducers

Sensor vs Transducer

What are the features of transducers for
measuring:
Temperature
- using mechanical properties
- using electrical properties
Pressure
- static
- dynamic
Level
Flow
- direct measurement
- indirect measurement
Mechanical displacement

Temperature Sensors & Transducers
What is
- temperature
- thermometer sensor!
Temperature scales
- Fahrenheit
- "elsius
- #elvin

Temperature Measurement
$se mechanical properties e%pansion of a su&stance!
$se electrical properties

- $sing Mechanical Properties
"apillary tu&e thermometer

The mercury-in-glass thermometer contains a
&ul& filled with mercury that is allowed to
e%pand into a capillary tu&e' (ts rate of
e%pansion is cali&rated on the glass scale

"apillary tu&e thermometer

Filled Thermal System

The device is consist of
a &ul& filled with
e%panding su&stance
connected to a )ourdon
tu&e mechanism'
The pressure inside the
&ul& changes as the
temperature changes'
"onse*uently+ the
pressure moves the
pointer at the end of
)ourdon tu&e' This
movement is mar,ed
using the temprerature
scale'

Filled Thermal System

)imetallic thermometers
- consist of two materials metals! with gross different e%pansion coefficients and
&onded together'
- relatively inaccurate+ having hysteresis+ slow response time

)imetallic thermometers

- $sing -lectrical Properties
.esistance Thermal /etectors 0 .esistance

Temperature /etector .T/s!
- a temperature sensor that is &ased on a metal resistance increasing with
temperature

.esistance Thermal /etectors 0 .esistance

Temperature /etector .T/s!

.esistance Thermal /etectors .T/s!

- The .T/s is generally used in a &ridge circuit

Thermistors
- an electrical device made of a solid semiconductor with a high temperature
sensitivity
- .T/s and thermistors suffer a self heating pro&lem due to power dissipation in
resistors'

Thermocouples
- See&ec, effect
- Peltier effect

Thermocouples

Thermocouples

Solid state temperature sensors

/isplacement Sensors
- can also &e im&edded in other sensors or transducer
devices to measure pressure or level or flow

Mechanical Types:
- potentiometer types
- capacitive and inductive types
- varia&le reluctance type L1/T!
- strain gauges

- Mechanical type
Potentiometer types
/raw&ac,s:
- limited resolution
- friction in the wiper
- high electric noise

- Mechanical type
"apacitive types

- Mechanical type
"apacitive types

- Mechanical type
(nductive types
-very new position of the core
produces different inductance'
The inductor and mova&le core
assem&ly can &e used as
displacement sensor' 2n ac
&ridge or other active electronic
circuit sensitive to inductance
then may &e employed for
signal conditioning'

- Mechanical type
(nductive types

- Mechanical type
1aria&le reluctance L1/T!

- Mechanical type
1aria&le reluctance L1/T!

2dvantages:
- frictionless movement
- infinite resolution
- null repeata&ility
- temperature sta&ility
- environmental ruggedness

- Mechanical type
Strain gauges
2 thin metal foil that changes resistance with applied strain

- Mechanical type
Strain gauges

3&4ect /etector Sensors
Types:
- Limit Switches
- Photoelectric Sensors
- (nductive Pro%imity Sensors
- "apacitive Pro%imity Sensors
- $ltrasonic Sensors

- Limit Switch

- Limit Switch

- Limit Switch






- $ltrasonic Pro%imity Sensors





- Photoelectric Sensor
- use a modulated light &eam that is either &ro,en or reflected &y
the target


Scan Techni*ues
5' Thru-)eam scan

Scan Techni*ues
5' .eflective Scan

Scan Techni*ues
5' /iffuse Scan


Pressure Sensors
/etection of a physical force which arises due to pressure'
Static Pressure 6 no motion is occurring of the li*uid
/ynamic Pressure 6 pressure while the fluid is in motion'

Pressure Sensors

Pressure Sensors

Pressure Sensors

Flow Transducers
Flow is related to pressure &y causing the flowing fluid to pass
through some form of restriction in the transport pipe+ which creates a
momentary loss of pressure' This pressure differential is related
mathematically to the flow rate'

Flow Transducers

Flow Transducers

Flow Transducers
Magnetic flow meter

Flow Transducers
Magnetic flow meter

Flow Transducers
.otameter

Flow Transducers
Tur&ine type

Level Transducers
Float type

Level Transducers
Float type

Level Transducers
/iscrete points method

Level Transducers
"apacitance method

Level Transducers
"apacitance method

Level Transducers
7ead pressure method

Level Transducers
$ltrasonic method

Sensors and Transducers

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Sensors and Transducers

Sensors and Transducers

$se mechanical properties e%pansion of a su&stance!

$se electrical properties

"apillary tu&e thermometer

"apillary tu&e thermometer

Filled Thermal System

Filled Thermal System

.esistance Thermal /etectors 0 .esistance

.esistance Thermal /etectors 0 .esistance

.esistance Thermal /etectors .T/s!

Solid state temperature sensors

1aria&le reluctance L1/T!

1aria&le reluctance L1/T!

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