STUDY OF CELLPHONE CHARGERS

Author : Suraj Hebbar

Systems Lab, CeNSE ,IISc Banglore




ABSTRACT
This report shos charging nature o! "i!!erent cellphone chargers ith "i!!erent
cellphones# Here e too$ into case, chargers !rom No$ia, Samsung, Apple, Icube
an" to Local chargers# This report pro%i"es an i"ea ho the charging current
%aries hen a cellphone is charge" ith "i!!erent chargers# It also gi%es an i"ea o!
&SB base" charging #
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION
2.THEORY
2.1 Linear regulate !"#er $u!!l%
2.2 S#it&'e ("e P"#er Su!!l% )S(PS*
2.+ C",!ari$"n -et#een S(PS an Linear $u!!l%
2.. USB
+.E/PERI(ENTAL SETUP
..RESULTS
..1 C'arging S"n% /!eria S -% 0ari"u$ ,"-ile &'arger$
..2 C'arging "1 Sa,$ung DUOS GT B2212 3N"4ia N5+ an I&u-e -% 0ari"u$
,"-ile &'arger$
..+ 6"ltage at i11erent !in$ "1 a USB &'arger
... C'arging Cell!'"ne u$ing a Hu-
2.Su,,ar%







1 .INTRODUCTION
Most cellphone chargers are not really chargers, they are only a power adaptor that provide a
power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile
phone. They are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of DC connector-styles and voltages,
most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models
of phones from a single manufacturer.
Cellphone chargers are nothing but AC to DC converters. They tae an input of !!" volt AC and
give an output voltage around #$olt DC. %enerally the output voltage of the chargers is in the
range of # to #.# $olts DC. &ut some local mae chargers give an output voltage beyond this
level. As a user who is not bothered much about these technical details 'ust connects the phone
and checs whether the cellphone is getting charged or not. &ut in reality a cellphone which is
e(posed to conditions which are beyond the permissible limits might actually reduce the life of
cellphone.
)o we performed a an e(periment on different cellphone chargers from different brands lie
Apple ,*oia, )amsung, )ony , icube and two local mae chargers. +e also charged a cellphone
through the ,)& port of the -aptop.



2. THEORY
.hones have rechargeable batteries inside which need to be charged with a DC voltage /slightly
higher than the battery voltage0. )imple phone chargers provide this DC voltage. Most of the
chargers wor as follows. These accept AC power supply which gets down converted to smaller
AC voltage through a transformer and is followed an AC-DC convertor /rectifier0. After that
there is a filter circuit that cleans the voltage before giving out on the charger pins. This voltage
is used for charging the phone.
Depending on mode of operation there are two types of power supply units they are
1. -inear regulated power supply
!. )M.) /switched mode power supply0

!.1 -inear regulated power supply

2ig A. &loc diagram of -inear 3egulated power supply
4n case of linear regulated power supply the AC voltage is first stepped down, then this voltage
is rectified and then filtered using a capacitor. The output of this capacitor goes to linear type
power supply circuit. -inear regulators employ a $oltage regulator which further employs a pass
element serving as a variable resistor which forms a voltage divider with the load. The pass
element can be a transistor placed in between the unregulated dc voltage and the desired
regulated dc output.

!.! )witched Mode .ower )upply /)M.)0



2ig & )witched Mode .ower )upply )chematic
-ie a linear power supply, the switched mode power supply too converts the available
unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. 5owever in case of )M.)
with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered using
a capacitor. Then it is converted into an AC voltage by an inverter. This AC voltage is applied to
a high fre6uency transformer the output of the transformer is again rectified and filtered. A
switch is used to control the inverter. A switch can be a M7)28T. The switch is operated for
finite 7* and 722 time by some control method. The ratio of the 7* time to the /7* 97220time
is called duty cycle. &y controlling the 7* time we can achieve a re6uired voltage which can be
then filtered using 4nductor and Capacitors to get the regulated output.

!.: Comparison between )M.) and -inear supply
4n case of linear regulator circuit the e(cess voltage from the unregulated dc input supply drops
across a series element /and hence there is power loss in proportion to this voltage drop0
whereas in switched mode circuit the unregulated portion of the voltage is removed by
modulating the switch duty ratio. The switching losses in modern switches /lie; M7)28Ts0 are
much less compared to the loss in the linear element.
-inear power supplies though they are buly they provide a much clean DC compared to )M.)
circuits. )M.) circuits are sub'ected to 8M4 since they operate on high fre6uencies so proper
care must be taen while designing them on .C&. -inear supplies are used in the system with
tight constraints on power supply.

'or more in!ormation re!er
http:((nptel#iitm#ac#in(courses()ebcourse*
contents(IIT+,-.haragpur(/oer+,-Electronics(/0'(L*
,1+,20/+,3+,2/E+,3+,-+,2+,2EE+,3N/TEL+,3#p"!
http:((#poer*supply*manu!acturers#com(en($nole"ge*base(4-5*smps*an"*linear*
poer*supply*comparison#html
http:((#engineersgarage#com(insight(ho*mobile*phone*charger*or$s
http:(("mohan$umar#or"press#com(,-11(-2(41(smps(

!.< ,)&
,niversal )erial &us /,)&0 is a hardware interface for connecting peripherals such as
eyboards, mouse, 'oystic, storage device etc.
,)& .ower

2ig. C 2ig. D
&efore using ,)& as a power source we must be aware of the color coding. The 2ig.C and 2ig. D
shows the color coding of a typical ,)& A type connector. 4f you cut open a ,)& cable you will
see # different wires.There is a shielding wire which sheilds the ,)& data from interfrence.Then
there 3ed and &lac wires which form the $DD and %round respectively.Then there are +hite
and %reen wires which form D- and D9 which are used for data communication.
The ,)& bus can supply #$ DC regulated power /ma(imum #""mA0 to each port on pins 1 and <
/3efer 2ig C0. The pins 1 and < are longer than the data pins to ensure that the power pins mate
first and ne(t the Data pins. -ow power devices can then therefore be powered from ,)& there
by eliminating the need of separate power supply such as Adaptors.

.+.E7!eri,ental Setu!
Aim; To study the amount of charging current drawn for charging a cellphone by using chargers
of different manufacturers
Components used;
10 Chargers from different companies i.e. *oia, )amsung, 4 cube, Apple and two local mae
chargers.
!0 Cell phones i.e )amsung Duos ,)ony =peria ) ,*oia *>: ,4 cube.
:0 Multimeters and clips.
6DD
D8
D9
GND
Description;
Most of the cell phone chargers are based on the )M.) because of the advantage of the
reduced si?e of the components. The schematic for the e(periment is as shown in the figure.
Ammeter is connected in series with the cell phone to measure the charging current and
voltmeter in parallel to observe the potential drop. The e(periment is repeated for each
cellphone and the values of voltage and current are recorded each time.
To start with we first tae a cellphone and note its current and voltage with all chargers. Then
we perform the same for remaining cell phones. *e(t we perform the same e(periment using
,)& as the power source and finally with ,)& 5ub.The voltage and the current are measured
with load.

2ig 8 )chematic used to perform the e(periment
3ating of different chargers
C'arger na,e Out!ut &urrent Out!ut 6"ltage Inter1a&e
N"4ia :#"mA #$ !mm DC connector
Sa,$ung >""mA #$ Micro ,)&
S"n% @""mA #$ ,)& Type A
A!!le I!'"ne 1.#A #$ ,)& Type A
A!!le I!a !A #$ ,)& Type A
I&u-e #""mA #$ !mm DC connector
L"&al &'arger81 :#"mA #$ !mm DC connector
L"&al &'arger82 #""mA #$ ,)& Type A
. Re$ult$
<.1 Charging S"n% /!eria S by various mobile chargers



Above are the pictures of the e(perimental setup of )ony =peria ) with different chargers.










S"n% /!eria S
C'arger Na,e 6"ltage)6* Current),A*
S"n% <.AA1 :>#.:
A!!le I!'"ne <.>"! <!A
A!!le I!a <.AB" <1".>
Sa,$ung <.BB< @#@.@
La!t"! <.AB< <!".#
I&u-e - A#!.<
<.! Charging Sa,$ung DUOS GT B2212 3N"4ia N5+ an I&u-e by various mobile
chargers




















Sa,$ung DUOS GT B2212
C'arger Na,e
6"ltage)6* Current),A*
Sa,$ung #.!> <BA.:
L"&al C'arger81 <.!@ :">.>
L"&al C'arger82 <.!B :1@."
I&u-e #.#B <BA."
La!t"! <.AB <A"
A!!le I!'"ne - <>>.#
A!!le I!a - <>1.@
SONY - <<A.A
N"4ia N5+
C'arger Na,e
6"ltage)6* Current),A*
Sa,$ung #.!> !!!.1
A!!le I!'"ne <.@# !!@.A
I&u-e #.A :A1.:
S"n% <.># !<#.@
N"4ia <.B# :A".B
La!t"! <.@! !>".B
L"&al &'arger81 <.AB !"A.!
L"&al &'arger82 #.!> !<>.!
ICu-e
C'arger Na,e
6"ltage)6* Current),A*
Sa,$ung - !:#.:
L"&al C'arger81 - !#!.#
L"&al C'arger82 - 1#:.A
I&u-e - ::!.>
La!t"! - 1<1.:
A!!le I!'"ne - 1@#.#
A!!le I!a - 1>#.#
SONY - 1!1.#
..+ 6"ltage$ at t'e USB !in$ "1 i11erent &'arger$

2ig. 2 2ig. % 2ig. 5
Pin$ A!!le I!'"ne &'arger A!!le i!a &'arger S"n%
6&& #.1! $ #.1# $ <.B< $
D8 !.>: $ !."# $ floating
D9 !.": $ !.>A $ floating
GND " " "

The pictures shown above are the voltages at the D- pin of the Apple 4phone charger, Apple
4pad charger, )ony charger respectively.
2rom the above e(periment we can see that there is a finite voltage in case of Apple chargers
on data lines. +hereas there is no voltage on the data lines in case of )ony chargers that
means data lines are floating.
4t can be observed that both in case of Apple 4phone/2ig .20 and 4pad /2ig. %0 chargers voltages
at D- in both cases are different . Apple uses this combination of voltages to detect whether a
valid device is connected to the charger.
... C'arging Cell!'"ne u$ing a Hu-

2rom the above activity we can infer that even with the presence of 5ub there is no
considerable drop and we can use even hub for charging cellphones.
6"ltage Current),A*
Hu- !"rt <.AB <#:.:
2 Su,,ar%
The below chart e(plains the voltage and current from different cellphone chargers taen into
account

Cell!'"ne$ S"n% /!eria N"4ia N5+ Sa,$ung Du"$ I&u-e
C'arger $ 4/mA0 $ 4/mA0 $ 4/mA0 $ 4/mA0
S"n% <.AA :>#.: <.># !<#.@ - <<A.A - 1!1.#
Sa,$ung <.BB< @#@.@ #.!> !!!.1 #.!> <BA.: - !:#.:
N"4ia - - <.B# :A".B - - - !!#.A
I&u-e - A#!.< #.A :A1.: #.#B <BA." - ::!.>
La!t"! <.AB <!".# <.@! !>".B <.AB< <A" - 1<1.:
A!!le I!'"ne <.>" <!A <.@< !!@.A - <>>.# - 1@#.#
A!!le I!a <.AB <1".> - - - <>1.@ - 1>#.#
L"&al &'arger1 - - <.AB !"A.! <.!@ :">.> - !#!.#
L"&al &'arger2 - - #.!> !<>.! <.!B :1@." - 1#:.A


+hen cellphones are connected to ,)& ports of -aptops, the ,)& port can support a charging
current of nearly <#"mA without enumeration. 8ven with the hub case remains the same.
+e observed that ma(imum charging current with +indows =p and +indows > operating
system is #""mA without enumeration.