International Journal of Computer science and Engineering Research and Development (IJCSERD),

ISSN 2248- 9363 (Print), ISSN- 2248-9371 (Online) Volume 4, Number 2, April-June (2014)
34









A SECURE PAYMENT SCHEME IN MULTIHOP WIRELESS
NETWORK BY TRUSTED NODE IDENTIFICATION METHOD


[1]
Soumya A V,
[2]
Mrs.Prajna M R

[1]
Dept of CS&E VTU, Belgaum KVGCE, SULLIA, DK-574327
[2]
Assoc.prof, Dept of CSE VTU, Belgaum KVGCE, SULLIA, DK-574327




ABSTRACT

The papers propose an improvised version of the report based payment scheme by
adopting a trust system which will assign trust value for each and every node in the network. In
report based payment scheme the nodes submit light weight payment report to the Trusted
Third party .By checking the consistency of the report the third party classify the reports to fair
report and cheating report. If it is a fair report means there is an immediate payment clearance.
Otherwise trusted party will ask evidence from all the nodes and cheater nodes are evicted. To
increase the performance the proposed system will assign trust value for all the nodes in the
network. The nodes have high trust value if they relay more messages successfully in the past.
So that packet transmission will be through highly trusted nodes which will reduce probability
of dropping messages. Thus increase packet delivery ratio and through put and hence network
performance.

Index Terms: Payment schemes; Trust value; Trust centre; cheater node.

I. INTRODUCTION

In Multihop wireless Network the packets from a node is usually transmitted through
the intermediate node to reach to the destination [1]. There will be some selfish nodes that will
not relay others packets but they make use of others to relay their messages which will give a
negative effect hence, there is performance degradation [2]. Payment scheme will give credit to
all the nodes participated in the packet transmission which motivate the nodes [3]. This scheme
treats the packet forwarding task as a service which can be charged and valuated. This scheme
enforces fairness, node cooperation, regulate packet transmission.

IJCSERD

PRJ PUBLICATION
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(IJCSERD)

ISSN 2248 9363(Print)
ISSN 2248 9371(Online),
Volume 4, Number 2, April- June (2014), pp: 34-40
PRJ Publication, http://www.prjpublication.com/IJCSERD.asp
International Journal of Computer science and Engineering Research and Development (IJCSERD),
ISSN 2248- 9363 (Print), ISSN- 2248-9371 (Online) Volume 4, Number 2, April-June (2014)
35

A high-quality payment scheme should be secure and need less communication and
processing overhead. MWNs cant be implemented without a secured payment scheme because
the nodes are autonomous and aim to maximize their welfare. Since a trusted party may not be
involved in communication session, the nodes create proofs of others packets of the
transmitting called receipts, and for getting the payment they will submit receipts to the
Accounting Centre (AC).Here the receipt carries security proof so they are large in size. The
AC must carry out large number of cryptographic operations to certify the receipts which leads
to communication and processing overhead. In report based schemes the nodes submit light
payment reports to the trusted third party to update the credits. The reports contain the alleged
charges and the rewards of different sessions without security proofs. The trusted third party
verifies the consistency of the report and categorizes them into fair or cheating report. Without
any cryptographic operations trusted party will clear the payment for fair report. If it is a
cheating report then evidences is requested to discover and evict the cheater node.
To increase the performance of report based payment scheme the trust centre will give a
trust value for the nodes in the network. Trust values are assigned based on the past
performance of the nodes. Thus communication is always routed through the nodes
with higher trust values which will reduce the probability of message failure and enhance the
delivery ratio and throughput.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows. Section 2 describes related works of this
area .Section 3 presents the proposed system. Section 4 discusses the experimental work .Then
description of the performance discussion in section 5 and conclusion in section 6.

II. RELATED WORKS

In these days several researches have come up with several payment schemes including
tamper-proof-device (TPD)-based [4] and receipt-based schemes. In TPD-based payment
schemes, a TPD is installed in each node to store and manage its credit account and secure its
operation. In tamper proof-device (TPD) is any payment-based approach require some kind of
tamper proofness essential for guaranteeing the security process of the payment.
In Nuglets [4], the forwarded packets by a node are passed to the TPD to decrease and
increase the nodes credit account. In SIP [5] after getting data packets, the destination node
sends a RECEIPT packet to the source to issue a REWARD packet to increment credit count of
intermediate node.
In CASHnet [6], the credit account of the source node is charged and a signature is
attached to each packet. When the packet is received, the credit account of the destination
node is charged, and a digitally signed acknowledgement (ACK) packet is send back to the
source.TPD based schemes have lot of limitations. First the assumption that TPD cant be
tampered with. But if the attacker can compromise with the TPD then he can communicate with
the TPD in an unnoticeable way.
To eliminate the use of TPDs, an offline central bank called the Accounting Center is
used to store and administer the nodes credit accounts. Different receipt based schemes [12] are
SPRITE, PIS, CDS, FESCIM, ESIP.



International Journal of Computer science and Engineering Research and Development (IJCSERD),
ISSN 2248- 9363 (Print), ISSN- 2248-9371 (Online) Volume 4, Number 2, April-June (2014)
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In sprite [7] the source node signs the identities of the nodes in the route and the
message, and sends the signature as a proof for sending a message. The intermediate nodes
verify the signature, create receipts which contain the identities of the nodes in the path and the
sources signature, and submit the receipts to the AC to get the payment. After verification AC
give the payments. The problem is the communication overhead
In FESCIM [8] the source and destination is charged, if they are interested in
communication. In PIS [9], the source adds a signature to each message and the destination
node acknowledges with a signed packet.
CDS [10] uses statistical methods to find the cheater nodes. Due to the nature of
statistical method some sincere node may incorrectly accused as cheater. Some cheaters may
not be recognized.
ESIP [11] suggests communication protocol that can be used for a payment scheme.
ESIP transmits messages from the source to destination node with limited number of public key
cryptography operation by integrating public key cryptography, identity based cryptography
and hash function. Comparing to PIS, ESIP needs less public key cryptography operations but
larger receipt size.
In proposed paper to avoid the communication and processing overhead of the existing
schemes introducing report based payment scheme and using a trust system to improve the
performance.

III. PROPOSED SYSTEM

In the proposed system the considered Multihop Wireless Network has an offline
Trusted party(TP), responsible for maintaining the nodes credit account.TP is also responsible
for cancel and update the certificate for nodes.ie, TP has Accounting Centre, Certificate
Authority and Trust centre. Trust centre is responsible for maintaining the trust value of the
node according to the no of relayed and dropped messages. Each node has to register with TP to
get symmetric key, public key/private key and certificate. Only registered nodes can
communicate each other. After the communication session the TP will verify the payment
report submitted by the nodes and clear the payments if the report is consistent. This scheme
can be used with any dynamic source routing protocol which set up end to end route before
sending the data.
As shown in fig.1 the payment scheme has 5 main phases. The first phase is
communication phase. In this Route is established through highly trusted nodes and data is
transmitted. Second is classifier which classifies the report into fair or cheating. From the
cheating report the trusted party will discover the cheaters by asking evidences from the
suspicious nodes. .This is fourth phase called Identifying cheaters. Then the trusted party evicts
the cheaters from the network. The next is credit account update .In this phase the correct credit
is assigned to all the nodes by trusted party. After the packet transmission the trust centre
assigns the trust value for the nodes, participated in the packet transmission.






International Journal of Computer science and Engineering Research and Development (IJCSERD),
ISSN 2248- 9363 (Print), ISSN- 2248-9371 (Online) Volume 4, Number 2, April-June (2014)
37
















Fig.1 Architecture of proposed scheme

A. Communication
The communication phase includes 4 processes: Route establishment, Data
transmission, Evidence composition, payment composition/submission. The source node
broadcasts the route request which contains the source identity, Destination identity, Time
stamp and Time To live. Time To live means maximum number of intermediate nodes. The
route is established by considering the nodes that have high trust values. The node that relay
more messages in the past have high trust values. So during route establishment instead of
considering shortest path they will consider the route with nodes having high trust values as in
figure.2. So that chance of message dropping is less. The nodes that relay more messages have
high trust value. After route establishment data is transmitted and destination node replies with
acknowledgement. Then the intermediate node composes the evidences for data transmission.
All the nodes participated in data transmission compose payment report and submitted to the
trusted party.















Figure 2. Data transmission through high trusted nodes
International Journal of Computer science and Engineering Research and Development (IJCSERD),
ISSN 2248- 9363 (Print), ISSN- 2248-9371 (Online) Volume 4, Number 2, April-June (2014)
38

B. Classifier
When Accounting Centre obtains the sessions payment report it verifies them by
checking the consistency of the report and categorize them into fair or cheating. In the case of
fair report all the nodes will be submitting the correct payment report so all will be asking for
equal credits but for cheating report at least one node will submit incorrect payment report. Fair
report can be for complete and broken sessions. For fair report the trusted party will do payment
clearance immediately. The evidence is legal if the calculated proof is similar to the evidences.

C. Identifying Cheaters
The Trusted party processes the cheating report to identify the cheaters. The objective is
to avoid the attackers from stealing credits. The Trusted party asks evidence from the node
which requests more payment. In this way, the AC can precisely identify the cheating nodes
with requesting few Evidences .To verify the evidences the Trusted party creates the proof by
generating the nodes signature and hashing them. After identifying the cheaters the cheater
node is evicted from the network.

D. Credit Account Update
The Credit-Account Update phase obtains fair and corrected payment reports to update
the credit of the nodes.The payment clearance is done by charging and rewarding policy. For
the payment clearance the trusted party needs reports from all the nodes in the communication
session. When registration the trusted party will give a Public and Private Key pair, a
symmetric key and a certificate. The public and private key pair is used in communication are
required to act as source or destination node. The symmetric key is used to submit the payment
reports.

E. Trust Value Update
The Trust centre assigns the trust value to the nodes that relayed the packets success fully in
the communication session. This trust value of the node is considered during the next route
establishment phase. Stationary nodes and nodes with large resources to spare will have higher
trust value .Nodes at the boundary are more likely to have lower trust value.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

All the nodes must be registered with the trusted third party, in order to issue
certificate for the nodes. In order to transmit the packets from source to destination the source
node produces route request which contains source node identity, destination identity, Time
stamp and TTL. Then the source node broadcast the request to all the intermediate nodes. The
intermediate node forwards this route request to the next intermediate node until it reaches the
destination. The destination node send route selection request to the trusted party to get a path
which has a high trust value. Once the path is established by the destination node the source
node transmit the packets to the destination node through the established route.
After transmitting the packets the nodes can request for the payment .So all the nodes
submit the payment report together to the trusted third party. The trusted third party verifies it.
If it is consistent means the report will be fair. But the attacker or cheater they will always
request for more payment without relaying the packet .So the trusted party can easily find out
the cheater by checking the consistency. The trusted party can ask for the evidence and if it is
International Journal of Computer science and Engineering Research and Development (IJCSERD),
ISSN 2248- 9363 (Print), ISSN- 2248-9371 (Online) Volume 4, Number 2, April-June (2014)
39

not valid then trusted party can assign a cheating count to the node. So during the next route
establishment the nodes having high cheating count is rarely considered.

V. PERFORMANCE DISCUSSION

The performance of proposed scheme is more in terms of throughput and packet
delivery ratio. Since this method assigns a trust value for the nodes according to the number of
messages relayed in the past and the packet transmission is through the high trust valued nodes,
the probability of dropping of messages will reduce. Since the payment clearance in report
based scheme is with almost no cryptographic operations, the processing overhead is less and
less payment delay is less. Since all the nodes submit the report together the report based
payment scheme reduces the communication overhead.

VI. CONCLUSION

The proposed system improves the performance of the network and provides a secure
payment scheme. In this there is a trust system which will assign trust value to each node that
relayed the packets more successfully in the past. The report based payment scheme eliminates
the communication and processing overhead of other payment schemes and the inclusion of
trust centre significantly improves the performance of the network since the data transmission
is routed through highly trusted nodes whenever possible.

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