Experiment 7.

Classification of Anions






Anion AgNO
3
HNO
3
BaCl
2
HNO
3
Cl
-

Br
-

I
-

CN
-
, SCN
-
, OCl
-
,
Fe(CN)
6
3-
Fe(CN)
6
4-

white
pale yellow
canary yellow
white
greenish
white
insoluble no ppt -
S
2-
NO
2
-
, CH
3
COO
-

black
white
soluble no ppt -
SO
3
2-
, CO
3
2-
,
HCO
3
-
, BO
3
3-

C
2
O
4
2-
, C
4
H
4
O
6
2-

C
6
H
5
O
7
3-

formation of
white ppt
soluble
formation of
white ppt
soluble
PO
4
3-
AsO
4
3-

AsO
3
3-

S
2
O
3
2-

CrO
4
3-

yellow
choco brown
yellow
black
reddish brown
soluble

white




pale yellow

soluble
NO
3
-
, ClO
3
-
no ppt - no ppt -
SO
4
2-
, F
-
no ppt -
formation of
white ppt
insoluble

Confirmatory Tests of Group I Anions

Anions Reagents Formula Color & Nature
Cl
-
a. AgNO
3
, NH
4
OH, HNO
3

b. Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
, HNO
3
AgCl
Hg
2
Cl
2

white ppt
white to gray ppt
CN
-
Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
, HNO
3
Hg
2
(CN)
2
white ppt
Br
-
DCM, H
2
SO
4
, KMnO
4
Br
2
reddish brown layer
I
-
a. DCM, H
2
SO
4
, KMnO
4

b. NaNO
2
, CH
3
COOH, starch
I
2

purple layer
blue solution
Fe(CN)
6
-4
FeCl
3
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
Prussian blue
Fe(CN)
6
-3
FeSO
4
Fe
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]
2
Turnbulls blue
SCN
-
a. FeCl
3

b. amyl alcohol, ether,
Co(NO
3
)
2
Fe(SCN)
+2
(NH
4
)
2
Co(SCN)
4


blood red soln
azure blue soln

ClO
-

a. Pb(Ac)
2
, NaOH
b. HCl, starch-iodide paper
Pb(ClO)
2

I
2
orange ppt
blue color

Confirmatory Tests of Group II Anions

Anions Reagents Formula Color & Nature
S
-2
a. silver coin
b. H
2
SO
4
, Pb(Ac)
2


Ag
2
S
H
2
S
PbS
black color
rotten egg odor
black ppt
NO
2
-
a. H
2
SO
4

b. CH
3
COOH, FeSO
4

NO
2

FeNOSO
4

brown gas
brown ring
CH
3
COO
-
a. conc. H
2
SO
4
, ethanol
b. FeCl
3
, heat
ethyl acetate
Fe(OH)
2
CH
3
COO
fruit-like odor
reddish brown ppt
Confirmatory Tests of Group III Anions

Anions Reagents Formula Color & Nature
SO
3
-2
a. H
2
SO
4
, blue litmus
b. KMnO
4
, H
2
SO
4

SO
2
H
2
S
2
O
6

(dithionic acid)
garlic odor
light purple soln

CO
3
-2
a. H
2
SO
4
, blue litmus
b. Ca(OH)
2
CO
2

CaCO
3

blue to red
white ppt
HCO
3
-2

& CO
3
-2

a. excessCaCl
2

b. HgCl
2
CaCO
3

Hg
4
O
3
CO
3

white ppt
reddish brown ppt
BO
3
-3
a. CH
3
OH, H
2
SO
4
, ignite (CH
3
)
3
BO
3

green-bordered flame
C
2
O
4
-2
a. CaCl
2
, HOAc
CaC
2
O
4
white ppt
C
4
H
4
O
6
-2
a. HOAc, KCl
b. AgNO
3
, NH
4
OH, heat

KHC
4
H
4
O
6

Ag
0
white ppt
silver mirror
C
6
H
5
O
7
-3
a. NaOH, CaCl
2
, heat
b. AgNO
3
, NH
4
OH, boil

Ca
3
(C
6
H
5
O
7
)
2

Ag
0
white ppt
silver mirror














Confirmatory Tests of Group IV Anions

Anions Reagents Formula Color & Nature
PO
4
-3
a. NH
4
Cl, magnesia mixture, NH
3
b. (NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
, HNO
3
MgNH
4
PO
4
(NH
4
)
3
PO
4
.12MoO
3
white ppt
yellow ppt
AsO
4
-3
a. NH
4
Cl, magnesia mixture, NH
3
b. (NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
, HNO
3
MgNH
4
PO
4
(NH
4
)
3
AsO
4
.12MoO
3
white ppt
yellow ppt
AsO
3
-3
a. NH
4
Cl, magnesia mixture, NH
3
b. (NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
, HNO
3
soluble
soluble

S
2
O
3
-2
a. H
2
SO
4
b. KMnO
4
, H
2
SO
4
SO
2

MnSO
4

garlic odor
decolorization
CrO
4
-2
a. H
2
SO
4
, ether, H
2
O
2

b. Pb(Ac)
2

NaOH
CrO
5

PbCrO
4

Na
2
CrO
4

blue ethereal
yellow ppt
yellow soln


Confirmatory Tests of Group V Anions

Anions Reagents Formula Color & Nature
NO
3
-
a. conc. H
2
SO
4
, Cu wire
b. conc. H
2
SO
4
, FeSO
4

NO
2
FeNOSO
4
brown gas
brown ring
ClO
3
-
a. KNO
2
, HNO
3
, AgNO
3
AgCl

white ppt