Charles law states that if the volume of a gas is kept constant, the pressure of the gas is directly

proportional to the temperature. Which suggests that in an ideal situation where the volume does not
change, if either the pressure or temperature is increased the other one will increase by the same
proportion."

or


where:
V is the volume of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.
This law explains how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to
a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be
written as:

The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. The
law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the
1780s.
The kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure and volume, to
the microscopic properties of the molecules which make up the gas, particularly the mass and speed of the
molecules. In order to derive Charles's law from kinetic theory, it is necessary to have a microscopic definition of
temperature: this can be conveniently taken as the temperature being proportional to the average kinetic energy of
the gas molecules, E
k
:

Under this definition, the demonstration of Charles's law is almost trivial. The kinetic theory equivalent of the ideal
gas law relates pV to the average kinetic energy:

where N is the number of molecules in the gas sample. If the pressure is constant, the volume is directly proportional
to the average kinetic energy (and hence to the temperature) for any given gas sample.

REAL WORLD APPLICATION
A balloon blown up inside a warm building will shrink when it is carried to a colder area, like the outdoors.
Humans' lung capacity is reduced in colder weather; runners and other athletes may find it harder to
perform in cold weather for this reason.
Charles' Law, along with a couple other gas laws, is responsible for the rising of bread and other baked
goods in the oven; tiny pockets of air from yeast or other ingredients are heated and expand, causing the
dough to inflate, which ultimately results in a lighter finished baked good.
Car (combustion) engines work by this principle; the heat from the combustion of the fuel causes the
cylinder to expand, which pushes the piston and turns the crankshaft.
Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a fixed amount of gas at fixed volume is directly
proportional to its temperature in kelvins.
Gay-Lussac's Law Formula :
Gas Equation: P
i
/T
i
= P
f
/ T
f

Initial Pressure(P
i
) = P
f
T
i
/ T
f

Initial Temperature(T
i
) = P
i
T
f
/ P
f

Final Pressure(P
f
) = P
i
T
f
/ T
i

Final Temperature(T
f
) = P
f
T
i
/ P
i

where,
P
i
= Initial Pressure,
T
i
= Initial Temperature,
P
f
= Final Pressure. T
f
= Final Temperature,
REAL WORLD APPLICATION
Bullets and cannons are based on these principles: gas super-heated by the burning of gun powder is
trapped behind the bullet and expands until the bullet leaves the barrel.
Someone opening an oven may feel a quick flow of hot air; the air inside the oven is heated, therefore
pressurized. The same is true when heating food in closed containers; often, a container will open to
release the pressure. If it does not, opening the container will quickly release all the pent-up pressure,
which can be very dangerous because the gases inside the hot container may be super-heated. This is why
it is always best to open hot containers away from your body and face.
Avogadro's law states that, "equal volumes of all gases, at the same temperature and pressure,
have the same number of molecules".


where:
p is the pressure of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas

REAL WORLD APPLICATION
Avogadro's Law, along with other gas laws, explains why bread and other baked goods rise. Yeast or other
leavening agents in the dough break down the long carbohydrates from the flour or sugar and convert them
into carbon dioxide gas and ethanol. The carbon dioxide forms bubbles, and, as the yeast continues to
leaven the dough, the increase in the number of particles of carbon dioxide increase the volume of the
bubbles, thereby puffing up the dough.
Avogadro's Law explains projectiles, like cannons and guns; the rapid reaction of the gunpowder very
suddenly creates a large amount of gas particles--mostly carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases--which increase
the volume of the space behind the cannon or bullet until the projectile has enough speed to leave the
barrel.
A balloon inflates because of Avogadro's Law; the person blowing into the balloon is inputing a lot of gas
particles, so the balloon increases in volume.
We breathe because of Avogadro's Law, among others; the lungs expand, so more gas particles can enter
the lungs from the outside air (inhaling). Then the lungs contract, so the waste gas particles are expelled
(exhaling).


DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE

The pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures of all of the constituent gases alone.

Pressure
Total
= Pressure
1
+ Pressure
2
... Pressure
n


Calculations with Dalton's Law:
Let's try that last experiment with real numbers. In our lab, the atmospheric pressure is 102.4 kPa. The temperature of our water is
25C. We used a 250 mL beaker instead of a test tube to collect the hydrogen. Let's find the pressure of the hydrogen, and then
find the moles of hydrogen using the ideal gas law.
Step 1: We need to know the vapor pressure of the water. A common table lists the pressure at 25C as 23.76 torr. A torr is 1 mm
of mercury at standard temperature. In kilopascals, that would be 3.17 (1 mm mercury = 7.5 kPa). We should also convert the
250 mL to .250 L and 25C to 298 L.
Step 2: We can use Dalton's Law to find the hydrogen pressure. It would be:
P
Total
= P
Water
+ P
Hydrogen

102.4 kPa = 3.17 kPa + P
Hydrogen

So the pressure of Hydrogen would be: 99.23 kPa or 99.2 kPa.
Step 3: We use the Ideal Gas Law to get the moles. Recall that the Ideal Gas Law is:
PV=nRT
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is moles, R is the Ideal Gas Constant (0.0821 L-atm/mol-K or 8.31 L-kPa/mol-K), and T is
temperature.
Therefore, our equation would be:
99.2 kPa x .250 L = n x 8.31 L-kPa/mol-K x 298 K
This can be re-arranged so:
n = 99.2 kPa x .250 L / 8.31 L-kPa/mol-K / 298 K
n = .0100 mol or 1.00 x 10
-2
mol Hydrogen
Values of R
0.082057 L atm mol
-1
K
-1

62.364 L Torr mol
-1
K
-1

8.3145 m
3
Pa mol
-1
K
-1

8.3145 J mol
-1
K
-1*

Common Units of Pressure
Unit Symbol Equivalent to 1 atm
Atmosphere atm 1 atm
Millimeter of Mercury mmHg 760 mmHg
Torr Torr 760 Torr
Pascal Pa 101326 Pa
Kilopascal kPa* 101.326 kPa
Bar bar 1.01325 bar
Millibar mb 1013.25 mb
IDEAL GAS LAW
PV=nRT *R - Universal Gas Constant
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
Standard condition of temperature and pressure is known as STP. Two things you should know about this is listed below.
The universal value of STP is 1 atm (pressure) and 0
o
C. Note that this form specifically stated 0
o
C degree, not 273 Kelvin, even
thought you will have to convert into Kelvin when plugging this value into the Ideal Gas equation or any of the simple gas
equations.
In STP, 1 mole of gas will take up 22.4 L of the volume of the container.

5.0 g of neon is at 256 mm Hg and at a temperature of 35 C. What is the volume?

Step 1: Write down your given information:

P = 256 mmHg
V = ?
m = 5.0 g
R = 0.0820574 L atm mol
-1
K
-1

T = 35 C

Step 2: Convert as necessary:

Pressure: 256mmHg(1atm/760mmHg)=0.3368atm

Moles: 5.0gNe(1mol/20.1797g)=0.25molsNe


Temperature: 35C+273=308K

Step 3: Plug in the variables into the appropriate equation.

V=(nRT/P)
V=[(.25mol)(0.08206Latm/Kmol)(308K)/(.3368atm)]
V=19L
REAL WORLD APPLICATION
Commercial airlines pressurize their passenger cabins and mountain climbers often carry oxygen tanks with them. The
air at these higher altitudes is at lower atmospheric pressure or is ``thinner.'' This phenomenon in which pressure
decreases with increasing altitude occurs in all fluids (liquids and gases) and is particularly pronounced when water is
the fluid.
On the ocean floor the water pressure can be enormous! This is why submarines and other deep sea diving vessels must
have thick walls to prevent them from being crushe dunder tremendous water pressures.