MORAL PRINCIPLE 4: SOCIAL JUSTICE

JUSTICE- suum cuique tradere

- the disposition by which we rende3r to each
one what is due to him/her.
- A virtue that urges the doer to give what is due
to others.
- Dictates that everyone is recognized and
respected for what he/she is

FORMS OF JUSTICE
1. General justice- is directed to the norms of right
order, specifically towards the promotion of the
common good. (Aquinas)
-(Aristotle) because the purpose of promoting the
common welfare is both eloquent and burdensome, the
WHOLE SOCIETY must get involved.

2. Distributive justice- disposes the legitimate
authority to justly distribute the benefits and
burdens to particular individuals (Aristotle)
-the goals of DJ is strictly the particular good of others,
in view of the common good.

Collection: distribution
Community paying taxes: government distributes the
tax

Distribution of Burdens- requires proportionate
equality, and proportionate equality is not necessarily an
equal share but a fair share of carrying the burden of
taxes.
Distribution of Benefits- Philippine government
assigns the highest budget priority to EDUCATION.
AA- affirmative action
EOEs- equal opportunity employers

3. Commutative justice- its main concern is the strict
mathematical equality that requires us to give to
others what is due to them (Aquinas).
- if you borrowed P100, you must pay P100 plus
interest earnings over time.
- equal work, equal pay


CHRISTIAN POINT OF VIEW
Social Justice- requires the private sector, all business
institutions, NGOs, and the government to acknowledge
that the greatest benefits should go to the four LS:
Less fortunate
Least advantaged
The last
The lost

-SJ makes sure those who have more in life can assist
those who have less.
Injustice- is the fruit of the inequitable distribution of
goods and services originally intended for all.

JOHN RAWLS VIEW OF SOCIAL JUSTICE
- Neo-Kantian
- justice as fairness
- - has an idea of original position

Principle of equal liberty- each person is to have an
equal right to the most extensive basic liberty
compatible with similar liberty for others.
Difference principle- social and economic inequalities
are just only if they result in compensating benefits,
particularly for the least advantaged society. Social and
economic inequalities must be such that everyone has a
fair and equal opportunity of obtaining them.

JOHN RAWLS MAXIMIN SOLUTION
-combining principle of equal liberty and difference
principle.
-means the solution benefits the least advantaged in
society.
-each person possesses an inviolability founded on
justice that even the welfare of society as a whole
cannot override.
-HUMAN DIGNITY is Rawls basis of his idea of social
justice

MORAL PRINCIPLE 5: SOCIAL DIMENSION OF
PRIVATE POVERTY

JEREMY WALDRON
Features of Moral Right to Private Ownership
1. The prerogative to freely dispose of your properties
2. The exclusive claim to the fruits produced by the
property
3. The right to exclude others from acting upon your
properties
4. The right to restitution in the event of unlawful
deprivation or damage to your properties

Reasons for private ownership
1. Personal- private ownership is a right to exercise
personal responsibility and self-realization towards
a more creative development.
Thomas Malthus- Yet, it is unquestionably true that
the laws of private property are the grand stimulants to
production.
2. Moral- the right to private property is the peoples
source of security, and extension of human
freedom. The nonowners are compelled to seek the
favor of those who own.
3. Social- right to property enables us to provide
support, security, and development for those who
are entrusted to our care, including the family,
household members, employees and other
dependents.
- By means of property rights, we are unrestricted
and well suited to extend help to our needy
neighbors, particularly in bad times.
4. Psychological-

Why private property is a conditional right?
JOHN MEISEL-one may not exercise his right to
private property if, by exercising this specific
entitlement, he does something detrimental to the
common good and public welfare. Hence, private
ownership is a conditional right.

Are property rights conditioned by personal needs?
Yes! We are justified to posses, to own, to keep for our
exclusive use what we do not need, particularly when
we know there are many others who are lacking the
basic necessities in life.
We have the right to own, but not to own what is
extravagant and excessive.

Are property rights conditioned by the needs of the
community?
Yes! Common good or the public welfare should
prevail over private ownership.

UNIVERSAL DESTINY OF THE RESOURCES
AND GOODS OF THE EARTH
- Means that all the material goods of the earth
are not meant to be owned and used by few
powerful individuals but, that all inhabitants of
this planet can equally own and use these goods
in accordance with Gods original plan.

St. Ambrose of Milan- You are handling over to him
what is his. For what has been given in common for the
use of all, you have arrogated to yourself. The world is
given to all and not only to the right.

Social mortgage- everyones right to private property
(John Paul II),
- The goods of this world are originally meant for
all.













MORAL PRINCIPLE 6:
OPTION FOR THE BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID

Poverty- is a human condition of having insufficient
resources or income.
- Lack of basic human needs.

US Pres. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
The forgotten man at the bottom of the economic
pyramid
1. Homeless/squatters
2. Street children & beggars
3. The jobless
4. Underemployed
5. The orphans & elderly

Option for the bottom of the pyramid- does not mean
a dole-out approach to poverty reduction.
- It is the promotion of the pro-poor economic
growth with the private business sector as
leader.
- Not fish giving but fishing skills training


Millennium Development Goals
- United Nations program, a universal and urgent
call to action has been made to achieve a 50%
reduction in poverty by the year 2015.

Preferential Option for the Poor- a kind of
empowerment for those in the bottom of the pyramid.
- Also seen as a witnessing that the human person
is worth for what he/she is that for what he/she
has, and that being is more important than
having.

WHY BUSINESS SHOULD HELP IN
ALLEVIATING POVERTY?
1. Reputational capital- it has to do with the
quality of a companys environmental and
community management that provides a good
indicator of the overall quality of the business.
2. Sustainability premium- social &
environmental sustainability is liked to firms
profitability.
- In the companys share in corporate citizenship,
it creates a sustainability premium on earnings
due to higher stakeholder satisfaction, reduced
cost of transaction, and guaranteed quality
human capital coupled with reduced social
risks.
3. Social investment- external stakeholder
engagement, community involvement.




Why is there massive poverty in spite of the effort of
agencies?
1. Unequal distribution of global resources-
neocolonialism
2. Favorable trade- means that the developed
nations are able to get inexpensive natural
resources from poorer countries in Asia, Africa.

Dependency theory- say that the poor, who are beggars
depend on the rich, who are donors, in an endless cycle
of begging and donating.

Participatory Approach to Empowerment- option for
the poor, a by-product of the evolution of CSR.
- From philanthropy to direct social engagement
to community partnership
- Povertyreduction programs may work as a
pro-poor principle approach.

Pro-poor principle approach- means that the poor
sector are encourage to take the initiative action rather
than just be on the receiving end of the programs.

PREFERENTIAL OPTION FOR THE POOR
- A working attitude of global corporations in
their social response to poverty.
- Personal and corporate option
- Universality
- beyond form or publicity gimmick
- A resolve towards poverty alleviation


1. More than dole-outs
2. Transcend public relations- more than
corporate-image building.
3. Genuine commitment to development- to serve
serviam
4. A personal philosophy- from company
philanthropy to direct social engagement
5. Corporate decision- CSR and corporate
citizenship
6. Also an opportunity- love of preference is a
choice, a decision, a special form of primacy and
an opportunity as well.
7. But not exclusive
8. Witness to human dignity- POP is a kind of
witnessing. When the company opts for the poor, it
gladly affirms that the human person is worth for what
she/he is that for what he/she has.





Other ways
1. Microfinancing-entrepreneurial opportunities
and challenges can usher the growth and
prosperity that poor countries desperately
endeavor to attain.
2. Social investment in education.
(Marcus&Wilkinson- Even if it does not increase the
level of income it can lead to improved childcare,
greater self-confidence, and wider social
connections.)