FTFS Chap22 P041

Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer
22-41 A circular grill is considered. The bottom of the grill is covered with hot coal bricks, while the wire
mesh on top of the grill is covered with steaks. The initial rate of radiation heat transfer from coal bricks
to the steaks is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3
Convection heat transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivities are ! for all surfaces since they
are black or reradiating.
Analysis "e consider the coal bricks to be surface !, the steaks to
be surface # and the side surfaces to be surface $. %irst we
determine the view factor between the bricks and the steaks
&Table ##'!(,
)* . +
m +.#+
m !* . +

L
r
R R
i
j i
))), . $
+.)*
)* . + !
!
!
#
#
#
#
+
+
i
j
R
R
S
#,-. . +
)* . +
)* . +
. ))), . $ ))), . $
#
!
.
#
!
# / !
#
#
# / !
#
#
!#

'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_

i
j
ij
R
R
S S F F
&0t can also be determined from %ig. ##')(.
Then the initial rate of radiation heat transfer from the coal bricks to the stakes becomes
W 1674

1 ( 2 #), & ( 2 !!++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * 1& . / m( $ . + & (3 #,-. . + &

( &
. . . # , #
.
#
.
! ! !# !#
T T A F Q
"hen the side opening is closed with aluminum foil, the entire heat lost by the coal bricks must be gained
by the stakes since there will be no heat transfer through a reradiating surface. The grill can be considered
to be three'surface enclosure. Then the rate of heat loss from the room can be determined from
!
#$ !$ !#
# !
!
! !

,
_
+
+
R R R
E E
Q
b b
where
"/ m 2 2 "/ m
"/ m 2 2 "/ m
. # #
. # #
E T
E T
b
b
! !
, . .
# #
, . .
-) !+ !!++ ,$ +!*
-) !+ !, #)$ .+)

+
&*. . (& ( ,
&*. . (& (

and
A A
! #
#
+ $
++)+-4
& . (
.
m
.
m
#
# '
#
!$ !
#$ !$
# '
#
!# !
!#
m ,# . !4
( #,-. . + ! (& m +)+-4 . + &
! !
m $4 . .4
( #,-. . + (& m +)+-4 . + &
! !

F A
R R
F A
R
Substituting,
W 3757
,
_
!
# ' # '
#
!#
( m ,# . !4 & #
!
m $4 . .4
!
"/m ( .+) +!* , ,$ &
Q
##'$!
Steaks, T
#
#), 2,
#
!
Coal bricks, T
!
!!++ 2,
!
!
+.#+ m
22-42E A room is heated by lectric resistance heaters placed on the ceiling which is maintained at a
uniform temperature. The rate of heat loss from the room through the floor is to be determined.
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 There is no heat loss through the side surfaces.
Properties The emissivities are ! for the ceiling and +., for the floor. The emissivity of insulated
&or reradiating( surfaces is also !.
Analysis The room can be considered to be three'surface enclosure
with the ceiling surface !, the floor surface # and the side surfaces
surface $. "e assume steady'state conditions exist. Since the side
surfaces are reradiating, there is no heat transfer through them, and
the entire heat lost by the ceiling must be gained by the floor. Then
the rate of heat loss from the room through its floor can be
determined from
#
!
#$ !$ !#
# !
!
! !
R
R R R
E E
Q
b b
+
,
_
+
+
where
# . . # , .
# #
# . . # , .
! !
5tu/h.ft !$+ ( 6 .-+ -* (& 6 . 5tu/h.ft !+ !)!. . + &
5tu/h.ft !*) ( 6 .-+ 4+ (& 6 . 5tu/h.ft !+ !)!. . + &
+
+
T E
T E
b
b
and
A A
! #
#
!# !.. & ( ft ft
#
The view factor from the floor to the ceiling of the room is F
!#
+ #) . &%rom %igure ##'*(. The view
factor from the ceiling or the floor to the side surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F F F F F
!! !# !$ !$ !#
! ! ! + #) + )$ + + . .
since the ceiling is flat and thus F
!!
+ . Then the radiation resistances which appear in the equation
above become
# '
#
!$ !
#$ !$
# '
#
!# !
!#
# '
#
# #
#
#
ft ++4*!$ . +
( )$ . + (& ft !.. &
! !
ft +#*)# . +
( #) . + (& ft !.. &
! !
ft ++!). . +
( , . + (& ft !.. &
, . + ! !

F A
R R
F A
R
A
R
Substituting,
Btu/h 2130
+
,
_
# '
!
# ' # '
#
!#
ft ++!). . +
( ft ++4*!$ . + & #
!
ft +#*)# . +
!
5tu/h.ft ( !$+ !*) &
Q
##'$#
T
#
4+%
#
+.,
Ceiling7 !# ft !# ft
T
!
4+%
!
!
0nsulated side
surfacess 4 ft
22-43 Two perpendicular rectangular surfaces with a common edge are maintained at specified
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces and between the hori8ontal
surface and the surroundings are to be determined.
Properties The emissivities of the hori8ontal rectangle and the surroundings are +.)* and +.,*,
respectively.
Analysis "e consider the hori8ontal rectangle to be surface !, the vertical rectangle to be surface # and
the surroundings to be surface $. This system can be considered to be a three'surface enclosure. The view
factor from surface ! to surface # is determined from
#) . +
)* . +
- . !
# . !
* . +
- . !
, . +
!#
#
!

F
W
L
W
L
&%ig. ##'-(
The surface areas are
#
#
#
!
m 4# . ! ( m - . ! (& m # . ! &
m #, . ! ( m - . ! (& m , . + &

A
A
# # #
$
m #-, . $ - . ! # . ! , . +
#
, . + # . !
# + +
A
9ote that the surface area of the surroundings is determined assuming that surroundings forms flat
surfaces at all openings to form an enclosure. Then other view factors are determined to be
!, . + ( 4# . ! & ( #) . + (& #, . ! &
#! #! #! # !# !
F F F A F A &reciprocity rule(
)$ . + ! #) . + + !
!$ !$ !$ !# !!
+ + + + F F F F F &summation rule(
,# . + ! + !, . + !
#$ #$ #$ ## #!
+ + + + F F F F F &summation rule(
#4 . + ( #-, . $ & ( )$ . + (& #, . ! &
$! $! $! $ !$ !
., . + ( #-, . $ & ( ,# . + (& 4# . ! &
$# $# $# $ #$ #
"e now apply :q. 4'*#b to each surface to determine the radiosities.
Surface !7
[ ]
[ ] ( & )$ . + ( & #) . +
)* . +
)* . + !
( 2 .++ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ ! # ! !
. . # ,
$ ! !$ # ! !#
!
!
!
.
!
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

Surface #7
#
. . # ,
#
.
#
( 2 **+ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * & J J T

Surface $7
[ ]
[ ] ( & ., . + ( & #4 . +
,* . +
,* . + !
( 2 #4+ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ ! # ! $
. . # ,
# $ $# ! $ $!
$
$
$
.
$
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

Solving the above equations, we find
#
$
#
#
#
!
"/m * . ,!! , "/m *!,, , "/m !*,) J J J
Then the net rate of radiation heat transfers between the two surfaces and between the hori8ontal surface
and the surroundings are determined to be
##'$$
W !.- m
(2) L
#
!.# m
L
!
+., m
A
!
(1)
A
#
T
$
#4+ 2
$
+.,*
T
#
**+ 2
#
!
T
!
.++ 2
!
+.)*
(3)
W 1245
# #
# ! !# ! !# #!
"/m ( *!,, !*,) (& #) . + (& m #, . ! & ( & J J F A Q Q

W 725
# #
$ ! !$ ! !$
"/m ( * . ,!! !*,) (& )$ . + (& m #, . ! & ( & J J F A Q
##'$.
22-44 Two long parallel cylinders are maintained at specified temperatures. The rates of radiation heat
transfer between the cylinders and between the hot cylinder and the surroundings are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are black. 3 Convection heat transfer is
not considered.
Analysis "e consider the hot cylinder to be surface !, cold cylinder to be surface #, and the surroundings
to be surface $. ;sing the crossed'strings method, the view factor between two cylinders facing each other
is determined to be
F
s D s
D
! #
# #
#
# #
# #

+
Crossed strings ;ncrossed strings
String on surface ! & / (
or
+44 . +
( !- . + &
* . + !- . + * . + # #
# # # #
# !

,
_
,
_
D
s D s
F
The view factor between the hot cylinder and the
surroundings is
4+! . + +44 . + ! !
!# !$
F F &summation rule(
The rate of radiation heat transfer between the
cylinders per meter length is
#
m #*!$ . + # / m( ! (& m !- . + & # / DL A
W 38.0
. . . # , # .
#
.
! !# !#
2 ( #)* .#* (& C . "/m !+ -) . * (& +44 . + (& m #*!$ . + & ( & T T AF Q
9ote that half of the surface area of the cylinder is used, which is the only area that faces the other
cylinder. The rate of radiation heat transfer between the hot cylinder and the surroundings per meter
length of the cylinder is
#
!
m *+#) . + m( ! (& m !- . + & DL A

W 629.8
. . . # , # .
$
.
! !$ ! !$
2 ( $++ .#* (& C . "/m !+ -) . * (& 4+! . + (& m *+#) . + & ( & T T F A Q
##'$*
D
D
(2)
(1)
s
T
$
$++ 2
$
!
T
#
#)* 2
#
!
T
!
.#* 2
!
!
(3)
22-45 A long semi'cylindrical duct with specified temperature on the side surface is considered. The
temperature of the base surface for a specified heat transfer rate is to be determined.
Properties The emissivity of the side surface is +...
Analysis "e consider the base surface to be surface !, the side surface to be surface #. This system is a
two'surface enclosure, and we consider a unit length of the duct. The surface areas and the view factor are
determined as
#
#
#
!
m *)! . ! # / m( ! (& m + . ! & # /
m + . ! ( m + . ! (& m + . ! &

DL A
A
! ! + !
!# !# !# !!
+ + F F F F &summation rule(
The temperature of the base surface is determined from
K 684.8
!
# #
. .
!
. # ,
# #
#
!# !
.
#
.
!
!#
( . . + (& m *)! . ! &
. . + !
( ! (& m + . ! &
!
1 2( -*+ & (3 "/m !+ -) . * &
" !#++
! !
( &
T
T K
A F A
T T
Q
22-46 A hemisphere with specified base and dome temperatures and heat transfer rate is considered. The
emissivity of the dome is to be determined.
Properties The emissivity of the base surface is +.**.
Analysis "e consider the base surface to be surface !, the dome surface to be surface #. This system is a
two'surface enclosure. The surface areas and the view factor are determined as
# # #
#
# # #
!
m +-#, . + # / ( m # . + & # /
m +$!. . + . / ( m # . + & . /

D A
D A
! ! + !
!# !# !# !!
+ + F F F F &summation rule(
The emissivity of the dome is determined from

0.21

+ +

+ +
#
#
#
#
# #
. . . # ,
# #
#
!# ! ! !
!
.
#
.
!
!# #!
( m +-#, . + &
!
( ! (& m +$!. . + &
!
( ** . + (& m +$!. . + &
** . + !
1 2( -++ & 2( .++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
" *+
! ! !
( &
A F A A
T T
Q Q

##'$-
T
!
<
!
!
T
#
-*+ 2
#
+..
D ! m
T
!
.++ 2
!
+.**
T
#
-++ 2
#
<
D +.# m
Radiation Shields and The Radiation Effet
22-47C 6adiation heat transfer between two surfaces can be reduced greatly by inserting a thin, high
reflectivity&low emissivity( sheet of material between the two surfaces. Such highly reflective thin plates or
shells are known as radiation shields. =ultilayer radiation shields constructed of about #+ shields per cm.
thickness separated by evacuated space are commonly used in cryogenic and space applications to
minimi8e heat transfer. 6adiation shields are also used in temperature measurements of fluids to reduce
the error caused by the radiation effect.
22-48C The influence of radiation on heat transfer or temperature of a surface is called the radiation
effect. The radiation exchange between the sensor and the surroundings may cause the thermometer to
indicate a different reading for the medium temperature. To minimi8e the radiation effect, the sensor
should be coated with a material of high reflectivity &low emissivity(.
22-49C A person who feels fine in a room at a specified temperature may feel chilly in another room at
the same temperature as a result of radiation effect if the walls of second room are at a considerably lower
temperature. %or example most people feel comfortable in a room at ##C if the walls of the room are also
roughly at that temperature. "hen the wall temperature drops to *C for some reason, the interior
temperature of the room must be raised to at least #)C to maintain the same level of comfort. Also,
people sitting near the windows of a room in winter will feel colder because of the radiation exchange
between the person and the cold windows.
22-50 The rate of heat loss from a person by radiation in a large room whose walls are maintained at a
uniform temperature is to be determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat
transfer is not considered.
Properties The emissivity of the person is given to be !
+.).
Analysis &a( 9oting that the view factor from the person to
the walls F
!#
! , the rate of heat loss from that person to
the walls at a large room which are at a temperature of $++
2 is
W 26.9

1 ( 2 $++ & ( 2 $+$ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m ) . ! (& ! (& ,* . + &

( &
. . . # , #
.
#
.
! ! !# ! !#
T T A F Q
&b( "hen the walls are at a temperature of #,+ 2,

W 187

1 ( 2 #,+ & ( 2 $+$ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m ) . ! (& ! (& ,* . + &

( &
. . . # , #
.
#
.
! ! !# ! !#
T T A F Q
##'$)
T
#
Q
rad
T! $+C
! +.,*
A !.) m
#
6>>=
22-51 A thin aluminum sheet is placed between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates is to be determined
for the cases of with and without the shield.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.*, # +.,, and $ +.!*.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer with a
thin aluminum shield per unit area of the plates is
2
W/! 18"7
,
_
+ +
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
!
!* . +
!
!* . +
!
!
, . +
!
* . +
!
1 ( 2 -*+ & ( 2 4++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &

!
! !
!
! !
( &
. . . # ,
# , $ ! , $ # !
.
#
.
!
shield one , !#

T T
Q
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates in the case of no shield is
#
. . . # ,
# !
.
#
.
!
shield , !#
"/m +$* , !#
!
, . +
!
* . +
!
1 ( 2 -*+ & ( 2 4++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
!
! !
( &
,
_
,
_

T T
Q
no
Then the ratio of radiation heat transfer for the two cases becomes
,
,
,
Q
Q
!#
!#
!,*)
!# +$*
one shield
no shield
"
"

1
6
##'$,
T
#
-*+ 2
#
+.,
T
!
4++ 2
!
+.*
6adiation shield
$
+.!*
22-52
"GIVEN"
"epsilon_3=0.15 parameter to be varied"
T_1=900 "[!"
T_"=#50 "[!"
epsilon_1=0. 5
epsilon_"=0. $
si%ma=5. #&E' $ "[()m*"' *+!, -te.an' /olt0mann 1onstant"
"2N234-I-"
5_dot_1"_1s6ield=7si %ma87T_1*+' T_"*+99)771)epsi lon_1:1)epsi lon_"'
19:71)epsil on_3:1) epsi l on_3' 199
3
Q12,1 shield [W/
2
!
+.+* -*-.*
+.+- ),$
+.+) 4+,.!
+.+, !+$#
+.+4 !!*.
+.! !#).
+.!! !$4.
+.!# !*!!
+.!$ !-#,
+.!. !).$
+.!* !,*)
+.!- !4-4
+.!) #+,!
+.!, #!4!
+.!4 ##44
+.# #.+)
+.#! #*!$
+.## #-!4
+.#$ #)#$
+.#. #,#-
+.#* #4#,
##'$4
0.05 0.1 0.15 0." 0."5
500
1000
1500
"000
"500
3000
3
#
1
2
$
1
s
h
i
e
l
d

%
W
/
!
2
&

##'.+
22-53 Two very large plates are maintained at uniform temperatures. The number of thin aluminum
sheets that will reduce the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates to one'fifth is to be
determined.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.#, # +.#, and $ +.!*.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates in the case of no shield is
#
. . . # ,
# !
.
#
.
!
shield , !#
"/m $)#+
!
# . +
!
# . +
!
1 ( 2 ,++ & ( 2 !+++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
!
! !
( &
,
_
,
_
T T
Q
no
The number of sheets that need to be inserted in order

to reduce the net rate of heat transfer between the two
plates to onefifth can be determined from

3
,
_
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
4# . #
!
!* . +
!
!* . +
!
!
# . +
!
# . +
!
1 ( 2 ,++ & ( 2 !+++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
( "/m &$)#+
*
!
!
! !
!
! !
( &
shield
shield
. . . # ,
#
# , $ ! , $
shield
# !
.
#
.
!
shields , !#
N
N
N
T T
Q
22-54 %ive identical thin aluminum sheets are placed between two very large parallel plates which are
maintained at uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates is to be
determined and compared with that without the shield.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
! # +.! and $ +.!.
Analysis Since the plates and the sheets have the same
emissivity value, the net rate of radiation heat transfer
with * thin aluminum shield can be determined from
2
W/! 183
,
_
+

+
,
_
!
! . +
!
! . +
!
1 ( 2 .*+ & ( 2 ,++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
! *
!
!
! !
( &
!
!
!
!
. . . # ,
# !
.
#
.
!
shield no , !# shield * , !#

T T
N
Q
N
Q

The net rate of radiation heat transfer without the shield is
W 1098 +
+
" !,$ - ( ! &
!
!
shield * , !# shield no , !# shield no , !# shield * , !#
Q N Q Q
N
Q

##'.!
T
#
,++ 2
#
+.#
T
!
!+++ 2
!
+.#
6adiation shields
$
+.!*
T
#
.*+ 2
#
+.!
T
!
,++ 2
!
+.!
6adiation shields
$
+.!
22-55
"GIVEN"
N=5 "parameter to be varied"
epsilon_3=0. 1
"epsilon_1=0.1 parameter to be varied"
epsilon_"=epsi l on_1
T_1=$00 "[!"
T_"=+50 "[!"
"2N234-I-"
5_dot_1"_s6ields=1)7N:1985_dot_1"_No-6ield
5_dot_1"_No-6ield=7si %ma87T_1*+' T_"*+99)71)epsil on_1:1)epsi l on_"' 19
" Q12,shields [W/
2
!
! **+
# $--.)
$ #)*
. ##+
* !,$.$
- !*).!
) !$).*
, !##.#
4 !!+
!+ !++
1
Q12,shields [W/
2
!
+.! !,$.$
+.!* #,#..
+.# $,)
+.#* .4).-
+.$ -!..)
+.$* )$,.4
+.. ,)+.,
+..* !+!!
+.* !!-!
+.** !$#!
+.- !.4$
+.-* !-))
+.) !,)-
+.)* #+4+
+., #$##
+.,* #*)*
+.4 #,*+
##'.#
1 " 3 + 5 # & $ 9 10
0
100
"00
300
+00
500
#00
'
#
1
2
$
s
h
i
e
l
d
s

%
W
/
!
2
&

0.1 0." 0.3 0.+ 0.5 0.# 0.& 0.$ 0.9
0
500
1000
1500
"000
"500
3000
1
#
1
2
$
s
h
i
e
l
d
s

%
W
/
!
2
&

##'.$
22-56E A radiation shield is placed between two
parallel disks which are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer
through the shields is to be determined.
surfaces are black. 3 Convection heat transfer is not
considered.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be
! # ! and $ +.!*.
Analysis %rom %ig. ##') we have *# . +
!$ $#
F F .
Then ., . + *# . + !
$.
F . The disk in the
middle is surrounded by black surfaces on both sides.
Therefore, heat transfer between the top surface of the
middle disk and its black surroundings can expressed
as
1? ( 2 *.+ & 3 ., . + 1 ( 6 !#++ & 3& *# . + (@ 6 5tu/h.ft !+ !)!. . + & ( ft +-4 . ) & !* . +
(1 & 3 (1 & 3
. .
$
. .
$
. # , #
.
#
.
$ $# $
.
!
.
$ $! $ $
+
+
T T
T T F A T T F A Q
Similarly, for the bottom surface of the middle disk, we have

1? ( 2 *.+ & 3 *# . + 1 ( 6 )++ & 3& ., . + (@ 6 5tu/h.ft !+ !)!. . + & ( ft +-4 . ) & !* . +
(1 & 3 (1 & 3
. .
$
. .
$
. # , #
.
*
.
$ $* $
.
.
.
$ $. $ $
+
+
T T
T T F A T T F A Q
Combining the equations above, the rate of heat transfer between the disks through the radiation shield
&the middle disk( is determined to be
#t$/h 866 Q
and T$ ,4* 2
##'..
T
!
!#++ 6,
!
!
$
+.!*
T
#
)++ 6,
#
!
! ft
! ft
T
*.+ 2
$
!
22-57 A radiation shield is placed between two large parallel plates which are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The emissivity of the radiation shield is to be determined if the radiation heat transfer
between the plates is reduced to !*A of that without the radiation shield.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.- and # +.4.
Analysis %irst, the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two large parallel plates per unit area
without a shield is
#
. . . # ,
# !
.
#
.
!
shield no , !#
"/m .,))
!
4 . +
!
- . +
!
1 ( 2 .++ & ( 2 -*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
!
! !
( &

T T
Q
The radiation heat transfer in the case of one shield is

# #
shield no , !# shield one , !#
"/m - . )$! "/m .,)) !* . +
!* . +

Q Q

Then the emissivity of the radiation shield becomes

,
_
+
,
_
,
_
+ +
,
_
!
#
!
4 . +
!
- . +
!
1 ( 2 .++ & ( 2 -*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
"/m )$!.-

!
! !
!
! !
( &

$
. . . # ,
#
# , $ ! , $ # !
.
#
.
!
shield one , !#

T T
Q
which gives 0%18

$

##'.*
T
#
.++ 2
#
+.4
T
!
-*+ 2
!
+.-
6adiation shield
$
22-58
"GIVEN"
T_1=#50 "[!"
T_"=+00 "[!"
epsilon_1=0. #
epsilon_"=0. 9
";er1ent<ed=1ti on=$5 [>!, parameter to be varied"
"2N234-I-"
5_dot_1"_No-6ield=7si %ma87T_1*+' T_"*+99)71)epsil on_1:1)epsi l on_"' 19
5_dot_1"_1s6ield=7si %ma87T_1*+' T_"*+99)771)epsi lon_1:1)epsi lon_"'
19:71)epsil on_3:1) epsi l on_3' 199
5_dot_1"_1s6ield=71' ;er1ent<ed=1ti on)100985_dot_1"_No-6ield
&er'e(t
)ed$'ti*( [+!
3
.+ +.4!*$
.* +.,!.,
*+ +.)#
** +.-$+.
-+ +.*.**
-* +..-.4
)+ +.$,,*
)* +.$!*,
,+ +.#.--
,* +.!,+-
4+ +.!!)-
4* +.+*)*!
+0 50 #0 &0 $0 90 100
0
0."
0.+
0.#
0.$
1
(e)entRedution %*&
3

##'.-
22-59 A coaxial radiation shield is placed between two coaxial cylinders which are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders is to be determined and
compared with that without the shield.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.), # +... and $ +.#.
Analysis The surface areas of the cylinders and the shield per unit length are
#
$ $ shield
#
# # outer pipe,
#
! ! inner pipe,
m 4.# . + ( m ! (& m $ . + &
m $!. . + ( m ! (& m ! . + &
m -#, . + ( m ! (& m # . + &

L D A A
L D A A
L D A A
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders with a shield per unit length is
W 703
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
( . . + (& 4.# . + &

. . + !
( ! (& -#, . + &
!
( # . + (& -#, . + &
# . + !
#
( ! (& $!. . + &
!
( ) . + (& $!. . + &
) . + !
1 ( 2 *++ & ( 2 )*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
! !
! !
! !
( &
. . . # ,
# #
#
# , $ $ # , $ $
# , $
! , $ $
! , $
!$ ! ! !
!
.
#
.
!
shield one , !#
A F A A A F A A
T T
Q
0f there was no shield,

W 746"
,
_
,
_
$ . +
! . +
. . +
. . + !
) . +
!
1 ( 2 *++ & ( 2 )*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
! !
( &
. . . # ,
#
!
#
#
!
.
#
.
!
shield no , !#
D
D
T T
Q
Then their ratio becomes
,
,
Q
Q
!#
!#
)+$
).-*
one shield
no shield
"
"
0.094
##'.)
D
#
+.$ m
T
#
*++ 2
#
+..
D
!
+.! m
T
!
)*+ 2
!
+.)
6adiation shield
D
$
+.# m
$
+.#
22-60
"GIVEN"
?_1=0.10 "[m! "
?_"=0.30 "[m!, parameter to be varied"
?_3=0."0 "[m! "
epsilon_1=0. &
epsilon_"=0. +
epsilon_3=0. " "parameter to be varied"
T_1=&50 "[!"
T_"=500 "[!"
"2N234-I-"
3=1 "[m!, a =nit len%t6 o. t6e 1@linders is 1onsidered"
2_1=pi 8?_183
2_"=pi 8?_"83
2_3=pi 8?_383
A_13=1
A_3"=1
5_dot_1"_1s6ield=7si %ma87T_1*+' T_"*+99)771' epsilon_19)72_18epsilon_19 :1)
72_18A_139:71' epsilon_39)72_38epsilon_39:71' epsilon_39)72_38epsilon_39 :1)
72_38A_3"9:71' epsilon_"9)72_"8epsilon_"99
,2 [! Q12,1 shield [W!
+.#* -4#.,
+.#)* -4,.-
+.$ )+$.*
+.$#* )+).,
+.$* )!!..
+.$)* )!..)
+.. )!).*
+..#* )#+
+..* )##.$
+..)* )#..$
+.* )#-.!
3
Q12,1 shield [W!
+.+* #!!.!
+.+) #,).,
+.+4 $-+.)
+.!! .#4.4
+.!$ .4*.4
+.!* **,.)
+.!) -!,.-
+.!4 -)*.4
+.#! )$+.-
+.#$ ),$
+.#* ,$$.!
+.#) ,,!.#
+.#4 4#)..
+.$! 4)!.)
+.$$ !+!.
+.$* !+**
##'.,
0."5 0.3 0.35 0.+ 0.+5 0.5
#90
#95
&00
&05
&10
&15
&"0
&"5
&30
+
2
%!&
#
1
2
$
1
s
h
i
e
l
d

%
W
&

0.05 0.1 0.15 0." 0."5 0.3 0.35
"00
300
+00
500
#00
&00
$00
900
1000
1100
3
#
1
2
$
1
s
h
i
e
l
d

%
W
&

##'.4
Re,ie- ()o.le!s
22-61 The temperature of air in a duct is measured by a
thermocouple. The radiation effect on the temperature
measurement is to be quantified, and the actual air
temperature is to be determined.
Assumptions The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray.
Properties The emissivity of thermocouple is given to be
+.-.
Analysis The actual temperature of the air can be
determined from

K 1111

+

+
C "/m -+
1 ( 2 *++ & ( 2 ,*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& - . + &
2 ,*+
( &
#
. . . # ,
. .
h
T T
T T
w th th
th f
22-62 The temperature of hot gases in a duct is measured by a thermocouple. The actual temperature of
the gas is to be determined, and compared with that without a radiation shield.
Assumptions The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray.
Properties The emissivity of the thermocouple is given to be +.).
Analysis Assuming the area of the shield to be very close to the sensor
of the thermometer, the radiation heat transfer from the sensor is
determined from
#
. . . # ,
# !
.
#
.
!
sensor from rad,
"/m 4 . #*)
!
!* . +
!
# !
) . +
!
1 ( 2 $,+ & ( 2 *$+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
!
!
# !
!
( &
,
_
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
T T
Q
Then the actual temperature of the gas can be determined from a heat transfer balance to be
K "32

f f
th f
T T
T T h
q q
# #
#
sensor from conv, sensor to conv,
"/m 4 . #*) ( *$+ C& "/m !#+
"/m 4 . #*) ( &

"ithout the shield the temperature of the gas would be
K "49.2

+

+
C "/m !#+
1 ( 2 $,+ & ( 2 *$+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& ) . + &
2 *$+
( &
#
. . . # ,
. .
h
T T
T T
w th th
th f
##'*+
Air, T
f

T
w
*++ 2
Thermocouple
T
th
,*+ 2
+.-
Air, T
f

T
w
$,+ 2
Thermocouple
T
th
*$+ 2
!
+.)
#
+.!*
22-63E A sealed electronic box is placed in a vacuum chamber. The highest temperature at which the
surrounding surfaces must be kept if this box is cooled by radiation alone is to be determined.
Convection heat transfer is not considered. 4 Beat transfer from the bottom surface of the box is
negligible.
Properties The emissivity of the outer surface of the box is +.4*.
Analysis The total surface area is
#
ft -) . $ ( ! ! & ( !# / ! , & . +
s
A
Then the temperature of the surrounding surfaces is determined to be

/ 43

6 *+$
1 ( 6 *4+ (3& 6 5tu/h.ft !+ !)!. . + (& m -) . $ (& 4* . + & 5tu/h ( .!#!. . $ !++ &
( &
. . . # , #
. .
surr
surr
surr s s rad
T
T
T T A Q
22-64 A double'walled spherical tank is used to store iced water. The air space between the two walls is
evacuated. The rate of heat transfer to the iced water and the amount of ice that melts a #.'h period are to
be determined.
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray.
Properties The emissivities of both surfaces are given to be !
# +.!*.
Analysis &a( Assuming the conduction resistance s of the walls
to be negligible, the rate of heat transfer to the iced water in
the tank is determined to be
m m
#
A D
! !
# #
# +! !# -4 & . ( .

W 107.4
,
_

+
+ +
,
_
#
. . . # , #
#
#
!
#
#
!
.
!
.
# !
!#
+. . #
+! . #
!* . +
!* . + !
!* . +
!
1 ( 2 #)$ + & ( 2 #)$ #+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m -4 . !# &
! !
( &
D
D
T T A
Q
&b( The amount of heat transfer during a #.'hour period is

kC 4#)* ( s $-++ #. (& kC/s !+). . + & t Q Q

The amount of ice that melts during this period then becomes
kg 27.8
kC/kg ) . $$$
kC 4#)*
if
if
h
Q
m mh Q
##'*!
D
#
#.+. m
T
#
#+C
#
+.!*
D
!
#.+! m
T
!
+C
!
+.!*
Dacuum
-'ed
.ater
0C
T
surr

, in
!++ "
+.4*
T
s
!$+%
!# in
!# in
22-65 Two concentric spheres which are maintained at uniform temperatures are separated by air at ! atm
pressure. The rate of heat transfer between the two spheres by natural convection and radiation is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties.
Properties The emissivities of the surfaces are given to be
! # +.*. The properties of air at ! atm and the average
temperature of &T!ET#(/# &$*+E#)*(/# $!#.* 2
$4.*C are &Table A'!*(
! '
# *
2 ++$# . +
2 * . $!#
!
)#*- . + Fr
/s m !+ -4) . !
C "/m. +#-*, . +

k
Analysis &a( 9oting that Di D! and Do D# , the characteristic length is
m +.+* m( +.!* m #* . + &
#
!
( &
#
!

i o !
D D L
Then
*
# # *
$ '! #
#
$
# !
!+ .!* . ) ( )#*- . + &
( /s m !+ -4) . ! &
( m +* . + (& 2 #)* $*+ (& 2 ++$#++ . + (& m/s ,! . 4 &
Fr
( &

!
L T T "
Ra
The effective thermal conductivity is
[ ] [ ]
++*4++ . +
m( #* . + & m( !* . + & m( #* . + & m( !* . + &
m +* . +
( & ( &
*
)/* ' )/* ' .
* * / ) * / ) .
sph

+

o i o i
!
D D D D
L
F
[ ] C "/m. !$!* ( !+ .!* . ) (& ++*4+ . + &
)#*- . + ,-! . +
)#*- . +
C( "/m. +#-*, . + & ). . +
( &
Fr ,-! . +
Fr
). . +
. / !
*
. / !
. / !
. / !
eff

,
_
,
_
+
Ra F k k
s#h
Then the rate of heat transfer between the spheres becomes
W 23.3
1
]
1
,
_
2 ( #)* $*+ &

( m +* . + &
( m #* . + (& m !* . + &
( C "/m. !$!* . + & ( &
eff

o i
!
o i
T T
L
D D
k Q
&b( The rate of heat transfer by radiation is determined from

W 32.3
,
_
,
_
#
. . . # , #
#
#
!
#
#
!
.
!
.
# !
!#
# # #
! !
#* . +
!* . +
4 . +
4 . + !
4 . +
!
1 ( 2 #)* & ( 2 $*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m +)+) . + &
! !
( &
m +)+) . + ( m !* . + &
D
D
T T A
Q
D A
##'*#
D
#
#* cm
T
#
#)* 2
#
+.*
D
!
!* cm
T
!
$*+ 2
!
+.4
L
!
* cm
A06
! atm
22-66 A solar collector is considered. The absorber plate and the glass cover are maintained at uniform
temperatures, and are separated by air. The rate of heat loss from the absorber plate by natural convection
and radiation is to be determined.
surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.4
for glass and # +., for the absorber plate. The properties of
air at ! atm and the average temperature of &T!ET#(/#
&,+E$#(/# *-C are &Table A'!*(
! '
# *
2 ++$+.+ . +
2 ( #)$ *- &
! !
)#!# . + Fr
/s m !+ ,*) . !
C "/m. +#))4 . +
f
T
k
Analysis %or + , we have hori8ontal rectangular enclosure.

The characteristic length in this case is the distance between the
two glasses L! L +.+$ m Then,
.
# # *
$ '! #
#
$
# !
!+ +,$ . , ( )#!# . + &
( /s m !+ ,*) . ! &
( m +$ . + (& 2 $# ,+ (& 2 ++$+. . + (& m/s ,! . 4 &
Fr
( &

L T T "
Ra
#
m * . . m( $ & m( * . ! & W $ A
s
[ ] [ ]
).) . $
!
!,
( #+ cos& ( !+ +,$ . , &
( #+ cos& ( !+ +,$ . , &
( #+ , . ! sin& !)+,
!
( #+ cos& ( !+ +,$ . , &
!)+,
! .. . ! !
!
!,
( cos 6a &
cos 6a
( , . ! &sin !)+,
!
cos 6a
!)+,
! .. . ! ! 9u
$ / !
.
.
- . !
.
$ / ! - . !
1
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
+
W 7"0

m +$ . +
C ( $# ,+ &
( m * . . (& ).) . $ (& C "/m. +#))4 . + &
# # !
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
9eglecting the end effects, the rate of heat transfer by radiation is determined from

W 1289
+
+ +
!
4 . +
!
, . +
!
1 ( 2 #)$ $# & ( 2 #)$ ,+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m * . . &
!
! !
( &
. . . # , #
# !
.
#
.
!
rad

T T A
Q
s
Discussion The rates of heat loss by natural convection for the hori8ontal and vertical cases would be as
follows &9ote that the 6a number remains the same(7
$ori%onta&7
,!# . $ !
!,
( !+ +,$ . , &
!+ +,$ . ,
!)+,
! .. . ! ! !
!,
6a
6a
!)+,
! .. . ! ! 9u
$ / ! .
.
$ / !
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
+
##'*$
Solar
radiation
#+
0nsulation
Absorber plate
T
!
,+C
!
+.,
Glass cover,
T
#
$#C
#
+.4
!.* m
L $ cm
W 1017

m +$ . +
C ( $# ,+ &
( m - (& ,!# . $ (& C "/m. +#))4 . + &
# # !
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
'(rti!a&7
++! . #
m +$ . +
m #
( )#!# . + & ( !+ +,$ . , & .# . + Fr .# . +
$ . +
+!# . + . / ! .
$ . +
+!# . + . / !
,
_
,
_

L
$
Ra Nu
W "34

m +$ . +
C ( $# ,+ &
( m - (& ++! . # (& C "/m. +#))4 . + &
# # !
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
##'*.
22-67E The circulating pump of a solar collector that consists of a hori8ontal tube and its glass cover
fails. The equilibrium temperature of the tube is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The
tube and its cover are isothermal. 3 Air is an ideal gas. 4
The surfaces are opaque, diffuse, and gray for infrared
radiation. 5 The glass cover is transparent to solar
radiation.
Properties The properties of air should be evaluated at the
average temperature. 5ut we do not know the exit
temperature of the air in the duct, and thus we cannot
determine the bulk fluid and glass cover temperatures at
this point, and thus we cannot evaluate the average
temperatures. Therefore, we will assume the glass
temperature to be ,*%, and use properties at an
anticipated average temperature of &)*E,*(/# ,+H% &Table
A'!*:(,

s
k
/ ft !+ !.-4) /h ft -!!+ . +
% ft 5tu/h +!.,! . +
# . ' #

6 *.+
! !
)#4+ . + Fr
ave

Analysis "e have a hori8ontal cylindrical enclosure filled with air at +.* atm pressure. The problem
involves heat transfer from the aluminum tube to the glass cover and from the outer surface of the glass
cover to the surrounding ambient air. "hen steady operation is reached, these two heat transfer rates must
equal the rate of heat gain. That is,
5tu/h $+
gain solar ambient ' glass glass ' tube
Q Q Q

&per foot of tube(
The heat transfer surface area of the glass cover is
#
ft $+4 . ! ft( ! (& ft !# / * & ( & W D A A
o "&ass o
&per foot of tube(
To determine the 6ayleigh number, we need to know the surface temperature of the glass, which is not
available. Therefore, solution will require a trial'and'error approach. Assuming the glass cover
temperature to be ,*H%, the 6ayleigh number, the 9usselt number, the convection heat transfer
coefficient, and the rate of natural convection heat transfer from the glass cover to the ambient air are
determined to be

-
# # .
$ #
#
$
!+ +4# . ! ( )#4+ . + &
( /s ft !+ -)* . ! &
( ft !# / * (& 6 )* ,* 1& 6( *.+ /& ! (3 ft/s # . $# &
Fr
( &
6a

o o
Do
D T T "

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
4* . !.
)#4+ . + / **4 . + !
( !+ +4# . ! & $,) . +
- . +
Fr / **4 . + !
6a $,) . +
- . + 9u
#
#) / ,
!- / 4
- / ! -
#
#) / ,
!- / 4
!/-
I
'
'
+
+

% ft 5tu/h *$!* . + ( 4* . !. &
ft !# / *
% ft 5tu/h +!.,! . +
9u
#
+

D
k
h
o

5tu/h 4- . - % ( )* ,* (& ft $+4 . ! (& % ft 5tu/h *$!* . + & ( &
# #
conv ,

T T A h Q
o o o o
Also,
##'**
D
#
* in
Aluminum tube
D
!
#.* in, T
!

!
+.4
Air space
+.* atm
Flastic cover,
#
+.4, T
#

"ater
T
)*%
T
sky
-+%
$+ 5tu/h.ft

[ ]
5tu/h * . $+
6( *$* & 6( *.* & ( ft $+4 . ! (& 6 ft 5tu/h !+ !)!. . + (& 4 . + &
( &
. . # . # ,
.
sky
.
rad ,
T T A Q
o o o o

Then the total rate of heat loss from the glass cover becomes
5tu/h * . $) * . $+ + . )
rad , conv , total ,
+ +
o o o
Q Q Q

which is more than $+ 5tu/h. Therefore, the assumed temperature of ,*H% for the glass cover is high.
6epeating the calculations with lower temperatures &including the evaluation of properties(, the glass
cover temperature corresponding to $+ 5tu/h is determined to be 81%5/0.
The temperature of the aluminum tube is determined in a similar manner using the natural
convection and radiation relations for two hori8ontal concentric cylinders. The characteristic length in
this case is the distance between the two cylinders, which is

ft !.#*/!# in #* . ! # / ( * . # * & # / ( &
i o !
D D L
Also,
#
ft -*.* . + ft( ! (& ft !# / * . # & ( & W D A A
i tub( i
&per foot of tube(
"e start the calculations by assuming the tube temperature to be !!,.*H%, and thus an average
temperature of &,!.*E!!,.*(/# !++%-.+ 6. ;sing properties at !++%,

.
# # .
$ #
#
$
!+ $$. . ! ( )#- . + &
( /s ft !+ ,+4 . ! &
( ft !# / #* . ! (& 6 * . ,! * . !!, 1& 6( -.+ /& ! (3 ft/s # . $# &
Fr
( &
6a
L T T "
o i
L
!.-- . +
1 ft( !# / * & ft( !# / * . # 3& ft( &!.#*/!#
(1 * . # / * 3ln&
( &
(1 / 3ln&
* $/* ' $/* ' $
.
* * / $ * / $ $
.
cyc

+

o i !
i o
D D L
D D
F
% ft 5tu/h +$##) . +
( !+ $$. . ! !.-- . + &
+.)#- +.,-!
+.)#-
%( ft 5tu/h +!*#4 . + & $,- . +
( 6a &
Fr ,-! . +
Fr
$,- . +
. / ! .
. / !
cyc
. / !
eff

,
_
,
_
L
F k k

Then the rate of heat transfer between the cylinders by convection becomes

5tu/h , . !+ % ( * . ,! * . !!, &
ln&*/#.*(
%( ft 5tu/h +$##) . + & #
( &
( / ln&
#
eff
conv ,

o i
i o
i
T T
D D
k
Q
Also,
[ ]
5tu/h + . #*
in *
in * . #
4 . +
4 . + !
4 . +
!
6( * . *.! & 6( * . *), & ( ft -*.* . + (& 6 ft 5tu/h !+ !)!. . + &
! !
( &
. . # . # ,
i
.
o
.
rad ,

,
_
,
_
o
i
o
o
i i
i
D
D
T T A
Q
Then the total rate of heat loss from the glass cover becomes
5tu/h , . $* + . #* , . !+
rad , conv , total ,
+ +
i i i
Q Q Q

which is more than $+ 5tu/h. Therefore, the assumed temperature of !!,.*H% for the tube is high. 5y
trying other values, the tube temperature corresponding to $+ 5tu/h is determined to be 113%2/0.
Therefore, the tube will reach an equilibrium temperature of !!$.#H% when the pump fails.
##'*-
22-68 A double'pane window consists of two sheets of glass separated by an air space. The rates of heat
transfer through the window by natural convection and radiation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist 2 The surfaces are
opaque, diffuse, and gray. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific
heats. 4 Beat transfer through the window is one'dimensional and the
edge effects are negligible.
Properties The emissivities of glass surfaces are given to be ! #
+.4. The properties of air at +.$ atm and the average temperature of
&T!ET#(/# &!*E*(/# !+C are &Table A'!*(
! '
# * *
!
2 ++$*$. . +
2 ( #)$ !+ &
!
)$$- . + Fr
/s m !+ )*$ . . /+.$ !+ .#- . ! $ . + /
C "/m. +#.$4 . +

atm
k
Analysis The characteristic length in this case is the distance between the glasses,
m +* . + L L
!
.
# # *
$ '! #
#
$
# !
!+ 4!, . ! ( )$$- . + &
( /s m !+ )*$ . . &
( m +* . + & 2 ( * !* (& 2 ++$*$. . + (& m/s ,! . 4 &
Fr
( &

L T T "
Ra
*$4 . !
+* . +
#
( !+ 4!, . ! & !4) . + !4) . +
4 / !
. / ! .
4 / !
. / !
,
_
,
_

L
$
Ra Nu
#
m - ( m $ (& m # &
s
A
Then the rate of heat transfer by natural convection becomes
W 4".0

m +* . +
C ( * !* &
( m - (& *$4 . ! (& C "/m. +#.$4 . + &
# # !
L
T T
kNuA Q
s !on)
The rate of heat transfer by radiation is determined from

( ) ( )
W 2"2
+
+ +
!
4 . +
!
4 . +
!
1 2 #)$ * 2 #)$ !* (3 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m - &
!
! !
( &
. . . # , #
# !
.
#
.
!
rad

T T A
Q
s
Then the rate of total heat transfer becomes

W 297 + + #*# .*
rad !on) tota&
Q Q Q

Discussion 9ote that heat transfer through the window is mostly by radiation.
##'*)
*C !*C
L * cm
$ # m
Q
Air
22-69 A simple solar collector is built by placing a clear plastic tube around a garden hose. The rate of
heat loss from the water in the hose by natural convection and radiation is to be determined.
ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! # +.4. The properties of air are at ! atm
and the film temperature of &TsET
(/# &.+E#*(/# $#.*C are &Table A'!*(

! '
# *
2 ++$#)$ . +
2 ( #)$ * . $# &
!
)#)* . + Fr
/s m !+ -$# . !
C "/m. +#-+) . +
k
Analysis ;nder steady conditions, the heat transfer rate
from the water in the hose equals to the rate of heat loss
from the clear plastic tube to the surroundings by natural
convection and radiation. The characteristic length in this
case is the diameter of the plastic tube,
m +- . +
#
D D L
#&asti! ! .
*
# # *
$ '! #
#
$
#
!+ ,.# . # ( )#)* . + &
( /s m !+ -$# . ! &
( m +- . + & 2 ( #* .+ (& 2 ++$#)$ . + (& m/s ,! . 4 &
Fr
( &

D T T "
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
$+ . !+
)#.! . + / **4 . + !
( !+ ,.# . # & $,) . +
- . +
Fr / **4 . + !
6a $,) . +
- . + 9u
#
#) / ,
!- / 4
- / ! *
#
#) / ,
!- / 4
!/-
I
'
'
+
+

#
# #
#
#
m !,,* . + m( m(&! +- . + &
C . "/m .)* . . ( $+ . !+ &
m +- . +
C "/m. +#-+) . +

L D A A
Nu
D
k
h
#&asti!
Then the rate of heat transfer from the outer surface by natural convection becomes
W 12.7

C ( #* .+ (& m !,,* . + (& C . "/m .)* . . & ( &
# #
#
T T hA Q
s !on)
The rate of heat transfer by radiation from the outer surface is determined from
W 26.2
+ +

1 2( #)$ !* & ( 2 #)$ .+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m !,,* . + (& 4+ . + &

( &
. . . # , #
. .
# rad sk* s
T T A Q
%inally,
" 4 . $, # . #- ) . !#
,
+
&oss tota&
Q
Discussion 9ote that heat transfer is mostly by radiation.

##'*,
D
#
- cm
Garden hose
D
!
# cm, T
!

!
+.4
Air space
Flastic cover,
#
+.4, T
#
.+C
"ater
T
#*C
T
sky
!*C
22-70 A solar collector consists of a hori8ontal copper tube enclosed in a concentric thin glass tube. The
annular space between the copper and the glass tubes is filled with air at ! atm. The rate of heat loss from
the collector by natural convection and radiation is to be determined.
ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.,* for the tube surface and # +.4 for glass
cover. The properties of air at ! atm and the average temperature of &T!ET#(/# &-+E.+(/# *+C are
&Table A'!*(
! '
# *
2 ++$+4- . +
2 ( #)$ *+ &
!
)##, . + Fr
/s m !+ )4, . !
C "/m. +#)$* . +
k
Analysis The characteristic length in this case is
m +.+# m( +.+* ' m +4 . + &
#
!
( &
#
!
! #
D D L
!
,*+ , !+ ( )##, . + &
( /s m !+ )4, . ! &
( m +# . + & 2 ( .+ -+ (& 2 ++$+4- . + (& m/s ,! . 4 &
Fr
( &
# # *
$ '! #
#
$
# !
!
L T T "
Ra
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
!$+$ . +
m( +* . + & m( +4 . + & m( +# . + &
( +* . + / +4 . + ln&
( &
( / ln&
*
$/* ' $/* ' $
.
* * / $ * / $ $
.
cyl

+

o i !
i o
D D L
D D
F
[ ] C "/m. +*$#! . + ( ,*+ , !+ (& !$+$ . + &
)##, . + ,-! . +
)##, . +
( C "/m. +#)$* . + & $,- . +
( 6a &
Fr ,-! . +
Fr
$,- . +
. / !
. / !
. / !
cyl
. / !
eff

,
_
,
_
+
F k k
Then the rate of heat transfer between the cylinders becomes
W 11.4
C ( .+ -+ &
( +* . + / +4 . + ln&
( C "/m. +*$#! . + & #
( &
( / ln&
#
eff
conv

o i
i o
T T
D D
k
Q

&:q. !(
The rate of heat transfer by radiation is determined from
W 13.4
,
_
+
+ +
,
_
4
*
4 . +
4 . + !
,* . +
!
1 ( 2 #)$ .+ & ( 2 #)$ -+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m !*)! . + &
! !
( &
. . . # , #
#
!
#
#
!
.
#
.
! !
rad
D
D
T T A
Q
%inally,
##'*4
D
#
4 cm
Copper tube
D
!
* cm, T
!
-+C
!
+.,*
Air space
Flastic cover,
T
#
.+C
#
+.4
"ater
" , . #. . . !$ . . !!
,
+
&oss tota&
Q
&per m length(
##'-+
22-71 A cylindrical furnace with specified top and bottom surface temperatures and specified heat transfer
rate at the bottom surface is considered. The temperature of the side surface and the net rates of heat
transfer between the top and the bottom surfaces, and between the bottom and the side surfaces are to be
determined.
Properties The emissivities of the top, bottom, and side surfaces are +.)+, +.*+, and +..+, respectively.
Analysis "e consider the top surface to be surface !, the bottom
surface to be surface #, and the side surface to be surface $. This
system is a three'surface enclosure. The view factor from surface ! to
surface # is determined from
!) . +
* . +
# . !
- . +
#
- . +
# . !
!#

F
L
r
r
L
&%ig. ##')(
The surface areas are
#
$
# # #
# !
m *#. . . ( m # . ! (& m # . ! &
m !$! . ! . / ( m # . ! & . /

DL A
D A A
Then other view factors are determined to be
!) . +
#! !#
F F
,$ . + ! !) . + + !
!$ !$ !$ !# !!
+ + + + F F F F F &summation rule(,
,$ . +
!$ #$
F F
#! . + ( *#. . . & ( ,$ . + (& !$! . ! &
$! $! $! $ !$ !
F F F A F A &reciprocity rule(,
#! . +
$! $#
F F
"e now apply :q. ##'$* to each surface
Surface !7
[ ]
[ ] ( & ,$ . + ( & !) . +
)+ . +
)+ . + !
( 2 *++ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ ! # ! !
. . # ,
$ ! !$ # ! !#
!
!
!
.
!
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

Surface #7
[ ]
[ ] ( & ,$ . + ( & !) . +
*+ . +
*+ . + !
( 2 *++ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ # ! # #
. . # ,
$ # #$ ! # #!
#
#
#
.
#
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

Surface $7
[ ]
[ ] ( & #! . + ( & #! . +
.+ . +
.+ . + !
( 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ ! # ! $
.
$
. # ,
# $ $# ! $ $!
$
$
$
.
$
J J J J J T
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

"e now apply :q. ##'$. to surface #
[ ] [ ] ( & ,$ . + ( & !) . + ( m !$! . ! & ( & ( &
$ # ! #
#
$ # #$ ! # #! # #
J J J J J J F J J F A Q + +
Solving the above four equations, we find

#
$
#
#
#
! $
"/m ,!4$ , "/m ,,,$ , "/m .4). , J J J T 1 631
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is
W 751%6
# #
! # #! # #!
"/m ( .4). ,,,$ (& !) . + (& m !$! . ! & ( & J J F A Q
##'-!
T
!
*++ 2
!
+.)+
r
!
+.- m
T
$
<
$
+..+
h !.# m
T
#
-*+ 2
#
+.*+
r
#
+.- m
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is
W 644%0
# #
$ # #$ # #$
"/m ( ,!4) ,,,$ (& ,$ . + (& m !$! . ! & ( & J J F A Q
Discussion The sum of these two heat transfer rates are )*!.- E -.. !$4*.- ", which is practically
equal to !.++ " heat supply rate from surface #. This must be satisfied to maintain the surfaces at the
specified temperatures under steady operation. 9ote that the difference is due to round'off error.
##'-#
22-72 A cylindrical furnace with specified top and bottom surface temperatures and specified heat transfer
rate at the bottom surface is considered. The emissivity of the top surface and the net rates of heat transfer
between the top and the bottom surfaces, and between the bottom and the side surfaces are to be
determined.
Properties The emissivity of the bottom surface is +.4+.
Analysis "e consider the top surface to be surface !, the base surface to
be surface #, and the side surface to be surface $. This system is a three'
surface enclosure. The view factor from the base to the top surface of the
cube is F
!#
+ # . . The view factor from the base or the top to the side
surfaces is determined by applying the summation rule to be
F F F F F
!! !# !$ !$ !#
! ! ! + # +, + + . .
since the base surface is flat and thus F
!!
+ . >ther view factors are

#+ . + , ,+ . + , #+ . +
$# $! !$ #$ !# #!
F F F F F F
"e now apply :q. 4'$* to each surface
Surface !7
[ ]
[ ] ( & ,+ . + ( & #+ . +
!
( 2 )++ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ ! # !
!
!
!
. . # ,
$ ! !$ # ! !#
!
!
!
.
!
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

Surface #7
[ ]
[ ] ( & ,+ . + ( & #+ . +
4+ . +
4+ . + !
( 2 4*+ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &
( & ( &
!

$ # ! # #
. . # ,
$ # #$ ! # #!
#
#
#
.
#
J J J J J
J J F J J F J T
+
+
+

Surface $7
$
. . # ,
$
.
$
( 2 .*+ (& 2 . "/m !+ -) . * &

J
J T

"e now apply :q. 4'$. to surface #
[ ] [ ] ( & ,+ . + ( & #+ . + ( m 4 & ( & ( &
$ # ! #
#
$ # #$ ! # #! # #
J J J J J J F J J F A Q + +
Solving the above four equations, we find

#
$
#
#
#
! !
"/m #$#* , "/m 4,* , .! , "/m )$- , !! , J J J 0%44
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the top surface is
# #
# !
m 4 ( m $ & A A
2W 54%4
# #
! # #! # #!
"/m ( )$- , !! 4,* , .! (& #+ . + (& m 4 & ( & J J F A Q
The rate of heat transfer between the bottom and the side surface is
# #
! $
m $- ( m 4 & . . A A
2W 285%6
# #
$ # #$ # #$
"/m ( #$#* 4,* , .! (& , . + (& m 4 & ( & J J F A Q
Discussion The sum of these two heat transfer rates are *... E #,*.- $.+ k", which is equal to $.+ k"
heat supply rate from surface #.
##'-$
T
!
)++ 2
!
<
T
#
4*+ 2
#
+.4+
T
$
.*+ 2
$
!
$ m
22-73 A thin aluminum sheet is placed between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates and the temperature of the
radiation shield are to be determined.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.,, # +.4, and $ +.!#.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer with a
thin aluminum shield per unit area of the plates is
2
W/ 748%9
,
_
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
!
!# . +
!
!# . +
!
!
4 . +
!
, . +
!
1 ( 2 **+ & ( 2 )*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &

!
! !
!
! !
( &
. . . # ,
# , $ ! , $ # !
.
#
.
!
shield one , !#
T T
Q
The equilibrium temperature of the radiation shield is determined from

1 671%3
,
_
,
_
$
.
$
. . # ,
#
$ !
.
$
.
!
!$
!
!# . +
!
, . +
!
1 ( 2 )*+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
"/m 4 . ).,
!
! !
( &
T
T
T T
Q
##'-.
T
#
**+ 2
#
+.4
T
!
)*+ 2
!
+.,
6adiation shield
$
+.!#
22-74 Two thin radiation shields are placed between two large parallel plates that are maintained at
uniform temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates with and without the
shields, and the temperatures of radiation shields are to be determined.
Properties The emissivities of surfaces are given to be ! +.-, # +.), $ +.!+, and . +.!*.
Analysis The net rate of radiation heat transfer without
the shields per unit area of the plates is
2
W/ 3288
+

!
) . +
!
- . +
!
1 ( 2 $++ & ( 2 -++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &

!
! !
( &
. . . # ,
# !
.
#
.
!
shield no !#,
T T
Q
The net rate of radiation heat transfer with two thin

radiation shields per unit area of the plates is

2
W/ 206
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
,
_
,
_
,
_
,
_
!
!* . +
!
!* . +
!
!
!+ . +
!
!+ . +
!
!
) . +
!
- . +
!
1 ( 2 $++ & ( 2 -++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &

!
! !
!
! !
!
! !
( &
. . . # ,
. . $ $ # !
.
#
.
!
shields two !#,
T T
Q
The equilibrium temperatures of the radiation shields are determined from

1 549
,
_
,
_
$
.
$
. . # ,
#
$ !
.
$
.
!
!$
!
!+ . +
!
- . +
!
1 ( 2 -++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
"/m #+-
!
! !
( &
T
T
T T
Q
1 429
,
_
,
_
.
. .
.
. # ,
#
# .
.
#
.
.
.#
!
) . +
!
!* . +
!
1 ( 2 $++ & (3 2 "/m !+ -) . * &
"/m #+-
!
! !
( &
T
T
T T
Q

2207" 1.. 22077 +esi2n and Essa3 ()o.le!s
##'-*
T
#
$++ 2
#
+.)
T
!
-++ 2
!
+.-
$
+.!+
.
+.!*
##'--

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Chapter 12 Radiation Heat Transfer

1 ( 2 #), & ( 2 !!++ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * 1& . / m( $ . + & (3 #,-. . + &

1 ( 2 $++ & ( 2 $+$ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m ) . ! (& ! (& ,* . + &

&b( "hen the walls are at a temperature of #,+ 2,

1 ( 2 #,+ & ( 2 $+$ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m ) . ! (& ! (& ,* . + &

The number of sheets that need to be inserted in order

Similarly, for the bottom surface of the middle disk, we have

The radiation heat transfer in the case of one shield is

which gives 0%18

( . . + (& 4.# . + &

0f there was no shield,

Then their ratio becomes

&b( The amount of heat transfer during a #.'hour period is

2 ( #)* $*+ &

&b( The rate of heat transfer by radiation is determined from

Analysis %or + , we have hori8ontal rectangular enclosure.

The rate of heat transfer by radiation is determined from

Then the rate of total heat transfer becomes

(/# &.+E#*(/# $#.*C are &Table A'!*(

1 2( #)$ !* & ( 2 #)$ .+ (3& 2 "/m !+ -) . * (& m !,,* . + (& 4+ . + &

Discussion 9ote that heat transfer is mostly by radiation.

Solving the above four equations, we find

Solving the above four equations, we find

The equilibrium temperature of the radiation shield is determined from

The net rate of radiation heat transfer with two thin

The equilibrium temperatures of the radiation shields are determined from

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen

(/# &.+E#(/# $#.C are &Table A'!*(