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8lood leaves Lhe hearL vla arLerles LhaL branch repeaLedly unLll Lhey become caplllarles
Cxygen (C
2
) and nuLrlenLs dlffuse across caplllary walls and enLer Llssues
Carbon dloxlde (CC
2
) and wasLes move from Llssues lnLo Lhe blood
Cxygen-deflclenL blood leaves Lhe caplllarles and flows ln velns Lo Lhe hearL
1hls blood flows Lo Lhe lungs where lL releases CC
2
and plcks up C
2

1he oxygen-rlch blood reLurns Lo Lhe hearL
!7@27A:3:7? 7< ,6778
8lood ls Lhe body's only fluld Llssue
lL ls composed of llquld plasma and formed elemenLs
lormed elemenLs lnclude:
LryLhrocyLes, or red blood cells (88Cs)
LeukocyLes, or whlLe blood cells (W8Cs)
laLeleLs
PemaLocrlL - Lhe percenLage of 88Cs ouL of Lhe LoLal blood volume
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8lood ls a sLlcky, opaque fluld wlLh a meLalllc LasLe
Color varles from scarleL (oxygen-rlch) Lo dark red (oxygen-poor)
1he pP of blood ls 7.33-7.43
1emperaLure ls 38C, sllghLly hlgher Lhan normal" body LemperaLure
8lood accounLs for approxlmaLely 8 of body welghL
Average volume of blood ls 3-6 L for males, and 4-3 L for females
D>?=3:7?A 7< ,6778
8lood performs a number of funcLlons deallng wlLh:
SubsLance dlsLrlbuLlon
8egulaLlon of blood levels of parLlcular subsLances
8ody proLecLlon
/:A35:E>3:7?
8lood LransporLs:
Cxygen from Lhe lungs and nuLrlenLs from Lhe dlgesLlve LracL
MeLabollc wasLes from cells Lo Lhe lungs and kldneys for ellmlnaLlon
Pormones from endocrlne glands Lo LargeL organs
'4F>613:7?
8lood malnLalns:
ApproprlaLe body LemperaLure by absorblng and dlsLrlbuLlng heaL
normal pP ln body Llssues uslng buffer sysLems
AdequaLe fluld volume ln Lhe clrculaLory sysLem
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8lood prevenLs blood loss by:
AcLlvaLlng plasma proLelns and plaLeleLs
lnlLlaLlng cloL formaLlon when a vessel ls broken
8lood prevenLs lnfecLlon by:
SynLheslzlng and uLlllzlng anLlbodles
AcLlvaLlng complemenL proLelns
AcLlvaLlng W8Cs Lo defend Lhe body agalnsL forelgn lnvaders
,6778 $61A@1
8lood plasma conLalns over 100 soluLes, lncludlng:
roLelns - albumln, globullns, cloLLlng proLelns, and oLhers
nonproLeln nlLrogenous subsLances - lacLlc acld, urea, creaLlnlne
Crganlc nuLrlenLs - glucose, carbohydraLes, amlno aclds
LlecLrolyLes - sodlum, poLasslum, calclum, chlorlde, blcarbonaLe
8esplraLory gases - oxygen and carbon dloxlde
D75@48 &64@4?3A
LryLhrocyLes, leukocyLes, and plaLeleLs make up Lhe formed elemenLs
Cnly W8Cs are compleLe cells
88Cs have no nuclel or organelles, and plaLeleLs are [usL cell fragmenLs
MosL formed elemenLs survlve ln Lhe bloodsLream for only a few days
MosL blood cells do noL dlvlde buL are renewed by cells ln bone marrow
&5B3057=B34A H',!AI
8lconcave dlscs, anucleaLe, essenLlally no organelles
lllled wlLh hemoglobln (Pb), a proLeln LhaL funcLlons ln gas LransporL
ConLaln Lhe plasma membrane proLeln !"#$%&'( LhaL:
Clves eryLhrocyLes Lhelr flexlblllLy
Allows Lhem Lo change shape as necessary
LryLhrocyLes are an example of Lhe complemenLarlLy of sLrucLure and funcLlon
SLrucLural characLerlsLlcs LhaL conLrlbuLe Lo lLs gas LransporL funcLlon are:
8lconcave shape LhaL has a huge surface area Lo volume raLlo
ulscounLlng waLer conLenL, eryLhrocyLes are 97 hemoglobln
A1 ls generaLed anaeroblcally, so Lhe eryLhrocyLes do noL consume Lhe oxygen Lhey LransporL
&5B3057=B34 D>?=3:7?
LryLhrocyLes are dedlcaLed Lo resplraLory gas LransporL
Pemoglobln reverslbly blnds wlLh oxygen and mosL oxygen ln Lhe blood ls bound Lo hemoglobln
Pemoglobln ls composed of:
1he proLeln )*+,'(, made up of Lwo alpha and Lwo beLa chalns, each bound Lo a heme group
Lach heme group bears an aLom of lron, whlch can blnd one Lo oxygen molecule
Lach hemoglobln molecule can LransporL four molecules of oxygen
"4@7F67E:? H"EI
Cxyhemoglobln - hemoglobln bound Lo oxygen
Cxygen loadlng Lakes place ln Lhe lungs
ueoxyhemoglobln - hemoglobln afLer oxygen dlffuses lnLo Llssues (reduced Pb)
Carbamlnohemoglobln - hemoglobln bound Lo carbon dloxlde
Carbon dloxlde loadlng Lakes place ln Lhe Llssues
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PemaLopolesls - blood cell formaLlon
Pemopolesls occurs ln Lhe red bone marrow of Lhe:
Axlal skeleLon and glrdles
Lplphyses of Lhe humerus and femur
PemocyLoblasLs glve rlse Lo all formed elemenLs
$578>=3:7? 7< &5B3057=B34AK &5B305727:4A:A
A hemocyLoblasL ls Lransformed lnLo a commlLLed cell called Lhe proeryLhroblasL
roeryLhroblasLs develop lnLo early eryLhroblasLs
1he developmenLal paLhway conslsLs of Lhree phases
hase 1 - rlbosome synLhesls ln early eryLhroblasLs
hase 2 - hemoglobln accumulaLlon ln laLe eryLhroblasLs and normoblasLs
hase 3 - e[ecLlon of Lhe nucleus from normoblasLs and formaLlon of reLlculocyLes
8eLlculocyLes Lhen become maLure eryLhrocyLes
ClrculaLlng eryLhrocyLes - Lhe number remalns consLanL and reflecLs a balance beLween 88C
producLlon and desLrucLlon
1oo few red blood cells leads Lo Llssue hypoxla
1oo many red blood cells causes undeslrable blood vlscoslLy
LryLhropolesls ls hormonally conLrolled and depends on adequaLe supplles of lron, amlno aclds, and 8
vlLamlns
"75@7?16 !7?3576 7< &5B305727:4A:A
LryLhropoleLln (LC) release by Lhe kldneys ls Lrlggered by:
Pypoxla due Lo decreased 88Cs
uecreased oxygen avallablllLy
lncreased Llssue demand for oxygen
Lnhanced eryLhropolesls lncreases Lhe:
88C counL ln clrculaLlng blood
Cxygen carrylng ablllLy of Lhe blood lncreases
&5B305727:4A:AK L>35:4?3 '4M>:54@4?3A
LryLhropolesls requlres:
roLelns, llplds, and carbohydraLes
lron, vlLamln 8
12
, and follc acld
1he body sLores lron ln Pb (63), Lhe llver, spleen, and bone marrow
lnLracellular lron ls sLored ln proLeln-lron complexes such as -#&&'%'( and .#/+!'0#&'(
ClrculaLlng lron ls loosely bound Lo Lhe LransporL proLeln %&1(!-#&&'(
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1he llfe span of an eryLhrocyLe ls 100-120 days
Cld eryLhrocyLes become rlgld and fraglle, and Lhelr hemoglobln beglns Lo degeneraLe
uylng eryLhrocyLes are engulfed by macrophages
Peme and globln are separaLed and Lhe lron ls salvaged for reuse
D134 7< "4@7F67E:?
Peme ls degraded Lo a yellow plgmenL called ,'*'&2,'(
1he llver secreLes blllrubln lnLo Lhe lnLesLlnes as blle
1he lnLesLlnes meLabollze lL lnLo uroblllnogen
1hls degraded plgmenL leaves Lhe body ln feces, ln a plgmenL called !%#&$+,'*'(
Clobln ls meLabollzed lnLo amlno aclds and ls released lnLo Lhe clrculaLlon
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&5B3057=B34 /:A75845A
Anemla - blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrylng capaclLy
lL ls a sympLom raLher Lhan a dlsease lLself
8lood oxygen levels cannoL supporL normal meLabollsm
Slgns/sympLoms lnclude faLlgue, paleness, shorLness of breaLh, and chllls
#?4@:1K O?A><<:=:4?3 &5B3057=B34A
Pemorrhaglc anemla - resulL of acuLe or chronlc loss of blood
PemolyLlc anemla - premaLurely rupLured eryLhrocyLes
AplasLlc anemla - desLrucLlon or lnhlblLlon of red bone marrow
#?4@:1K /4=541A48 "4@7F67E:? !7?34?3
lron-deflclency anemla resulLs from:
A secondary resulL of hemorrhaglc anemla
lnadequaLe lnLake of lron-conLalnlng foods
lmpalred lron absorpLlon
ernlclous anemla resulLs from:
ueflclency of vlLamln 8
12

CfLen caused by lack of lnLrlnslc facLor needed for absorpLlon of 8
12

#?4@:1K #E?75@16 "4@7F67E:?
1halassemlas - absenL or faulLy globln chaln ln hemoglobln
LryLhrocyLes are Lhln, dellcaLe, and deflclenL ln hemoglobln
Slckle-cell anemla - resulLs from a defecLlve gene codlng for an abnormal hemoglobln called
.#/+)*+,'( 4 (PbS)
PbS has a slngle amlno acld subsLlLuLlon ln Lhe beLa chaln
1hls defecL causes 88Cs Lo become slckle-shaped ln low oxygen slLuaLlons
$76B=B304@:1
olycyLhemla - excess 88Cs LhaL lncrease blood vlscoslLy
1hree maln polycyLhemlas are:
olycyLhemla vera
Secondary polycyLhemla
8lood doplng
-4>P7=B34A HQ,!AI
LeukocyLes, Lhe only blood componenLs LhaL are compleLe cells:
Are less numerous Lhan 88Cs
Make up 1 of Lhe LoLal blood volume
Can leave caplllarles vla dlapedesls
Move Lhrough Llssue spaces
LeukocyLosls - W8C counL over 11,000 per cublc mllllmeLer
normal response Lo bacLerlal or vlral lnvaslon
!61AA:<:=13:7? 7< -4>P7=B34AK R51?>67=B34A
CranulocyLes - neuLrophlls, eoslnophlls, and basophlls
ConLaln cyLoplasmlc granules LhaL sLaln speclflcally (acldlc, baslc, or boLh) wlLh WrlghL's sLaln
Are larger and usually shorLer-llved Lhan 88Cs
Pave lobed nuclel
Are all phagocyLlc cells
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L4>35720:6A
neuLrophlls have Lwo Lypes of granules LhaL:
1ake up boLh acldlc and baslc dyes
Clve Lhe cyLoplasm a lllac color
ConLaln peroxldases, hydrolyLlc enzymes, and defenslns (anLlbloLlc-llke proLelns)
neuLrophlls are our body's bacLerlal slayers
&7A:?720:6A
Loslnophlls accounL for 1-4 of W8Cs
Pave red-sLalnlng, bl-lobed nuclel connecLed vla a broad band of nuclear maLerlal
Pave red Lo crlmson (acldophlllc) large, coarse, lysosome-llke granules
Lead Lhe body's counLeraLLack agalnsL paraslLlc worms
Lessen Lhe severlLy of allergles by phagocyLlzlng lmmune complexes
,1A720:6A
AccounL for 0.3 of W8Cs and:
Pave u- or S-shaped nuclel wlLh Lwo or Lhree consplcuous consLrlcLlons
Are funcLlonally slmllar Lo masL cells
Pave large, purpllsh-black (basophlllc) granules LhaL conLaln hlsLamlne
PlsLamlne - lnflammaLory chemlcal LhaL acLs as a vasodllaLor and aLLracLs oLher W8Cs
#F51?>67=B34A
AgranulocyLes - lymphocyLes and monocyLes:
Lack vlslble cyLoplasmlc granules
Are slmllar sLrucLurally, buL are funcLlonally dlsLlncL and unrelaLed cell Lypes
Pave spherlcal (lymphocyLes) or kldney-shaped (monocyLes) nuclel
-B@207=B34A
Pave large, dark-purple, clrcular nuclel wlLh a Lhln rlm of blue cyLoplasm
lound mosLly enmeshed ln lymphold Llssue (some clrculaLe ln Lhe blood)
1here are Lwo Lypes of lymphocyLes: 1 cells and 8 cells
1 cells funcLlon ln Lhe lmmune response
8 cells glve rlse Lo plasma cells, whlch produce anLlbodles
T7?7=B34A
MonocyLes accounL for 4-8 of leukocyLes
1hey are Lhe largesL leukocyLes
1hey have abundanL pale-blue cyLoplasms
1hey have purple sLalnlng, u- or kldney-shaped nuclel
1hey leave Lhe clrculaLlon, enLer Llssue, and dlfferenLlaLe lnLo macrophages
Macrophages:
Are hlghly moblle and acLlvely phagocyLlc
AcLlvaLe lymphocyLes Lo mounL an lmmune response
$578>=3:7? 7< -4>P7=B34A
Leukopolesls ls hormonally sLlmulaLed by Lwo famllles of cyLoklnes (hemaLopoeLlc facLors) -
lnLerleuklns and colony-sLlmulaLlng facLors (CSls)
lnLerleuklns are numbered (e.g., lL-1, lL-2), whereas CSls are named for Lhe W8Cs Lhey sLlmulaLe
(e.g., granulocyLe-CSl sLlmulaLes granulocyLes)
Macrophages and 1 cells are Lhe mosL lmporLanL sources of cyLoklnes
Many hemaLopoleLlc hormones are used cllnlcally Lo sLlmulaLe bone marrow
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D75@13:7? 7< -4>P7=B34A
All leukocyLes orlglnaLe from hemocyLoblasLs
PemocyLoblasLs dlfferenLlaLe lnLo myelold sLem cells and lymphold sLem cells
Myelold sLem cells become myeloblasLs or monoblasLs
Lymphold sLem cells become lymphoblasLs
MyeloblasLs develop lnLo eoslnophlls, neuLrophlls, and basophlls
MonoblasLs develop lnLo monocyLes
LymphoblasLs develop lnLo lymphocyLes
-4>P7=B34 /:A75845AK -4>P4@:1A
Leukemla refer Lo cancerous condlLlons lnvolvlng whlLe blood cells
Leukemlas are named accordlng Lo Lhe abnormal whlLe blood cells lnvolved
MyelocyLlc leukemla - lnvolves myeloblasLs
LymphocyLlc leukemla - lnvolves lymphocyLes
AcuLe leukemla lnvolves blasL-Lype cells and prlmarlly affecLs chlldren
Chronlc leukemla ls more prevalenL ln older people
-4>P4@:1
lmmaLure whlLe blood cells are found ln Lhe bloodsLream ln all leukemlas
8one marrow becomes LoLally occupled wlLh cancerous leukocyLes
1he whlLe blood cells produced, Lhough numerous, are noL funcLlonal
ueaLh ls caused by lnLernal hemorrhage and overwhelmlng lnfecLlons
1reaLmenLs lnclude lrradlaLlon, anLlleukemlc drugs, and bone marrow LransplanLs
$6134643A
laLeleLs are fragmenLs of megakaryocyLes wlLh a blue-sLalnlng ouLer reglon and a purple granular
cenLer
1he granules conLaln seroLonln, Ca
2+
, enzymes, Au, and plaLeleL-derlved growLh facLor (uCl)
laLeleLs funcLlon ln Lhe cloLLlng mechanlsm by formlng a Lemporary plug LhaL helps seal breaks ln
blood vessels
R4?4A:A 7< $6134643A
1he sLem cell for plaLeleLs ls Lhe hemocyLoblasL
1he sequenLlal developmenLal paLhway ls hemocyLoblasL, megakaryoblasL, promegakaryocyLe,
megakaryocyLe, and plaLeleLs
"4@7A31A:A
A serles of reacLlons deslgned for sLoppage of bleedlng
uurlng hemosLasls, Lhree phases occur ln rapld sequence
vascular spasms - lmmedlaLe vasoconsLrlcLlon ln response Lo ln[ury
laLeleL plug formaLlon
CoagulaLlon (blood cloLLlng)
$6134643 $6>F D75@13:7?
laLeleLs do noL sLlck Lo each oLher or Lo Lhe endoLhellal llnlng of blood vessels
upon damage Lo a blood vessel, plaLeleLs:
Are sLlmulaLed by Lhromboxane A
2

SLlck Lo exposed collagen flbers and form a plaLeleL plug
8elease seroLonln and Au, whlch aLLracL sLlll more plaLeleLs
1he plaLeleL plug ls llmlLed Lo Lhe lmmedlaLe area of ln[ury by Cl
2

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!71F>613:7?
A seL of reacLlons ln whlch blood ls Lransformed from a llquld Lo a gel
CoagulaLlon follows lnLrlnslc and exLrlnslc paLhways

1he flnal Lhee sLeps of Lhls serles of reacLlons are:
roLhrombln acLlvaLor ls formed
roLhrombln ls converLed lnLo Lhrombln
1hrombln caLalyzes Lhe [olnlng of flbrlnogen lnLo a flbrln mesh
/431:648 '41=3:7?A 7< "4@7A31A:A
!71F>613:7? $01A4 )K %;7 $130;1BA 37 $573057@E:? #=3:91375
May be lnlLlaLed by elLher Lhe lnLrlnslc or exLrlnslc paLhway
1rlggered by Llssue-damaglng evenLs
lnvolves a serles of procoagulanLs
Lach paLhway cascades Loward facLor x
Cnce facLor x has been acLlvaLed, lL complexes wlLh calclum lons, l
3
, and facLor v Lo form
proLhrombln acLlvaLor
!71F>613:7? $01A4 GK $130;1B 37 %057@E:?
roLhrombln acLlvaLor caLalyzes Lhe LransformaLlon of proLhrombln Lo Lhe acLlve Lhe enzyme
%.&+/,'(
!71F>613:7? $01A4 JK !7@@7? $130;1BA 37 304 D:E5:? T4A0
1hrombln caLalyzes Lhe polymerlzaLlon of flbrlnogen lnLo flbrln
lnsoluble flbrln sLrands form Lhe sLrucLural basls of a cloL
llbrln causes plasma Lo become a gel-llke Lrap
llbrln ln Lhe presence of calclum lons acLlvaLes facLor xlll LhaL:
Cross-llnks flbrln
SLrengLhens and sLablllzes Lhe cloL
!673 '4351=3:7? 1?8 '421:5
CloL reLracLlon - sLablllzaLlon of Lhe cloL by squeezlng serum from Lhe flbrln sLrands
8epalr
laLeleL-derlved growLh facLor (uCl) sLlmulaLes rebulldlng of blood vessel wall
llbroblasLs form a connecLlve Llssue paLch
LndoLhellal cells mulLlply and resLore Lhe endoLhellal llnlng
D1=375A -:@:3:?F !673 R57;30 75 D75@13:7?
1wo homeosLaLlc mechanlsms prevenL cloLs from becomlng large
SwlfL removal of cloLLlng facLors
lnhlblLlon of acLlvaLed cloLLlng facLors
O?0:E:3:7? 7< !6733:?F D1=375A
llbrln acLs as an anLlcoagulanL by blndlng Lhrombln and prevenLlng lLs:
oslLlve feedback effecLs of coagulaLlon
AblllLy Lo speed up Lhe producLlon of proLhrombln acLlvaLor vla facLor v
AcceleraLlon of Lhe lnLrlnslc paLhway by acLlvaLlng plaLeleLs
1hrombln noL absorbed Lo flbrln ls lnacLlvaLed by anLlLhrombln lll
Peparln, anoLher anLlcoagulanL, also lnhlblLs Lhrombln acLlvlLy
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D1=375A $5494?3:?F W?84A:51E64 !6733:?F
unnecessary cloLLlng ls prevenLed by Lhe sLrucLural and molecular characLerlsLlcs of endoLhellal cells
llnlng Lhe blood vessels
laLeleL adheslon ls prevenLed by:
1he smooLh endoLhellal llnlng of blood vessels
Peparln and Cl
2
secreLed by endoLhellal cells
vlLamln L qulnone, a poLenL anLlcoagulanL
"4@7A31A:A /:A75845AK %057@E74@E76B3:= /:A75845A
1hrombus - a cloL LhaL develops and perslsL ln an unbroken blood vessel
1hrombl can block clrculaLlon, resulLlng ln Llssue deaLh
Coronary Lhrombosls - Lhrombus ln blood vessel of Lhe hearL
Lmbolus - a Lhrombus freely floaLlng ln Lhe blood sLream
ulmonary emboll can lmpalr Lhe ablllLy of Lhe body Lo obLaln oxygen
Cerebral emboll can cause sLrokes
$5494?3:7? 7< W?84A:51E64 !673A
SubsLances used Lo prevenL undeslrable cloLs lnclude:
Asplrln - an anLlprosLaglandln LhaL lnhlblLs Lhromboxane A
2

Peparln - an anLlcoagulanL used cllnlcally for pre- and posLoperaLlve cardlac care
Warfarlnln - used for Lhose prone Lo aLrlal flbrlllaLlon
llavonolds - subsLances found ln Lea, red wlne, and grape [ulce LhaL have naLural anLlcoagulanL
acLlvlLy
"4@7A31A:A /:A75845AK ,6448:?F /:A75845A
1hrombocyLopenla - condlLlon where Lhe number of clrculaLlng plaLeleLs ls deflclenL
aLlenLs show peLechlae (small purple bloLches on Lhe skln) due Lo sponLaneous, wldespread
hemorrhage
Caused by suppresslon or desLrucLlon of bone marrow (e.g., mallgnancy, radlaLlon)
laLeleL counLs less Lhan 30,000/mm
3
ls dlagnosLlc for Lhls condlLlon
1reaLed wlLh whole blood Lransfuslons
"4@7A31A:A /:A75845AK ,6448:?F /:A75845A
lnablllLy Lo synLheslze procoagulanLs by Lhe llver resulLs ln severe bleedlng dlsorders
Causes can range from vlLamln k deflclency Lo hepaLlLls and clrrhosls
lnablllLy Lo absorb faL can lead Lo vlLamln k deflclencles as lL ls a faL-soluble subsLance and ls
absorbed along wlLh faL
Llver dlsease can also prevenL Lhe llver from produclng blle, whlch ls requlred for faL and vlLamln k
absorpLlon
Pemophlllas - heredlLary bleedlng dlsorders caused by lack of cloLLlng facLors
Pemophllla A - mosL common Lype (83 of all cases) due Lo a deflclency of facLor vlll
Pemophllla 8 - resulLs from a deflclency of facLor lx
Pemophllla C - mlld Lype, caused by a deflclency of facLor xl
SympLoms lnclude prolonged bleedlng and palnful and dlsabled [olnLs
1reaLmenL ls wlLh blood Lransfuslons and Lhe ln[ecLlon of mlsslng facLors
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1ransfuslons are necessary:
When subsLanLlal blood loss occurs
ln cerLaln hemosLaLls dlsorders
Whole blood Lransfuslons are used:
When blood loss ls subsLanLlal
ln LreaLlng LhrombocyLopenla
acked red cells (cells wlLh plasma removed) are used Lo LreaL anemla
">@1? ,6778 R57>2A
88C membranes have glycoproLeln anLlgens on Lhelr exLernal surfaces
1hese anLlgens are:
unlque Lo Lhe lndlvldual
8ecognlzed as forelgn lf Lransfused lnLo anoLher lndlvldual
romoLers of aggluLlnaLlon and are referred Lo as aggluLlnogens
resence/absence of Lhese anLlgens are used Lo classlfy blood groups
Pumans have 30 varleLles of naLurally occurrlng 88C anLlgens
1he anLlgens of Lhe A8C and 8h blood groups cause vlgorous Lransfuslon reacLlons when Lhey are
lmproperly Lransfused
CLher blood groups (M, n, uufy, kell, and Lewls) are malnly used for legallLles
#,. ,6778 R57>2A
1he A8C blood groups conslsLs of:
1wo anLlgens (A and 8) on Lhe surface of Lhe 88Cs
1wo anLlbodles ln Lhe plasma (anLl-A and anLl-8)
An lndlvldual wlLh A8C blood may have varlous Lypes of anLlgens and sponLaneously preformed
anLlbodles
AggluLlnogens and Lhelr correspondlng anLlbodles cannoL be mlxed wlLhouL serlous hemolyLlc
reacLlons
'0 ,6778 R57>2A
1here are elghL dlfferenL 8h aggluLlnogens, Lhree of whlch (C, u, and L) are common
resence of Lhe 8h aggluLlnogens on 88Cs ls lndlcaLed as 8h
+

AnLl-8h anLlbodles are noL sponLaneously formed ln 8h
-
lndlvlduals
Powever, lf an 8h
-
lndlvldual recelves 8h
+
blood, anLl-8h anLlbodles form
A second expose Lo 8h
+
blood wlll resulL ln a Lyplcal Lransfuslon reacLlon
"4@76B3:= /:A41A4 7< 304 L4;E75?
PemolyLlc dlsease of Lhe newborn - 8h
+
anLlbodles of a senslLlzed 8h
-
moLher cross Lhe placenLa and
aLLack and desLroy Lhe 88Cs of an 8h
+
baby
8h
-
moLher become senslLlzed when 8h
+
blood (from a prevlous pregnancy of an 8h
+
baby or a 8h
+

Lransfuslon) causes her body Lo synLhesls 8h
+
anLlbodles
1he drug 8hoCAM can prevenL Lhe 8h
-
moLher from becomlng senslLlzed
1reaLmenL of hemolyLlc dlsease of Lhe newborn lnvolves pre-blrLh Lransfuslons and exchange
Lransfuslons afLer blrLh
)Y !"#$%&' )* + ,-../

%51?A<>A:7? '41=3:7?A
1ransfuslon reacLlons occur when mlsmaLched blood ls lnfused
uonor's cells are aLLacked by Lhe reclplenL's plasma aggluLlnlns causlng:
ulmlnlshed oxygen-carrylng capaclLy
Clumped cells LhaL lmpede blood flow
8upLured 88Cs LhaL release free hemoglobln lnLo Lhe bloodsLream
ClrculaLlng hemoglobln preclplLaLes ln Lhe kldneys and causes renal fallure
,6778 %B2:?F
When serum conLalnlng anLl-A or anLl-8 aggluLlnlns ls added Lo blood, aggluLlnaLlon wlll occur
beLween Lhe aggluLlnln and Lhe correspondlng aggluLlnogens
oslLlve reacLlons lndlcaLe aggluLlnaLlon
$61A@1 C76>@4 &Z21?845A
When shock ls lmmlnenL from low blood volume, volume musL be replaced
lasma or plasma expanders can be admlnlsLered
lasma expanders:
Pave osmoLlc properLles LhaL dlrecLly lncrease fluld volume
Are used when plasma ls noL avallable
Lxamples: purlfled human serum albumln, plasmlnaLe and dexLran
lsoLonlc sallne can also be used Lo replace losL blood volume
/:1F?7A3:= ,6778 %4A3A
LaboraLory examlnaLlon of blood can assess an lndlvldual's sLaLe of healLh
Mlcroscoplc examlnaLlon:
varlaLlons ln slze and shape of 88Cs - predlcLlons of anemlas
1ype and number of W8Cs - dlagnosLlc of varlous dlseases
Chemlcal analysls can provlde a comprehenslve plcLure of one's general healLh sLaLus ln relaLlon Lo
normal values
/494672@4?316 #A24=3A
8efore blrLh, blood cell formaLlon Lakes place ln Lhe feLal yolk sac, llver, and spleen
8y Lhe 7
Lh
monLh, red bone marrow ls Lhe prlmary hemaLopoleLlc area
8lood cells develop from mesenchymal cells called ,*++0 '!*1(0!
1he feLus forms Pbl, whlch has a hlgher afflnlLy for oxygen Lhan adulL hemoglobln
/494672@4?316 #A24=3A
Age-relaLed blood problems resulL from dlsorders of Lhe hearL, blood vessels, and Lhe lmmune sysLem
lncreased leukemlas are LhoughL Lo be due Lo Lhe wanlng deflclency of Lhe lmmune sysLem
Abnormal Lhrombus and embolus formaLlon reflecLs Lhe progress of aLherosclerosls