Faradays law experiment

2013

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4.0 Results and discussions
4.1 Part A:



-By taking figure 2 experimental setup as reference, the direction of B is outside the
page and the direction of potential Airgap is negative when the current is positive and
decreasing. The direction of B is into the page and the direction of potential Airgap is
negative when the current is negative and increasing. The direction of B is outside the
page and the direction of potential Airgap is postive when the current is negative and
decreasing.



- According to Lenzs Law, it states that the direction of the induced electromotive force
(emf) is always opposing the change in magnetic flux producing it. When static current
is used, this means that the current is not changing with the time due to the flow of
electric charge is only in one direction. Hence, the potential Airgap will be zero and
there will be no direction of B because the current is not changing and thus there is no
induced emf as well as magnetic charges.





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Figure 1: Geometry of twisted wire pair of problem Q4.



a) The direction of surface in loop 1 is clockwise and inside the page. The direction of
surface in loop 2 anti-clockwise and outside the page. Due to the direction of flux of loop
1 and loop 2 are opposite. While passing by with each other, the flux will be cancelled
out. Hence, the net flux is equals to zero.

b) Twisted wires will be used in the experiment because it will help to prevent
electromagnetic interference from external sources and crosstalk from external wires.
The interference will be decreases because the loop area between wires is reduced.



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c) If parallel wires are used instead of twisted wires, the parallel wires will carry
currents that will exert forces to each other. The force is attractive if the current goes
the same way in both wires. If the currents are on the opposite direction for both wires,
the force will be repulsive instead. By using parallel wires, one of the wires will set up
magnetic field and then another wire will be influenced by the magnetic field. Crosstalk
such as noise and interference will occur. Moreover, parallel wires only include low
bandwidth that can be transmitted. Hence, if parallel wires are used instead of twisted
wires, there will be electromagnetic interference and noise occurs.
















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4.2 Part B: (Experiment):
The experimental setup and the layout are shown in figure 3 and figure 4. Please make sure
that the connections are as shown in figures 4.


Experimental Results
Table 1: Experimental value for loop 1
Frequency (kHz) Measured (mv) Phase shift (deg)
10 7.65 92.16
20 10.75(expected value
= about 10.6)
86.40
50 18.75 93.60
100 31.25 95.04
200 55.00 96.48
500 98.00 95.40
1000 221.50 93.60

For loop 1, it has 4 sides and performs for only 1 turn.
Table 2: Experimental value for loop 2
Frequency (kHz) Measured (mv) Phase shift (deg)
10 9.84 86.40
20 12.6 90.42
50 21.8 88.20
100 36.2 92.16
200 63.1 92.16
500 112.0 90.00
1000 268.00 92.16

For loop 2, it has 4 sides and performs for 2 turns.
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Theoretical results
Table 3: Theoretical value of potential air gap for loop 1
Frequency (kHz) Theoretical (mv) Phase shift (deg)
10 3.67 90
20 7.35 90
50 18.37 90
100 36.74 90
200 73.48 90
500 183.7 90
1000 367.4 90

For loop 1, it has 4 sides and performs for only 1 turn.
Table 4: Theoretical value of potential air gap for loop 2
Frequency (kHz) Theoretical (mv) Phase shift (deg)
10 4.40 90
20 8.84 90
50 22.08 90
100 44.18 90
200 88.36 90
500 220.88 90
1000 441.78 90

For loop 2, it has 4 sides and performs for 2 turns.







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Comparison between experimental and theoretical results for loop 1 and
loop 2.
For loop 1,
Frequency
(kHz)
Experimental
(mv)
Theoretical
(mv)
Experimental
Phase shift
(deg)
Theoretical
Phase shift
(deg)
10 7.65 3.67 92.16 90
20 10.75 7.35 86.40 90
50 18.75 18.37 93.60 90
100 31.25 36.74 95.04 90
200 55.00 73.48 96.48 90
500 98.00 183.7 95.40 90
1000 221.50 367.4 93.60 90


For loop 2,
Frequency
(kHz)
Experimental
(mv)
Theoretical
(mv)
Experimental
Phase shift
(deg)
Theoretical
Phase shift
(deg)
10 9.84 4.40 86.40 90
20 12.6 8.84 90.42 90
50 21.8 22.08 88.20 90
100 36.2 44.18 92.16 90
200 63.1 88.36 92.16 90
500 112.0 220.88 90.00 90
1000 268.00 441.78 92.16 90



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Question: What is the percentage error for potential airgap of
this experiment?
By taking frequency value of 10 KHz,
For loop 1,
Percentage error =


x100%
=

= 108.40%

For loop 2,
Percentage error=


x100%
=

x 100%
=123.46%
Note: For loop 1 and loop 2, the experimental and theoretical value of the potential
airgap is very big. This might cause by the current value does not constantly maintain
at 0.05A during the laboratory session. The other source of error might be due to
calibration error of the oscilloscope.



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Question: What is the percentage error for phase shift of this
experiment?

By taking frequency value of 10 KHz,
For loop 1,
Percentage error =


x100%
=

= 2.4%

For loop 2,
Percentage error=


x100%
=

x 100%
= 4.0%




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Question: Why loop 2 should perform for 2 turn?
Answer: For loop 2, the circuit is performed for 2 turns because the area for loop 2 is a
portion of loop 1. The area of loop 1 is (460mm x 460mm) = 211600

= 0.2116

,
the area of loop 2 is (400mm x 400mm) = 160000

= 0.16

. The area of loop 1 is

almost twice the area of loop 2. Hence, the value of V
loop2
should be multiply by 2 so it is
nearer to the value of V
loop1
in order to do comparison
.


















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In this experiment, practically, my partner and I have learnt how to setup
the experiment layout by using soldering and connecting the twisted wires
to the AC oscilloscope. Moreover, my partner and I also learnt how to
observe the AC waveforms shown on the oscilloscope to obtain phase shift
and the value of potential airgap, . By referring to theory, my partner and
I have learnt new knowledge application of Faradays law and Lenzs law
on magnetic field. Basically, Faradays law is referring to basic law of
electromagnetism that the emf induced in the loop should be proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic flux through it. By applying the Faradays
law formulae, the voltage over the loop which is known as electromagnetic
force (emf) can be calculated. Furthermore, I also learnt the application of
Lenz law on magnetic field. Generally, Lenzs law states that the induced
emf and current will be in a direction such that the induced magnetic field
opposes the original magnetic flux change. The induced current will
produce an induced magnetic field. The magnetic field will be opposing the
direction of the changing flux. The lenzs law can be used to determine the
induced emf direction of the loop. Besides that, I also learn how to derive
the formulae of induced emf regarding Faradays law and perform
theoretical calculation for loop 1 and loop 2. Finally, the results for both
experimental and theoretical results for loop 1 and loop 2 have been
compared and contrast for further understanding.