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This document provides an overview of key concepts in the early study of communication from ancient Greece. It discusses how the Sophists emphasized rhetoric and democratic governance, which Plato criticized in works like The Republic. Plato viewed rhetoric as subordinate to philosophy and a potential threat to truth. Aristotle developed a more nuanced view, seeing rhetoric as a tool for persuasion that could promote either truth or falsehood, depending on how it was used. He defined rhetoric as the art of discovering all available means of persuasion. The document outlines Aristotle's contributions to formal logic and his distinction between dialectic and rhetoric.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the early study of communication from ancient Greece. It discusses how the Sophists emphasized rhetoric and democratic governance, which Plato criticized in works like The Republic. Plato viewed rhetoric as subordinate to philosophy and a potential threat to truth. Aristotle developed a more nuanced view, seeing rhetoric as a tool for persuasion that could promote either truth or falsehood, depending on how it was used. He defined rhetoric as the art of discovering all available means of persuasion. The document outlines Aristotle's contributions to formal logic and his distinction between dialectic and rhetoric.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the early study of communication from ancient Greece. It discusses how the Sophists emphasized rhetoric and democratic governance, which Plato criticized in works like The Republic. Plato viewed rhetoric as subordinate to philosophy and a potential threat to truth. Aristotle developed a more nuanced view, seeing rhetoric as a tool for persuasion that could promote either truth or falsehood, depending on how it was used. He defined rhetoric as the art of discovering all available means of persuasion. The document outlines Aristotle's contributions to formal logic and his distinction between dialectic and rhetoric.
Boxing Platos Shadow: An Introduction to the Study of Human Communication
Michael Dues and Mary Brown
Foreword This work is neither a complete history of the discipline nor an exhaustive description of contemporary approaches to communication study. Rather, it is a rief overview.! "xi# . . . it emphasi$es . . . the merits of multiple systematic approaches to the study of communication.! "xi# %hat do you think those &merits' mi(ht e) *ntroduction+ ,tudyin( -ommunication %hat are some of the means! we make of communication) That is, how do we use it) "xv# .n the flip side, how does it &make' us) -reate us) /ffect us) 0umans are social animals . . . 0umans are communicating animals "xv# Man is the &symol1usin(, symol1makin(, and symol1misusin( animal.'! "2enneth Burke, anguage as Sym!olic Action, 3niversity of -alifornia 4ress+ Berkeley, -/. 5677, p7.# -ommunication skills are the 85 thin( employers want) "xvi# %hat are &communication skills') /nd how does one ac9uire:learn them) "xvi# 1000 faculty members cant be wrong? (xvi)Then why are Clarkson students not required to take any communication courses? %hat do you think the authors mean when they talk aout effective, appropriate communication!) "xvi# What do you think it means? %hat's the intri(uin( paradox! the authors present) "xvii# Rhetoric) ;locution) ,peech) -ommunication) "xvii# %hat's the central point re+ the fact that communication scholars study a "rocess that cuts across many other disciplines!) "xvii# Because it is a ui9uitous, on(oin( process that is inte(ral to human interaction, communication is difficult to define in simple terms separate from the su<ect matter of other disciplines.! "xviii# 1 emember this when we get to !lato" Deception) Misuse) ;thics) "xviii# ,ophists) %ho were the sophists) "xix# -hapter 5+ The Be(innin( of -ommunication ,tudy %hat &system' was invented y the ancient =reeks as an alternative to fi(htin( amon( themselves) "5# Do you think it's a (ood thin( that people who are more skilled at speakin( have an advanta(e in, for example, <udicial cases) "># %hat did the ,ophists elieve that offended some older, more traditional and elitist /thenians!) "?# %hat does -orax have to do with proaility) "?# %hat important idea did 4rota(oras contriute) "?# =or(ias @ oratory that ordered on poetry! "?1A# /nd what is kairos#) "A# 0ippias vs. ,ocrates @ what did they disa(ree aout) "A# *socrates @ an important nameB "A# %hat other notions did the sophists help advance) "A# ,o why are words like sophist and sophistry used with disdain!) "A# !latos #hadow ($%) Descrie ,ocrates' attitude towards the ,ophists' ideas, in particular the notion of more democratic (overnance. "CD# &Truth' w( ca)ital T "7# Eersus what) %hat's the central point! of $he %e"u!lic, accordin( to our authors) "7# 0ow did 4lato view the sophists) "7# %hat place! did 4lato assi(n rhetoric amon( the arts to e studied!) "7# The disputed issue, then, is this+ Does rhetoric have a le(itimate part to play in the discovery of truth, or is rhetoric only useful to hel" ex"lain truth after it has !een discovered)! "F# %hat mi(ht Mitchell say aout this) ,mith) 4lato's dialo(ues @ main character+ ,ocrates "F# *ristotles esolution (+%) /ristotle invented formal lo(ic @ suitale for certain knowled(e "G# But he also understood that in many areas of life, certainty is not attainale. *n these areas, humans can at est ascertain only &proale' truth.! "G# ,uch as) /nd in those areas, he understood that persuasion and advocacy were valid decision1 makin( tools.! "G# ,o you agree? /(reein( with 4rota(oras, he reasoned that, on matters for which certainty cannot e reached, advocacy and deate are the est availale means of discoverin( what is most proaly true. . . .! "G# %hat does that say aout rhetoric's role) /out who should make decisions) /out how decisions should e made) Counter)oint- 4lato thou(ht rhetoric ad ecause it could promote falsehood over truth "G16# /ristotle felt that it could promote either @ and thus it was the duty of honorale citi$ens to arm themselves with knowled(e and skill in rhetoric in order to defend truth! "6# /ristotle's definition of rhetoric+ the art of discoverin( all the availale means of persuasion in a (iven situation! "6# 3nderstand the difference etween syllo(isms and enthymemes) Dialectic @ lo(ical syllo(isms "6# Ma<or premise+ /ll humans are mortal. Minor premise+ ,ocrates is human. -onclusion+ ,ocrates is mortal Rhetoric @ enthymemes "6# Ma<or 4remise+ Those who study rhetoric speak elo9uently. Minor 4remise+ ,usan studies rhetoric. -onclusion+ ,usan speaks elo9uently. 2ey principles articulated y /ristotle in $he %hetoric+ "6# -ommunication is purposive! @ intention of affectin( or influencin( others "6# =enres @ forensic "<udicial, courts#H delierative "assemly#H epideictic "ceremonial : praise or lame# "6# 4ersuasive appeals @ ethos "source crediility#H logos "lo(ical support, ar(ument#H "athos "emotional# "5I# Five &canons' of rhetoric+ inventionH dispositionH styleH memoryH delivery "5I# Coming attraction" . !latos Gorgias / a negati0e )ortrayal of rhetoric (11) 1o2ing !latos #hadow (11%) %hy do the authors refer to a %oody =uthrie son() "55# ,hadow oxin() *mplications) "5># *s rhetoric only one aspect of communication) .r does it depend on how you define it) "5>#
Postulating Ethnography of Enculturation': A High-Level Overview of Various Social Science Research Techniques That Can Be Used To Study Human Enculturation Processes
International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology