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Pulling rate, thermal and capillary conditions setting for rod growth
q
Agneta M. Balint
a,
, Stefan Balint
b
a
Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Blv. V. Parvan 4, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
b
Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timisoara, Blv. V. Parvan 4, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
a r t i c l e i n f o
Keywords:
Computer simulation
Edge-dened lm-fed growth
Stepanov method
Niobates
Antimonides
a b s t r a c t
The purpose of this paper is to elaborate a procedure, based on a mathematical model, for
the setting of the pulling rate, capillary and thermal conditions, in order to grow a cylindri-
cal rod with prescribed radius and length, by edge-dened lm-fed growth (EFG) method.
First, in the case of an axisymmetric meniscus, we use simultaneously the catching and the
angle xation conditions in order to nd a formula, which describes the uctuation of the
angle between the horizontal axis Or and the tangent line to the free surface of the menis-
cus at the three phase point. This angle appears in the system of differential equations
which describes the evolution of the radius of the rod. During the growth this angle can
uctuate due to the uctuations of the crystal radius, or crystallization front level, or pres-
sure, respectively. In the second part of the paper it is shown in which kind this formula
together with the energy balance equation at the crystallization front level can be used
for setting the pulling rate, the thermal and capillary conditions to grow a cylindrical
rod with prescribed radius and length. Numerical illustration and simulation are presented
for rods having thermo-physical properties similar to NdYAG and InSb. This type of results
can be useful for the experiment planning, since personal computer simulation is less
expensive than experiment. With this aim the present study was undertaken.
2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In [1] (p. 26), it is emphasized that: as the Laplace capillary equation is a second-order differential equation, formulation
of the boundary problem for melt column shape calculation requires assignment of two boundary conditions. These bound-
ary conditions are determined by the structural features of each specic capillary shaping scheme. One of the crystal-melt
interface conditions is common for all the melt crystallization techniques. This condition follows from the condition of
growth angle constancy.
In [1] (p. 71), it is stated that: in the pulling techniques the second boundary condition has to be specied at the lower
boundary of the melt column. When in this technique a shaper is present, then at the lower boundary of the melt column, the
following boundary conditions are possible: catching condition or angle xation condition (wetting condition). When the
shaper material is wetted by the melt, then for sharp shaper edge contours C, the catching condition takes the form
z[
C
= d(r; u) ([1[; formula (3:1) p:72):
When the shaper material is not wetted by the melt, then the liquid does not reach the sharp shaper edges and its surface
makes the wetting angle with the shaper walls. This boundary condition in a general case is called the angle xation con-
dition and for the shaper it is called the wetting condition. It can be written down in the following form:
0096-3003/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.amc.2011.06.043
q
Edge dened Film-fed Growth method EFG.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: balint@physics.uvt.ro (A.M. Balint).
Applied Mathematics and Computation 218 (2011) 16341649
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Mathematics and Computation
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ amc
H
.
@z
@n
C
= cos h ([1[; formula (3:2)p:73):
For an axisymmetric meniscus is stated that for cylindrical and at proles, conditions (3.1) and (3.2) will respectively as-
sume the following forms:
z[
r=ro
= d ([1[; formula (3:3) p:75)
z
/
[
r=ro
= tan(h p=2) = tana
1
([1[; formula (3:4)p:75):
As concerns the use of some formulas obtained in [2] (obtained using simultaneously the catching and the angle xation
conditions), it was shown in [1] (pp. 7778) that in pulling technique this leads to unacceptable results. That is because,
three boundary conditions (instead of two!) are specied for the second order YoungLaplace differential equation and in
practice these conditions can not be independent.
The simultaneous use of the catching and the angle xation conditions in [3] lead to unacceptable results, which were
heavily criticized in [4].
However in [5] (p. 620), the authors, beside the catching boundary condition at the sharp edge of the shaper, use also
wetting (angle xation) condition as a useful mathematical approach to dene a wetting boundary condition on the sharp
edge of the shaper, i.e. to nd the maximum value of the radius of the curvature of the shaper edges, which allows a correct
use of this boundary condition. In paragraph 4, where the pressure inuence on the meniscus shape and the capillary
stability are analyzed (pp. 622623), on Fig. 5 the shapes of the menisci for different catching angles a
d
as well the boundary
Fig. 1. Prototype of the rod growth system by EFG technique and the uctuation of a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p).
A.M. Balint, S. Balint / Applied Mathematics and Computation 218 (2011) 16341649 1635
curves for different angles of crystal growth a
0
and zero value of the pressure, are presented. On the boundary curves the
dynamically stable capillary states are marked. In Fig. 6 (p. 624) the shapes of menisci for different catching angles a
d
and the boundary curves for the pressures p = 1.0, 1.5, . . . , 3.0 are presented. The stable and unstable portions are marked.
Later in [6], investigating the crystal growth shaping process with the wetting boundary condition, the authors use simul-
taneously catching and angle xation conditions, in order to see the pressure inuence on the meniscus shape.
In the present paper we will use simultaneously the catching and the angle xation conditions, in order to elaborate a
procedure in case of an axisymmetric meniscus for the determination of the angle a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) between the horizontal axis
Or and the tangent line to the free surface of the meniscus at the three phase point of coordinates (r
1
, h
1
) (Fig. 1). This func-
tion appears in the system of differential equations which describes the evolution of the radius r
1
of a rod grown from the
melt, by EFG technique and the evolution of the crystallization front height h
1
. The uctuation of the crystal radius r
1
, crys-
tallization front level h
1
and pressure p during the growth, leads to the uctuation of the angle a
o
= a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p). The deviation
(from the vertical) of the tangent to the crystal wall, at the triple point, is the difference a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) (p/2 a
g
), where a
g
is
the growth angle. This deviation uctuates also and the crystal radius is constant when the deviation is equal to zero. The
formula of a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) together with the formula concerning the energy balance at the crystallization front level are used for
setting the pulling rate, the thermal and capillary conditions for the growth of a cylindrical rod with prescribed radius and
length. Numerical illustration and simulation are given for rods having thermo-physical properties similar to NdYAG and
InSb, respectively. This kind of results can be useful in experiment planning since they are less expensive than experiments.
Fig. 1 (continued)
1636 A.M. Balint, S. Balint / Applied Mathematics and Computation 218 (2011) 16341649
2. Procedure for the determination of the angle a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p)
According to [1], the system of differential equations, which governs the evolution of the rod radius r
1
= r
1
(t) and of the
height h
1
= h
1
(t) of the crystallization front, respectively, is:
dr
1
dt
= v tan a
o
(r
1
; h
1
; p)
p
2
a
g
_ _ _
;
dh
1
dt
= v
1
Kq
l
[k
l
G
l
(r
1
; h
1
) k
s
G
s
(r
1
; h
1
)[:
_
(2:1)
In the system (2.1) a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) denotes the angle made by the tangent line to the free surface of the meniscus at the three-
phase point of coordinates (r
1
, h
1
) with horizontal; a
g
is the growth angle; q
l
is the melt density; p is the controllable part of
the pressure difference across the free surface of the meniscus. For the meaning of the other quantities appearing in (2.1) see
[1,46]. In the rod growth, r
1
is in the range (0, r
o
], where r
o
is the radius of the shaper (Fig. 1).
2.1. Determination of the angle a
o
(r
1
, .h
1
; p) when a
c
(0,p/2 a
g
) (meniscus with convex meridian curve)
The free surface equation of the static meniscus is:
d
2
z
dr
2
=
q
l
g z p
c
1
dz
dr
_ _
2
_ _
3=2
1
r
1
dz
dr
_ _
2
_ _
dz
dr
r (0; r
o
[: (2:2)
In Eq. (2.2) z = z(r) describes the free surface as function of the radial coordinater; q
l
is the melt density; c is the surface ten-
sion; g is the gravitational acceleration; p is the controllable part of the pressure difference across the free surface. The pres-
sure difference Dp across the free surface is given by:
Dp = p
g
q
l
g (z H) p
hyd
p
M
: (2:3)
In Eq. (2.3): p
g
= pressure of the gas ow introduced in the furnace in order to release the heat; H = the melt column height
between the horizontal crucible melt level and the shaper top level (when H > 0, then the horizontal crucible melt level is
under the shaper top level and when H < 0, then the horizontal crucible melt level is above the shaper top level),
p
hyd
= hydrodynamic pressure in the melt due to the thermal convection; p
M
= pressure in the melt due to the Marangoni
convection. Usually is accepted that p
hyd
and p
M
are negligible with respect the pressures p
g
and q
l
g (z + H) = hydrostatic
pressure. Hence, Dp = p
g
+ q
l
g (z + H) and the part p
g
+ q
l
g H of it can be controlled by H and p
g
. Therefore,
Dp = q
l
g z p where
p = p
g
q
l
g H (2:4)
is called the controllable part of the pressure difference Dp.
Eq. (2.2) can be obtained assuming that the meniscus possesses axial symmetry and writing the Young - Laplace equation
c
1
R
1
1
R
2
_ _
= q
l
g z p (2:5)
in differential form or writing the Euler equation for the minimum of the energy functional of the melt column, limited by
the free surface:
I(z) = 2p
_
ro
r
1
c 1
dz
dr
_ _
2
_ _
1=2
1
2
q
l
g z
2
p z
_ _
r dr
z(r
o
) = 0; z(r
1
) = h
1
> 0
_
_
_
(2:6)
In relations (2.6) r
1
is the crystal radius and h
1
is the free surface height (i.e. the crystallization front height or meniscus
height).
When a rod of constant radius equal to r
1
is grown, then the function z = z(r), which describes the free surface of the
meniscus beside the Eq. (2.2), satises the following boundary conditions [1]:
z
/
(r
1
) = tan(p=2 a
g
) (growth angle constancy) (2:7)
z(r
o
) = 0 (catching condition); (2:8)
when the pressure, which appears in eq. (2.2), is known, then eq. (2.2) with the boundary conditions (2.7) and (2.8) deter-
mine a unique function z = z(r), which describes the free surface. Using the formula:
z
/
(r
o
) = tana
c
(2:9)
we can nd the contact angle (catching angle) at r = r
o
, corresponding to the value of p.
When the pressure p uctuates, then a
c
uctuates too and leads to the uctuation of a
o
. It can happen that the pressure p,
which appears in eq. (2.2), does not uctuate but a
c
and r
1
uctuate, due to the uctuation of h
1
determined by the uctu-
ation of the thermal conditions. This also leads to the uctuation of a
o
. Solving eq. (2.2) for p xed and
z(r
o
) = 0 and z
/
(r
o
) = tana
c
(2:10)
a family of solutions z = z(r; a
c
, p) is obtained. Here a
c
is a parameter and belongs to the range where the contact angle a
c
can
uctuate. The value r
1
, where the equality z
/
(r
1
; a
c
, p) = tan (p/2 a
g
) is satised, depends on a
c
and h
1
= z(r
1
; a
c
, p) depends
also on a
c
. In other words, the crystal radius r
1
and the crystallization front height h
1
= z(r
1
; a
c
, p) depends on a
c
and p. This
kind of dependencies are presented in [5] Fig. 5 for p = 0 and Fig. 6 for some non zero values of p. To the best of our under-
standing in the case presented in [5] Figs. 5 and 6, the uctuation of a
c
is due to the uctuation of the crystal radius r
1
, and
the uctuation of h
1
, both determined by the uctuation of the thermal conditions. In the case, when p doesnt uctuate and
only r
1
, h
1
and a
c
uctuate (due to the uctuation of thermal condition), the theoretical procedure for the construction of the
function a
0
(r
1
, h
1
; p) (which appears in system (2.1) p xed) is the following: consider a(r
1
; a
c
, p) dened by
z
/
(r
1
; a
c
, p) = tana(r
1
; a
c
, p); solve the equation h
1
= z(r
1
; a
c
, p) with respect to a
c
obtaining a
c
= a
c
(r
1
, h
1
; p); compose
a(r
1
; a
c
, p) witha
c
(r
1
, h
1
; p) obtaining a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) = a(r
1
; a
c
(r
1
, h
1
; p), p).
In fact, a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) is the angle made by the Or axis and the tangent line at the point of coordinates (r
1
, h
1
) to the meniscus,
which passes through this point. Since a
c
can uctuate even if p is xed, a
c
and p will be considered independent parameters
(two degrees of freedom).
Due to the nonlinearity to put in practice the above theoretical procedure is not easy at all. The numerical procedure will
be described in the following in a general framework, which incorporates the effect of the uctuation of the pressure p.
In the construction of a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) we will use the following result [7]:
if for 1 < n
/
< n and p the following inequalities hold:
c
p=2 (a
c
a
g
)
r
0
n
/
n
/
1
sina
g
q
l
g r
0

n
/
1
n
/
tan(p=2 a
g
)
c
r
0
n
/
cos a
g
< p
< c
p=2 (a
c
a
g
)
r
0
n
n 1
cos a
c

c
r
0
sina
c
; (2:11)
then there exists r
1
in the range [r
o
/n, r
o
/n
/
] and a solution z = z(r) of the eq. (2.2) which satises the following conditions:
z(r
o
) = 0; z
/
(r
1
) = tan(p=2 a
g
); z
/
(r
o
) = tana
c
; (2:12)
z(r) is strictly decreasing and z
//
(r) is strictly positive (meniscus with convex meridian curve).
Now we will describe the numerical procedure.
Step 1. For n > 1 and a
o
c
(0; p=2 a
g
) an n
/
in the range (1,n) is chosen such that: E
1
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
< E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
where:
E
1
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
= c
p=2 a
o
c
a
g
_ _
r
0
n
/
n
/
1
sina
g
q
l
g r
0
n
/
1
n
/
tan(p=2 a
g
)
c
r
0
n
/
cos a
g
(2:13)
E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
= c
p=2 a
o
c
a
g
_ _
r
0
n
n 1
cos a
o
c

c
r
0
sina
o
c
(2:14)
Step 2. For the uctuation of a
c
a range [a
c
; a
c
[ is determined such that 0 < a
c
< a
o
c
< a
c
< p=2 a
g
and for every
a [a
c
; a
c
[ the inequality sup
ac [ac ;ac [
E
1
(n
/
; a
c
) < inf
ac [ac ;ac [
E
2
(n; a
c
) holds.
Step 3. For the uctuation of p the range [p;
p[ dened by:
p = sup
a[ac ;ac [
E
1
(n
/
; a
c
)

p = inf
a[ac ;ac [
E
2
(n; a
c
) (2:15)
is considered.
Step 4. In the range [a
c
; a
c
[ a set of l different values of a
c
is chosen: a
c
= a
1
c
< a
2
c
< < a
l
c
= a
c
.
Step 5. In the range [p;
p[ a set of m different values of p is chosen: p = p

1
< p
2
< < p
m
=

p.
Step 6. For the uctuation of a a range [a;

a[ is chosen such that a
c
< a < p=2 a
g
<

a < p=2: In the range [a;

a[ a set of j
values of a is chosen: a = a
1
< a
2
< < a
j
=

a.
Step 7. For a p
k
; k = 1; m and a
q
c
; q = 1; l the boundary value problem:
dz
dr
= tana
da
dr
=
p
k
q
l
gz
c

1
cos a

1
r
tana
z(r
o
) = 0; a(r
o
) = a
q
c
_
_
(2:16)
is solved numerically, obtaining the functions (proles curves [1]):
z = z r; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
a = a r; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
Step 8. For k = 1; m; q = 1; l; s = 1; j the values r
kqs
satisfying the equalities
a r
kqs
; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
= a
s
(2:17)
are considered.
Step 9. With r
kqs
the values h
kqs
= z r
kqs
; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
are found.
Step 10. Fitting the data r
kqs
, h
kqs
, p
k
and a
s
the function a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) is found. In the sequence 3 this procedure will be imple-
mented numerically for the construction of a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p).
2.2. Determination of the angle a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) when a
c
(p/2 a
g
, p/2) (Meniscus with concave meridian curve)
Since the theoretical and the numerical considerations are similar to those presented in the previous sequence, we pres-
ent here just the expressions of the limits which have to be used at the rst step in this case.
Step 1. For n > 1 and a
c
(p/2 a
g
, p/2) an n
/
in the range (1,n) is chosen such that E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
< E
4
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
where
E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
=
n
n 1
c
a
o
c
a
g
p=2
r
0
sina
g

n 1
n
q
l
g r
0
tana
o
c
n
c
r
0
sina
o
c
(2:18)
E
4
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
=
n
/
n
/
1
c
a
o
c
a
g
p=2
r
0
cos a
o
c

c
r
0
cos a
g
(2:19)
The limits E
3
, E
4
were obtained in [8] where it was shown that: if for 1 < n
/
< n and p the following inequalities hold
n
n 1
c
a
c
a
g
p=2
r
0
sina
g

n 1
n
q
l
g r
0
tana
c
n
c
r
0
sina
c
< p
<
n
/
n
/
1
c
a
c
a
g
p=2
r
0
cos a
c

c
r
0
cos a
g
; (2:20)
then there exists r
1
in the range [r
o
/n, r
o
/n
/
] and a solution z = z(r) of the eq. (2.2), which satises the following conditions:
z(r
o
) = 0; z
/
(r
1
) = tan(p=2 a
g
); z
/
(r
o
) = tana
c
; (2:21)
z(r) is strictly decreasing and z
//
(r) is strictly negative (meniscus with concave meridian curve)
The other steps are similar.
3. Numerical results for 0 < a
c
< p/2 a
g
The calculus was made using Mathcad 14 Professional for the following numerical data (similar to NdYAG):
r
0
= 5 10
3
m;a
o
c
= 0:523 rad = 30
; a
g
= 0:2967 rad = 17
; q
l
= 3:6 10
3
kg=m
3
;
c = 7:81 10
1
N=m;g = 9:81 m=s
2
:
Step 1. For the value of a
o
c
= 0:523 rad the functions E
1
n; a
o
c
_ _
; E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
dened by
E
1
n; a
o
c
_ _
= c
p=2 a
o
c
a
g
_ _
r
0
n
n 1
sina
g
q
l
g r
0

n 1
n
tan(p=2 a
g
)
c
r
0
n cos a
g
E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
= c
p=2 a
o
c
a
g
_ _
r
0
n
n 1
cos a
o
c

c
r
0
sina
o
c
for n (1, 2] were represented (Fig. 2).
The value of E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
for n = 2 is: E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
= E
2
(2; 0:523) = 124:94 Pa.
The equation E
1
n; a
o
c
_ _
= E
2
(2; 0:523) = 124:94 Pa was solved, obtaining the solution n
= 1.109. For n
/
< n
the inequality
E
1
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
< E
2
(2; 0:523) = 124:94 Pa holds and for n
/
> n
the inequality E
1
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
< E
2
(2; 0:523) = 124:94 Pa is false.
Solving, for example, the equation E
1
n; a
o
c
_ _
= 200 Pa, the value n
/
= 1.091 < n
= 1.109 is found. Thereafter this value will be

used for n
/
.
Step 2. To estimate the range [a
c
; a
c
[, the difference E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
E
1
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
= E
2
(2; 0:523) E
1
(1:091; 0:523) = 3A was com-
puted. The solution of the equation E
2
(2,a
c
) = E
2
(2,0.523) A was chosen as a
c
, and the solution of the equation E
1
(1.091,
a
c
) = E
1
(1.091,0.523) + A was chosen as a
c
. (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 shows that [a
c
; a
c
[ = [0:477; 0:568[ rad can be chosen as a range for the uctuation of a
c
.
Step 3. The range [p; p[ of uctuation of p was estimated representing E
1
(n
/
, a
c
) and E
2
(n, a
c
) as function of a
c
. (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4 shows that we can choose p = sup
a[ac ;ac [
E
1
(n
/
; a
c
) = 175:45 Pa and p = inf
a[ac ;ac [
E
2
(n; a
c
) = 149:5 Pa.
c
; a
c
[ = [0:477; 0:568[ rad the following values of a
c
were chosen: a
1
c
= a
c
= 0:477 rad; a
2
c
=0:48
rad; a
3
c
=0:489rad; a
4
c
=0:497rad; a
5
c
=0:506rad; a
6
c
=0:515rad; a
7
c
=0:524rad; a
8
c
=0:532rad; a
9
c
=0:541rad; a
10
c
=0:55
rad; a
11
c
=0:559rad; a
12
c
=0:567rad; a
13
c
=a
c
=0:568rad.
Step 5. In the range [p; p[ = [175:45; 149:5[ Pa the following values of p were chosen: p
1
= p = 175:45 Pa; p
2
= 173
Pa; p
3
= 170 Pa; p
4
= 167 Pa; p
5
= 164 Pa; p
6
= 161 Pa; p
7
= 158 Pa; p
8
= 155 Pa; p
9
= 152 Pa; p
10
= p =
149:5 Pa.
Step 6. For a in the range [a;

a[ = [1:186; 1:361[ rad the values a
1
= a = 1:169 rad; a
2
= 1:186 rad; a
3
= 1:20 rad; a
4
=
1:22 rad; a
5
= 1:239 rad; a
6
= 1:256 rad; a
7
= 1:274 rad; a
8
= 1:291 rad; a
9
= 1:308 rad; a
10
= 1:326 rad; a
11
= 1:343
rad; a
12
= 1:361 rad; a
13
=

a = 1:378 rad were considered.
Fig. 2. The functions E
1
n; a
o
c
_ _
; E
2
n; a
o
c
_ _
for n (1, 2).
Fig. 3. The difference E
2
(n, a
c
) E
1
(n
/
, a
c
) for n = 2;n
/
= 1.091 in function of a
c
[0, p/3] rad.
Fig. 4. E
1
(n
/
, a
c
), E
2
(n, a
c
) for n = 2; n
/
= 1.091 as function of a
c
.
Step 7. For a
q
c
specied at Step 4, and p
k
specied at Step 5, the boundary value problem (2.16) was solved numerically,
obtaining in this way a set of solutions (prole curves [1]) z = z r; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
; a = a r; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
.
Step 8. For k = 1; 10; q = 1; 13; s = 1; 13 the values r
kqs
, satisfying the equalities a r
kqs
; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
= a
s
were identied.
Step 9. With r
kqs
, the h
kqs
= z r
kqs
; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
values were found.
Step 10. The data r
kqs
, h
kqs
, p
k
and a
s
were tted (using Table Curves 3D and 2D, respectively), obtaining the function:
a
o
(r
1
; h
1
; p) =
A(p) B(p) r
1
C(p) r
2
1
D(p) h
1
E(p) h
2
1
1 F(p) r
1
G(p) h
1
H(p) h
2
1
I(p) h
3
1
where the coefcients depending on p are given by:
A(p) = 0:591764513 0:00419180 p
B(p) = 69:6869597 2:496595559 p
C(p) = 28038:20141 227:880589 p
D(p) = 729:263035 2:03385051 p
E(p) = 230601:5172 966:606441 p
Fig. 5. The function a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) for p
6
= 161 Pa.
Fig. 6. The boundary curves for p
2
= 173 Pa; p
4
= 164 Pa; p
7
= 158 Pa; and p
9
= 152 Pa.
F(p) = 19:05077394 0:635603282 p
G(p) = 1268:08745 2:96781544 p
H(p) = 538118:2405 298:176985 p
I(p) = 5:3432E7 249164:8445 p
For p
6
= 161 Pa the function a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) is represented on Fig. 5.
The boundary curves ([1]), representing the loci of the ends of the prole curves, characterized by the same a
q
= p/2 a
g
value, obtained from a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p), are represented on Fig. 6 for p
2
= 173 Pa; p
4
= 164 Pa; p
7
= 158 Pa; and p
9
= 152 Pa
respectively.
Fig. 6 shows that when p increases, then the boundary curves increase too.
4. Numerical results for p/2 a
g
< a
c
< p/2
The calculus was made using the same soft for the following numerical data (similar to InSb):
r
0
= 7 10
4
m; a
o
c
= 1:135 rad = 65:06
; a
g
= 0:5044 rad = 28:91
;
q
l
= 6:582 10
3
kg=m
3
; c = 4:2 10
1
N=m;g = 9:81 m=s
2
:
Step 1. For the value of a
o
c
= 1:135 rad, the functions E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
; E
4
n; a
o
c
_ _
, dened by
E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
=
n
n 1
c
a
o
c
a
g
p=2
r
0
sina
g

n 1
n
q
l
g r
0
tana
o
c

n c
r
0
sina
o
c
E
4
n; a
o
c
_ _
=
n
n 1
c
a
o
c
a
g
p=2
r
0
cos a
o
c

c
r
0
cos a
g
for n (1, 2], were represented (Fig. 7).
For n = 1.5 the value of E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
was computed, obtaining E
3
1:5; a
o
c
_ _
= 907:66 Pa.The equation E
4
n; a
o
c
_ _
= E
3
1:5; a
o
c
_ _
was
solved, obtaining the solution n
= 1.047.
Solving, for example, the equation E
4
n; a
o
c
_ _
= E
3
1:5; a
o
c
_ _
150 Pa, the value n
/
= 1.033 < n
= 1.047 is found. Thereafter, this

value will be used for n
/
.
Step 2. To estimate the range [a
c
; a
c
[ the difference E
4
n
/
; a
o
c
_ _
E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
= E
4
(1:033; 1:135) E
3
(1:5; 1:135) = 3A = 150 Pa
was considered. The solution a
c
< a
0
c
of the equation E
4
(1.033,a
c
) = E
4
(1.033, 1.135) A was chosen as a
c
and the
solution of the equation E
3
(1.5,a
c
) = E
3
(1.5,1.135) + A was chosen as a
c
(Fig. 8).
Fig. 8 shows that [a
c
; a
c
[ = [1:124; 1:142[ rad can be chosen as a range for the uctuation of a
c
.
Step 3. The range [p; p[ of uctuation of p was estimated representing E
3
(1.5,a
c
) and E
4
(1.033,a
c
) as function of a
c
. This graph
can be seen on Fig. 9.
Fig. 9 shows that we can choose p = sup
ac [ac ;ac [
E
3
(n; a
c
) = 940:47 Pa and p = inf
ac [ac ;ac [
E
4
(n
/
; a
c
) = 971:5 Pa.
c
; a
c
[ = [1:124; 1:142[ rad the following values of a
c
were chosen: a
1
c
= a
c
= 1:124 rad;a
2
c
= 1:126 rad;
a
3
c
= 1:128 rad;a
4
c
= 1:130 rad;a
5
c
= 1:132 rad;a
6
c
= 1:134 rad;a
7
c
= 1:135rad; a
8
c
= 1:136 rad;a
9
c
= 1:137 rad;
a
10
c
= 1:138 rad;a
11
c
= 1:139 rad;a
12
c
= 1:1405 rad;a
13
c
= a
c
= 1:142 rad.
Fig. 7. The functions E
3
n; a
o
c
_ _
; E
4
n; a
o
c
_ _
for n (1, 2].
Step 5. In the range [p; p[ = [940:47; 971:5[ Pa the following values of p were chosen: p
1
= p = 940:47 Pa;p
2
= 945 Pa;
p
3
= 950 Pa;p
4
= 954 Pa;p
5
= 957 Pa;p
6
= 960 Pa;p
7
= 963 Pa;p
8
= 966 Pa;p
9
= 969 Pa;p
10
= p = 971:5 Pa.
Fig. 10. The function a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) for p = 960 Pa.
Fig. 8. The difference E
4
(n
/
, a
c
) E
3
(n, a
c
) for n
/
= 1.033; n = 1.5 in function of a
c
in a neighborhood of a
o
c
= 1:135 rad.
Fig. 9. E
3
(1.5, a
c
) and E
4
(1.033, a
c
) as function of a
c
.
Step 6. For the uctuation of a the range [a; a[ = [1:014; 1:119[ rad, and in this range the values a
1
= a = 1:014 rad;
a
2
= 1:023 rad;a
3
= 1:031 rad;a
4
= 1:04 rad;a
5
= 1:049 rad;a
6
= 1:058 rad;a
7
= 1:067 rad;a
8
= 1:075 rad;
a
9
= 1:084 rad;a
10
= 1:093 rad;a
11
= 1:101 rad;a
12
= 1:11 rad;a
13
=

a = 1:119 rad; were considered.
Step 7. For a
q
c
specied at Step 4, and p
k
specied at Step 5, the boundary value problem (2.16) was solved numerically,
obtaining in this way a set of solutions (prole curves [1]) z = z r; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
; a = a r; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
.
Step 8. For k = 1; 10; q = 1; 13; s = 13 the values r
kqs
, satisfying the equalities a (r
kqs
, a
q
, p
k
) = a
s
were identied.
Step 9. With r
kqs
the values h
kqs
= z r
kqs
; a
q
c
; p
k
_ _
were found.
Step 10. The data r
kqs
, h
kqs
, p
k
and a
s
were tted, obtaining the function:
a
o
(r
1
; h
1
; p) =
A(p) B(p) r
1
C(p) r
2
1
D(p) r
3
1
E(p) h
1
F(p) h
2
1
1 G(p) r
1
H(p) h
1
I(p) h
2
1
where the coefcients depending on p are given by:
A(p) = 4:454543092 0:00546777 p
B(p) = 19900:5701 19900:5701 p
C(p) = 3:05596 10
7
25652:5403 p
D(p) = 1:6036 10
10
1:20639 10
10
p
E(p) = 1127:482627 2:924010422 p
F(p) = 6:94164 10
6
7049:38250 p
G(p) = 1431:63860 0:003272143 p
H(p) = 609:8440867 1:888894114 p
I(p) = 2:74917 10
6
1837:35275 p
For p = 960 Pa the function a
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) is represented on Fig. 10.
The boundary curves ([1]), representing the loci of the ends of the prole curves, characterized by the same a
q
= p/2 a
g
value, obtained froma
o
(r
1
, h
1
; p) are represented on Fig. 11 for p
2
= 945 Pa; p
4
= 954 Pa; p
7
= 963 Pa; p
9
= 969 Pa respectively.
Fig. 11 shows that when p increases, then the boundary curve increases too.
5. Setting of the pulling rate, thermal conditions, capillary conditions and the growth process simulation
Assume that the temperature in the furnace is given by:
T
en
(z) = T
en
(0) kz (5:1)
where T
en
(0) is the temperature at z = 0 and k > 0 is the temperature gradient in the furnace [1]. Assume also that the tem-
perature distribution in the meniscus melt (i = 1) and in the crystal (i = 2) is given by a function T
i
(z),i = 1,2 which satises the
one-dimensional stationary heat transport equation [1]
d
2
T
i
dz
2

v
x
i
dT
i
dz

2l
i
k
i
1
r
s
(T
i
T
en
) = 0 (5:2)
Fig. 11. The boundary curves for p
2
= 945 Pa; p
4
= 954 Pa; p
7
= 963 Pa; p
9
= 969 Pa.
where v is the pulling rate; v
i
the thermal diffusivity coefcient equal to k
i
/q
i
c
i
; k
i
the thermal conductivity coefcient; q
i
the density; c
i
the heat capacity; l
i
the coefcient of heat exchange with environment = Bi/k
i
r
1
; Bi the Biot number; r
1
the
crystal radius equal to the upper radius of the meniscus.
The temperature distribution T
i
(z),i = 1,2 satises the following boundary conditions:
T
1
(0) = T
0
; T
1
(h
1
) = T
m
T
2
(h) = T
m
; T
2
(h
1
L) = T
en
(h
1
L) = T
en
(0) k (h
1
L) (5:3)
Here T
0
is the melt temperature at the meniscus basis; the melting temperature; and L the (nal) crystal length. It is assumed
that T
en
(0) k (h
1
+ L) P300 K.
The boundary value problems (5.2) (5.3); have simple analytical solutions and permit the determination of the temper-
ature gradients G
i
= dT
i
/dz in the meniscus melt (i = 1) and in the crystal (i = 2), respectively. These gradients at the level of
the crystallization front z = h
1
are given by:
G
1
(r
1
; h
1
) =
1
sh(b
1
h
1
)
T
0
T
en
(0)
v k k
1
r
1
2 l
1
v
1
_ _
(b
1
e
d
1
h
1
)
_
T
m
T
en
(0) k h
1

v k k
1
r
1
2 l
1
v
1
_ _
(d
1
sh(b
1
h
1
) b
1
ch(b
1
h
1
))
_
k (5:4)
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
) =
1
sh(b
2
L)
T
m
T
en
(0) k h
1

v k k
2
r
1
2 l
2
v
2
_ _
(d
2
sh(b
2
L) b
2
ch(b
2
L))
_
v k k
2
r
1
2 l
2
v
2
b
2
e
d
2
L
_
k (5:5)
where d
i
and b
i
(i = 1,2) are dened by
d
i
=
v
2 v
i
; b
i
=
v
2
4 v
2
i
2 l
i
k
i
r
1
for i = 1; 2 (5:6)
At the level of the crystallization front h
1
the crystallization rate V
c
is given by Tatarchenko [1]:
V
c
=
1
K q
1
[k
l
G
1
(r
1
; h
1
) k
2
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
)[ (5:7)
where K denotes the latent melting heat of material unit volume. The difference between the pulling rate v and the crystal-
lization rate V
c
is equal to the crystallization front displacement rate dh
1
/dt:
dh
1
dt
= m V
c
(5:8)
or
dh
1
dt
= v
1
K q
1
[k
l
G
l
(r
1
; h
1
) k
2
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
)[ (5:9)
In order to keep the crystallization front level h
1
constant, the thermal conditions have to be set such that the following con-
dition holds:
v
1
K q
1
[k
l
G
l
(r
1
; h
1
) k
2
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
)[ = 0 (5:10)
When the radius r
1
and the length L of the rod which has to be grown are prior given, and h
1
is considered to be known, then
condition (5.10) can be regarded as an equation in which v is unknown. If this equation has a positive solutionv, it depends
on the following process parameters: h
1
, T
en
(0),T
0
and k. The setting of the pulling rate and thermal conditions means the
choice of h
1
, T
en
(0),T
0
and k such that the following conditions hold:
(i) T
en
(0) < T
m
< T
0
; 0 < k 6
Ten(0)300
h
1
L
.
(ii) Eq. (5.10) has a positive solution v in an acceptable range.
(iii) v is practically the same for every crystal length L
/
having the property L
0
< L
/
6 L (L
0
= the length of the seed).
The setting of the capillary condition means to take the crystal radius r
1
(prior given) and the crystallization front level h
1
,
determined from (5.10) for the pulling rate obtained above and solve the equation:
a
0
(r
1
; h
1
; p) = p=2 a
g
(5:11)
nding the pressure difference p.
It can happen that we have to consider two equations of the form (5.11): one which corresponds to a growth process
using menisci having convex meridian curve and the second which corresponds to a growth process using menisci having
concave meridian curve. If the solution of (5.11) is in the range for which a
0
(r
1
, h
1
; p) was build, then the value of p will
be used to set H(the melt column height between the horizontal crucible melt level and the shaper top level) in function
of the pressure p
g
(pressure of the gas ow introduced in the furnace in order to release the heat) using (2.4) or equivalent:
H =
p p
g
q g
(5:12)
In the following we will illustrate numerically the above described settings.
For a growth process using menisci having convex meridian curves beside the numerical data presented in Section 3, the
following numerical data will be used (similar to NdYAG):
q
1
= 3:6 10
3
kg=m
3
; q
2
= 4:3 10
3
kg=m
3
; k
1
= 4 W=m K;k
2
= 8 W=m K;
K = 455:4 10
3
J=kg;c
1
= 800 J=kg K; c
2
= 800 J=kg K; Bi = 0:2399;
v
1
= k
1
=c
1
q
1
; v
2
= k
2
=c
2
q
2
; r
1
= 3:8277 10
3
m; r
c
= 3:8 10
3
m;
l
1
= Bi k
1
=r
c
; l
2
= Bi k
2
=r
c
; T
m
= 2243K; L = 0:3m:
For a growth process using menisci having concave meridian curves beside the numerical data presented in Section 4, the
following numerical data will be used (similar to InSb):
q
1
= 6:47 10
3
kg=m
3
; q
2
= 5:76 10
3
kg=m
3
; k
1
= 9:23 W=m K;k
2
= 4:57 W=m K;
K = 201 10
3
J=kg;c
1
= 263 J=kg K;c
2
= 260 J=kg K;Bi = 0:08;
v
1
= k
1
=c
1
q
1
; v
2
= k
2
=c
2
q
2
; r
c
= 6:7 10
4
m;
l
1
= Bi k
1
=r
c
; l
2
= Bi k
2
=r
c
; T
m
= 800K; L
=
0:3m:
At the start a stable static meniscus is chosen, which characteristic parameters r
1
, h
1
, p are in the range where a
0
(r
1
, h
1
, p) is
valid and for which r
1
is close to r
c
.
In the case of convex meridian curve such a static meniscus is obtained for p = 158 Pa and its characteristic parameters
are r
1
= 3.8277 10
3
m;h
1
= 1.3741 10
3
m; p = 158 Pa (see Section 3).
In the case of concave meridian curve such a static meniscus is obtained for p = 963 Pa and its characteristic parameters
are r
1
= 6.782 10
4
m; h
1
= 4.159 10
5
m;p = 963 Pa (see Section 4).
The second step is the choice of an initial input for T
0
, k and T
en
(0). For T
0
we can start for example with T
0
= (T
m
+ 1). As
concerns the choice of k and T
en
(0) we can put the condition T
en
(0) kL = 300 K and since L is assumed to be known we have
k =
1
L
[T
en
(0) 300[. For the choice of T
en
(0) we can start with T
en
(0) = (T
m
1). In other words the initial inputs (for the cal-
culus) are: T
0
= (T
m
1); k =
1
L
[T
en
(0) 300[ and T
en
(0) = (T
m
1).
Using this input and r
1
, h
1
for different values of L
/
= 0.01; 0.02; ....; 0.3 the values of the pulling rates v
1
, . . . , v
30
given by
the equation:
v
1
K q
1
[k
1
G
1
(r
1
; h
1
) k
2
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
)[ = 0 (5:13)
have to be found. If all these values are positive, then.
v If the average

v and variance r of v are acceptable, then the average pulling rate

v and the initial input thermal conditions
can be set.
v If the average

v and the variance r of v are not acceptable, then the initial input thermal conditions have to be reset low-
ering in general T
en
(0) and/or increasing T
0
.
The third step is to consider the average value v of v, T
en
(0), T
0
, k obtained above and solve the Eq. (5.10) for these values
with r
1
= r
c
= the desired radius and h
1
unknown. Denote by h
c
the obtained solution. Replace r
1
, h
1
with r
c
, h
c
in Eq. (5.11) and
solve this equation nding the pressure p.
The last step is to replace p in (5.12) and nd the difference between the crucible melt level and the shaper top level. For
an open crucible we can take p
g
= 0.
Following the above steps in the case of the numerical data similar to that of NdYAG and open crucible we obtained some
possible settings presented in Table 1.
In the case of the numerical data similar to that of InSb and open crucible we found some possible settings presented in
Table 2.
For the above settings the growth process stability analysis is made through the system of nonlinear ordinary differential
equations:
dr
1
dt
=
v tan a
0
(r
1
; h
1
; p)
p
2
a
g
_ _ _
;
dh
1
dt
=

v
1
Kq
1
[k
1
G
1
(r
1
; h
1
) k
2
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
)[;
_
(5:14)
which governs the evolution of the crystal radius r
1
and the crystallization front position h
1
during the growth.
It means to verify rst of all that the desired r
c
and the obtained h
c
is a steady state of the system (5.14). Furthermore if at
the start r
c
and h
c
are perturbed, (i.e. the seed radius is different from r
c
) after a period of transition the values r
c
and h
c
are
recovered. In other words, the steady state (r
c
, h
c
) is asymptotically stable. This last requirement is satised if the Hurwitz
condition is veried [1]; a
11
+ a
22
< 0 and a
11
a
22
a
12
a
21
> 0, where a
11
= v
@a
0
@r
1
(r
c
; h
c
; p); a
12
= v
@a
0
@h
1
(r
c
; h
c
; p);
a
21
=
1
Kq
1
@S
@r
1
(r
c
; h
c
; p); a
22
=
1
Kq
1
@S
@h
1
(r
c
; h
c
; p) and S = k
1
G
1
(r
1
; h
1
) k
2
G
2
(r
1
; h
1
):
The values of the numbers a
ij
in the case of the numerical values similar to NdYAG are given in Table 3 and in the case of
the numerical values similar to InSb are given in Table 4.
It is easy to see that in both cases the Hurwitz condition is satised.
Table 3
The coefcients of the linearized system in the case of NdYAG rod growth for the settings given in Table 1.
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
1 0.000264 0.000619 1.743230 18.678360
2 0.002636 0.006224 1.729855 17.088037
3 0.000325 0.000769 164.138720 457.001926
4 0.002664 0.006310 164.089379 451.313316
5 0.025888 0.062091 163.228556 397.502942
6 0.218139 0.665288 128.089577 84.769862
Table 4
The coefcients of the linearized system in the case of InSb rod growth for the settings given in Table 2.
a
11
a
12
a
21
a
22
1 1.525685 0.782619 82.897581 985.185355
2 0.018694 0.009279 408.990697 6677.107313
3 0.186965 0.092855 408.981426 6622.007062
4 1.871319 0.935263 408.839902 6071.636198
5 0.018696 0.009283 54.325290 938.591946
6 0.187105 0.093260 57.478774 943.850550
7 1.879576 0.971316 89.701591 996.204786
8 18.637401 12.595042 462.112382 1548.519411
Table 1
Some possible settings of the pulling rate, thermal and capillary conditions for the growth of an NdYAG rod of radius r
c
= 3.8 10
3
m and length L = 0.15 m,
using a shaper of radius r
0
= 5 10
3
m and a meniscus with convex prole curve.
m (mm/s) T
0
(K) T
en
(0) (K) k (K/m) p (Pa) H (mm) h
c
(mm)
1 9.77 10
4
2292.99 2242 1294 166.18 4.70 1.370
2 9.79 1O
3
2287.36 2242 1294 168.44 4.76 1.365
3 1.20 10
3
3681.43 400 666 168.97 4.78 1.364
4 9.91 10
3
3660.14 400 666 169.34 4.79 1.363
5 9.69 10
2
3460.18 400 666 173.39 4.90 1.356
6 9.66 10
1
2354.81 400 666 342.05 9.68 1.158
Table 2
Some possible settings of the pulling rate, thermal and capillary conditions for the growth of an InSb rod of radius r
c
= 6.7 10
4
m and length L = 0.15 m, using a
shaper of radius r
0
= 7 10
4
m and a meniscus with concave prole curve.
m (mm/s) T
0
(K) T
en
(0)(K) k (K/m) p (Pa) H (cm) h
c
(mm)
1 7.859 10
2
801 719 2793 831.11 1.30 4.087 10
2
2 9.666 10
4
807.11 400 666 939.13 1.47 4.158 10
2
3 9.667 10
3
807.05 400 666 937.16 1.47 4.157 10
2
4 9.668 10
2
806.40 400 666 915.79 1.44 4.143 10
2
5 9.667 10
4
801 746.98 2979 937.82 1.47 4.157 10
2
6 9.670 10
3
801 743.89 2959 924.91 1.45 4.149 10
2
7 9.675 10
2
801 712.32 2748 807.98 1.27 4.071 10
2
8 9.666 10
1
801 335.62 2374 191.34 0.301 3.481 10
2
On Fig. 12 simulations of the growth process of a 15 cm long NdYAG rod are presented, when the seed length is 10
2
m,
the radius of the seed is r
1
= 3 10
3
m and the meniscus height at the start of the growth process is h
1
= 1 10
3
m, for the
cases 1, 2, 4, 5 in Table 1.
On Fig. 13 simulations of the growth process of a 15 cm long InSb rod are presented, when the seed length is 10
2
m, the
radius of the seed is r
1
= 6 10
4
1
= 4 10
5
m, for the
cases 1, 3, 6, 7 in Table 2.
Fig. 12. Simulations of the growth of a 15 cm long NdYAG rod, based on the setting described in Section 5, when the seed length is 10
2
m, the radius of the
seed is r
1
= 3 10
3
1
= 1 10
3
m, for the cases 1, 2, 4, 5 in Table 1.
Fig. 13. Simulations of the growth of a 15 cm long InSb rod, based on the setting described in Section 5, when the seed length is 10
2
m, the radius of the
seed is r
1
= 6 10
4
1
= 4 10
5
m, for the cases 1, 3, 6, 7 in Table 2.
6. Conclusions
1. In the framework of the mathematical description of the rod growth process in EFG growth technique by ordinary differ-
ential equations (initiated by V.A. Tatarchenko) it is possible to establish explicit formula for the uctuations of the angle
between the tangent line at the triple point and the Or axis. The formula expresses the uctuations of the angle as func-
tion of the uctuations of the crystal radius, crystallization front level and pressure.
2. Using the above formula and the explicit formula of the (one dimensional) heat balance equation at the crystallization
front level is possible to set the pulling rate, the capillary and thermal conditions for the growth of a rod with prior given
radius and length. It is also possible to simulate the growth process.
3. The advantage of this kind of description is that the mathematical background is well developed and every sentence can
be rigorously proved. The disadvantage is that this type of description does not give information concerning the ow and
compositional uniformity.
4. Since the calculus and simulation can be made with microcomputer, the information obtained in this way is less expen-
sive than experiment and can be useful for experiment planning.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by CNCSIS UEFISCSU, project number PNII IDEI 354 No. 7/2007).
References
[1] V.A. Tatarchenko, Shaped Crystal Growth, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1993.
[2] S.V. Tsivinsky, Primenenie teorii capilliarnih iavlenii k polucenin izdelii zadannoi formi nepostrestvenno iz rasplava po metodu A.V.Stepanova, Inzh. z.
Zh. 5 (1962) 5967. Sov. J. Eng. Phys..
[3] I.S. Petkov, B.S. Redkin, Stability analysis of movable menisci, J. Crystal Growth 104 (1990) 2022.
[4] V.A. Tatarchenko, J.Ph. Nabot, T. Duffar, E.V. Tatarchenko, B. Roux, Some problems of stability analysis of movable meniscus, J. Crystal Growth 148 (1995)
415420.
[5] V.A. Tatarchenko, V.S. Uspenski, E.V. Tatarchenko, J.Ph. Nabot, T. Duffar, B. Roux, Theoretical model of crystal growth shaping process, J. Crystal Growth
180 (1997) 615626.
[6] V.A. Tatarchenko, V.S. Uspenski, E.V. Tatarchenko, B. Roux, Theoretical investigation of crystal growth shaping process with the wetting boundary
condition, J. Crystal Growth 220 (2000) 301307.
[7] St. Balint, A.M. Balint, Inequalities for single crystal rod growth by edge-dened lm-fed growth (EFG) technique, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 362 (2010) 231
240.
[8] St. Balint, A.M. Balint, Nonlinear boundary value problem for concave capillary surfaces occuring in single crystal rod growth from the melt, J. Inequal.
Appl. (2008) 113. Article ID 310924.

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p[ a set of m different values of p is chosen: p = p

= 1.109 is found. Thereafter this value will be

= 1.047 is found. Thereafter, this

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