RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

Art 3, Sec. 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have
the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he
must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived ecept in writing and in the presence
of counsel.
(!) "o torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the
free will shall be used against him. #ecret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other
similar forms of detention are prohibited.
($) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or #ection 1% hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against him.
(&) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well
as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families.'
Art 3, Sec. 14. (1) "o person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
(!) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is
proved, and shall en(oy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to
meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. )owever, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused provided that he has been duly notified
and his failure to appear is un(ustifiable.'
Art 3, Sec. 11. *ree access to the courts and +uasi,(udicial bodies and ade+uate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty.'
Art 3, Sec. 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all
(udicial, +uasi,(udicial, or administrative bodies.'
Art 3, Sec. 17. "o person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.'
Art 3, Sec. 19. (1) -cessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. "either shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons
involving heinous crimes, the .ongress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already
imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(!) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any
prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inade+uate penal facilities under subhuman
conditions shall be dealt with by law.'
Art 3, Sec. 21. "o person shall be twice put in (eopardy of punishment for the same offense. If
an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or ac+uittal under either shall
constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act.'
GAMBOA VS. CRUZ
[162 SCRA 642;L-56291; 27 JUN 1988]
Facts:
Petitioner was arreste !or "a#ran$% wit&o't a warrant( )'rin# a *ine-'+ o! 5 etainees in$*'in#
+etitioner, &e was ienti!ie -% a $o.+*ainant to -e a $o.+anion in a ro--er%, t&erea!ter &e was
$&ar#e( Petitioner !i*e a /otion to A$0'it on t&e #ro'n t&at t&e $on'$t o! t&e *ine-'+, wit&o't
noti$e an in t&e a-sen$e o! &is $o'nse* "io*ate &is $onstit'tiona* ri#&ts to $o'nse* an to 'e
+ro$ess( 1&e $o'rt enie sai .otion( 2earin# was set, &en$e t&e +etition(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not +etitioner4s ri#&t to $o'nse* an 'e +ro$ess "io*ate(
Held:
No( 1&e +o*i$e *ine-'+ was not +art o! t&e $'stoia* in0'est, &en$e, +etitioner was not %et
entit*e, at s'$& sta#e, to $o'nse*( 2e &a not -een &e* %et to answer !or a $ri.ina* o!!ense(
1&e .o.ent t&ere is a .o"e or e"en an 'r#e o! sai in"esti#ators to e*i$it a.issions or
$on!essions or e"en +*ain in!or.ation w&i$& .a% a++ear inno$ent or inno$'o's at t&e ti.e, !ro.
sai s's+e$t, &e s&o'* t&en an t&ere -e assiste -% $o'nse*, 'n*ess &e wai"es t&e ri#&t, -'t
t&e wai"er s&a** -e .ae in writin# an in t&e +resen$e o! $o'nse*(
5n t&e ri#&t to 'e +ro$ess, +etitioner was not, in an% wa%, e+ri"e o! t&is s'-stanti"e an
$onstit'tiona* ri#&t, as &e was '*% re+resente -% a $o'nse*( 2e was a$$ore a** t&e
o++ort'nities to -e &ear an to +resent e"ien$e to s'-stantiate &is e!ense; on*% t&at &e
$&ose not to, an instea o+te to !i*e a /otion to A$0'it a!ter t&e +rose$'tion &a reste its
$ase( 3&at 'e +ro$ess a-&ors is t&e a-so*'te *a$6 o! o++ort'nit% to -e &ear(
PEOPLE VS. JUDGE ASO!
[175 SCRA 216; 7(R( N5( 85215; 7 JUL 1989]
Facts:
8e*i+e Ra.os was a ti$6et !rei#&t $*er6 o! t&e P&i*i++ine Air*ines, assi#ne at its 9a#'io Cit%
station( :t was a**e#e t&at &e was in"o*"e in irre#'*arities in t&e sa*es o! +*ane ti$6ets, t&e PAL
.ana#e.ent noti!ie &i. o! an in"esti#ation to -e $on'$te( 1&at in"esti#ation was s$&e'*e
in a$$oran$e wit& PAL;s Coe o! Con'$t an )is$i+*ine, an t&e Co**e$ti"e 9ar#ainin#
A#ree.ent si#ne -% it wit& t&e P&i*i++ine Air*ines <.+*o%ees; Asso$iation =PAL<A> to w&i$&
Ra.os +ertaine( A *etter was sent -% Ra.os statin# &is wi**in#ness to sett*e t&e a.o'nt o!
P76,???( 1&e !inin#s o! t&e A'it tea. were #i"en to &i., an &e re!'te t&at &e .is'se
+ro$ees o! ti$6ets a*so statin# t&at &e was +re"ente !ro. sett*in# sai a.o'nts( 2e +ro!!ere a
$o.+ro.ise &owe"er t&is i not ens'e( 1wo .ont&s a!ter a $ri.e o! esta!a was $&ar#e
a#ainst Ra.os( Ra.os +*eae not #'i*t%( <"ien$e -% t&e +rose$'tion $ontaine Ra.os4
written a.ission an state.ent, to w&i$& e!enants ar#'e t&at t&e $on!ession was ta6en
wit&o't t&e a$$'se -ein# re+resente -% a *aw%er( Res+onent J'#e i not a.it t&ose
statin# t&at a$$'se was not re.ine o! &is $onstit'tiona* ri#&ts to re.ain si*ent an to &a"e
$o'nse*( A .otion !or re$onsieration !i*e -% t&e +rose$'tors was enie( 2en$e t&is a++ea*(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not t&e res+onent J'#e $orre$t in .a6in# ina.issi-*e as e"ien$e t&e a.ission
an state.ent o! a$$'se(
Held:
No( Se$tion 2? o! t&e 1987 $onstit'tion +ro"ies t&at t&e ri#&t a#ainst se*!-in$ri.ination =on*% to
witnesses ot&er t&an a$$'se, 'n*ess w&at is as6e is re*atin# to a i!!erent $ri.e $&ar#e- not
+resent in $ase at -ar>(
1&is is a$$ore to e"er% +erson w&o #i"es e"ien$e, w&et&er "o*'ntari*% or 'ner $o.+'*sion
o! s'-+oena, in an% $i"i*, $ri.ina*, or a.inistrati"e +ro$eein#( 1&e ri#&t is not to @-e $o.+e**e
to -e a witness a#ainst &i.se*!(A :t +res$ri-es an @o+tion o! re!'sa* to answer in$ri.inatin#
0'estions an not a +ro&i-ition o! in0'ir%(@ t&e ri#&t $an -e $*ai.e on*% w&en t&e s+e$i!i$
0'estion, in$ri.inator% in $&ara$ter, is a$t'a**% +'t to t&e witness( :t $annot -e $*ai.e at an%
ot&er ti.e( :t oes not #i"e a witness t&e ri#&t to isre#ar a s'-+oena, to e$*ine to a++ear
-e!ore t&e $o'rt at t&e ti.e a++ointe, or to re!'se to testi!% a*to#et&er( :t is a ri#&t t&at a witness
6nows or s&o'* 6now( 2e .'st $*ai. it an $o'* -e wai"e(
Ri#&ts in $'stoia* interro#ation as *ai own in .irana "( AriBonaC t&e ri#&ts o! t&e a$$'se
in$*'eC
1> &e s&a** &a"e t&e ri#&t to re.ain si*ent an to $o'nse*, an to -e in!or.e o! s'$&
ri#&t(
2> nor !or$e, "io*en$e, t&reat, inti.iation, or an% ot&er .eans w&i$& "itiates t&e !ree wi**
s&a** -e 'se a#ainst &i.(
D> an% $on!ession o-taine in "io*ation o! t&ese ri#&ts s&a** -e ina.issi-*e in e"ien$e(
1&e ini"i'a* .a% 6nowin#*% an inte**i#ent*% wai"e t&ese ri#&ts an a#ree to answer or .a6e a
state.ent( 9't 'n*ess an 'nti* s'$& ri#&ts an wai"ers are e.onstrate -% t&e +rose$'tion at
t&e tria*, no e"ien$e o-taine as a res'*t o! interro#ation $an -e 'se a#ainst &i.(
PEOPLE VS. D
[158 SCRA 111; 7(R( 74517; 2D 8<9 1988]
Facts:
Pat( Pai**a re+orte a*on# wit& 9enn% )%, wit& $a*i-er (D8 as s's+e$t to t&e s&ootin# in$ient at
@9enn%;s 9ar,@ at Sitio An#o*, /ano$-/ano$ /a*a%, A6*an =9ora$a%> sit'ate on t&e :s*an w&i$&
$a'se t&e eat& o! C&ristian Lan#e* P&i*i++e, to'rist, 24 %ears o* an a Swiss nationa*e( 2e
was $&ar#e wit& t&e /'rer 3it& t&e Use o! Un*i$ense !irear.s( A++e**ant a**e#es t&at &e
$arrie t&e "i$ti. to t&e s&ore to -e -ro'#&t to t&e &os+ita* to sa"e t&e *atter, an w&o !a$i*itate
t&e s'rrener to Pat( Pai**a a #'n w&i$& &is &e*+er !o'n t&e !o**owin# .ornin# w&i*e $*eanin#
t&e -ar( A$$'se +oste -ai* w&i$& was #rante( 1&e a$$'se enie &a"in# .ae an% ora*
$on!ession a**e#in# t&at &e went to Pat( Pai**a not to re+ort t&e in$ient -'t to state t&at a -o%
&e*+er in t&e -ar &a !o'n a #'n on t&e san !*oor w&i*e $*eanin# an t&at Pat( Pai**a +i$6e
'+ t&e #'n !ro. t&e -ar at &is re0'est( 1&e A$$'se ar#'es t&at e"en i! &e i .a6e s'$& a
$on!ession, t&e sa.e wo'* -e ina.issi-*e in e"ien$e(2e was !o'n #'i*t% in t&e R1C( 2en$e
t&e a++ea*(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not t&e *ower $o'rt $orre$t in sa%in# t&at t&e $onstit'tiona* +ro$e're on $'stoia*
interro#ation is not a++*i$a-*e in t&e instant $ase(
Held:
E<S( A++e**ant;s assertion t&at t&e #'n &e &a s'rrenere was .ere*% !o'n -% a -o% &e*+er
w&i*e $*eanin# t&e -ar eser"es no $reen$e !or, i! it were so, it wo'* &a"e -een a-s'r !or &i.
to &a"e +*a$e &i.se*! 'ner +o*i$e $'sto% in t&e ear*% .ornin# a!ter t&e in$ient( Sworn
Co.+*aint !or @/'rer wit& Use o! Un*i$ense 8irear.@ si#ne -% t&e C&ie! o! Po*i$e a*so attests
to A++e**ant;s ora* $on!ession( 1&at Co.+*aint !or.s +art o! t&e re$or o! t&e +ro$eein#s -e!ore
t&e /'ni$i+a* Cir$'it 1ria* Co'rt o! 9'r'an#a, A6*an, an is +ri.a !a$ie e"ien$e o! t&e !a$ts
t&erein state( A++e**ant;s "o*'ntar% s'rrener i.+*ies no "io*ation as @no warrant o! arrest is
iss'e !or t&e a++re&ension o! t&e a$$'se !or t&e reason t&at &e is a*rea% 'ner +o*i$e
$'sto% -e!ore t&e !i*in# o! t&e $o.+*aint(@ 3&at was to* -% t&e A$$'se to Pat, Pai**a was a
s+ontaneo's state.ent not e*i$ite t&ro'#& 0'estionin#, -'t #i"en in orinar% .anner( No
written $on!ession was so'#&t to -e +resente in e"ien$e as a res'*t o! !or.a* $'stoia*
in"esti#ation(
PEOPLE VS. MA"UEDA
[242 SCRA 565; 7(R( N5(11298D; 22 /AR 1994]
Facts:
9ritis& 2ora$e 3i**ia. 9ar6er =$ons'*tant o! 39> was s*ain insie &is &o'se in 1'-a, 9en#'et
w&i*e &is 8i*i+ino wi!e, 1eresita /enoBa was -a*% -attere wit& *ea +i+es on t&e o$$asion o! a
ro--er%( 1wo &o'se&o* &e*+ers o! t&e "i$ti.s ienti!ie Sa*"a.ante =a !or.er &o'se-o% o! t&e
"i$ti.s> an /a0'ea as t&e ro--ers( /i6e 1a-a%an an &is !rien a*so saw t&e two a$$'se a
6i*o.eter awa% !ro. t&e &o'se o! t&e "i$ti.s t&at sa.e .ornin#, w&en t&e two a$$'se as6e
t&e. !or ire$tions(
/a0'ea was t&en arreste in 7'in%an#an, F'eBon( 2e was ta6en to Ca*a'a#, F'eBon w&ere
&e si#ne a Sin'.+aan# Sa*a%sa% w&erein &e narrate &is +arti$i+ation in t&e $ri.e( A$$orin#
to SP5D /o**eno, &e in!or.e /a0'ea o! &is $onstit'tiona* ri#&ts -e!ore &e si#ne s'$&
o$'.ent( A!terwars &e was -ro'#&t to t&e 9en#'et Pro"in$ia* Jai*( 3&i*e &e was 'ner
etention, /a0'ea !i*e a /otion to 7rant 9ai*( 2e state t&erein t&at @&e is wi**in# an
"o*'nteerin# to -e a State witness in t&e a-o"e entit*e $ase, it a++earin# t&at &e is t&e *east
#'i*t% a.on# t&e a$$'se in t&is $ase(@
/a0'ea a*so a.itte &is in"o*"e.ent in t&e $o..ission o! t&e ro--er% to Prose$'tor Garate
an to Sa*"osa(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not t&e tria* $o'rt was $orre$t in &o*in# t&at t&e Sin'.+aan Sa*a%sa% is a.issi-*e
as e"ien$e(
Held:
No( 1&e Sin'.+aan# Sa*a%sa% is ina.issi-*e -e$a'se it was in $*ear "io*ation o! t&e
$onstit'tiona* ri#&ts o! t&e a$$'se( 8irst, &e was not in!or.e o! &is ri#&t to re.ain si*ent an
&is ri#&t to $o'nse*( Se$on, &e $annot -e $o.+e**e to -e a witness a#ainst &i.se*!( At t&e
ti.e o! t&e $on!ession, t&e a$$'se was a*rea% !a$in# $&ar#es in $o'rt( 2e no *on#er &a t&e
ri#&t to re.ain si*ent an to $o'nse* -'t &e &a t&e ri#&t to re!'se to -e a witness an not to
&a"e an% +reH'i$e w&atsoe"er res'*t to &i. -% s'$& re!'sa*( An %et, es+ite &is 6nowin# !'**%
we** t&at a $ase &a a*rea% -een !i*e in $o'rt, &e sti** $on!esse w&en &e i not &a"e to o so(
1&e $ontention o! t&e tria* $o'rt t&at t&e a$$'se is not entit*e to s'$& ri#&ts an%.ore -e$a'se
t&e in!or.ation &as -een !i*e an a warrant o! arrest &as -een iss'e a*rea%, is 'ntena-*e(
1&e eIer$ise o! t&e ri#&ts to re.ain si*ent an to $o'nse* an to -e in!or.e t&ereo! 'ner
Se$tion 12=1> o! t&e 9i** o! Ri#&ts are not $on!ine to t&at +erio +rior to t&e !i*in# o! a $ri.ina*
$o.+*aint or in!or.ation -'t are a"ai*a-*e at t&at sta#e w&en a +erson is @'ner in"esti#ation !or
t&e $o..ission o! an o!!ense(@
P'rs'ant to Se$tion 12=D> o! t&e 9i** o! Ri#&ts t&ere!ore, s'$& eItra-H'i$ia* a.ission is
ina.issi-*e as e"ien$e(
As to t&e a.issions .ae -% /a0'ea to Prose$'tor Garate an Ra% )ean Sa*"osa, t&e tria*
$o'rt a.itte t&eir testi.on% t&ereon on*% to +ro"e t&e tenor o! t&eir $on"ersation -'t not to
+ro"e t&e tr't& o! t&e a.ission -e$a'se s'$& testi.on% was o-He$te to as &earsa%( /a0'ea
"o*'ntari*% an !ree*% .ae t&e. to Prose$'tor Garate not in t&e $o'rse o! an in"esti#ation, -'t
in $onne$tion wit& /a0'ea;s +*ea to -e 'ti*iBe as a state witness; an as to t&e ot&er
a.ission =Sa*"osa>, it was #i"en to a +ri"ate +erson t&ere!ore a.issi-*e(
NoteC a istin$tion -etween a $on!ession an a.ission &as -een .ae -% t&e SCC
A.ission o! a +art%( J 1&e a$t, e$*aration or o.ission o! +art% as to a re*e"ant !a$t .a% -e
#i"en in e"ien$e a#ainst &i.(
Con!ession( J 1&e e$*aration o! an a$$'se a$6now*e#in# &is #'i*t o! t&e o!!ense $&ar#e, or
o! an% o!!ense ne$essari*% in$*'e t&erein, .a% -e #i"en in e"ien$e a#ainst &i.(
PEOPLE VS. BA!DULA
[2D2 SCRA 566; 7(R( N5( 8922D; 27 /AE 1994]
Facts:
SiI ar.e .en -ar#e into t&e $o.+o'n o! Po*o Co$on't P*antation in 1anHa%, Ne#ros
5rienta*( 1&e ar.e .en were ienti!ie -% Se$'rit% 7'ar, in$*'in# a$$'se( Sa*"a an
Pastrano, se$'rit% #'ars were &o#tie an a$$'se +ro$eee to t&e Att%( 7ara%, $o'nse* o!
+*antation( 1&e% ransa$6e t&e +*a$e an too6 wit& t&e. .one% an ot&er "a*'a-*es( Att%(
7ara% was 6i**e( A$$'se-a++e**ant is $&ar#e wit& ro--er% wit& &o.i$ie a*on# wit& D ot&ers
w&o were a$0'itte !or ins'!!i$ien$% o! e"ien$e( A++e**ant was $on"i$te(
Now, a++e**ant ar#'es t&at t&e eItraH'i$ia* $on!essions &e an a$$'se )ionanao eIe$'te
s'!!er !ro. $onstit'tiona* in!ir.ities, &en$e, ina.issi-*e in e"ien$e $onsierin# t&at t&e% were
eItra$te 'ner 'ress an inti.iation, an were .ere*% $o'ntersi#ne *ater -% t&e .'ni$i+a*
attorne% w&o, -% t&e nat're o! &is +osition, was not entire*% an ine+enent $o'nse* nor $o'nse*
o! t&eir $&oi$e( Conse0'ent*%, wit&o't t&e eItraH'i$ia* $on!essions, t&e +rose$'tion is *e!t
wit&o't s'!!i$ient e"ien$e to $on"i$t &i. o! t&e $ri.e $&ar#e(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not eItraH'i$ia* $on!essions o! a++e**ant is a.issi-*e as e"ien$e a#ainst &i.(
Held:
No( 3&en a$$'se-a++e**ant 9an'*a an a$$'se )ionanao were in"esti#ate i..eiate*%
a!ter t&eir arrest, t&e% &a no $o'nse* +resent( :! at a**, $o'nse* $a.e in on*% a a% a!ter t&e
$'stoia* in"esti#ation wit& res+e$t to a$$'se )ionanao, an two wee6s *ater wit& res+e$t to
a++e**ant 9an'*a( An, $o'nse* w&o s'++ose*% assiste -ot& a$$'se was Att%( R'-en Gerna,
t&e /'ni$i+a* Attorne% o! 1anHa%( 5n to+ o! t&is, t&ere are te**ta*e si#ns t&at "io*en$e was 'se
a#ainst t&e a$$'se( Certain*%, t&ese are -*atant "io*ations o! t&e Constit'tion w&i$& .anates
in
Se$( 12, Art( :::( :rre#'*arities +resent in$*'eC
1( 1&e in"esti#ators i not in!or. t&e a$$'se o! t&eir ri#&t to re.ain si*ent an to &a"e
$o.+etent an ine+enent $o'nse*, +re!era-*% o! t&eir own $&oi$e, e"en -e!ore
atte.+tin# to e*i$it state.ents t&at wo'* in$ri.inate t&e.(
2( :n"esti#ators $ontin'o's*% isre#ar t&e re+eate re0'ests o! t&e a$$'se !or .ei$a*
assistan$e( Reason !or A$$'se Sei#o4s @-*a$6 e%e@ w&i$& e"en
Pat( 9a*eHera a.itte is not esta-*is&e, as we** as 9an'*a4s !ra$t're ri-(
D( Co'nse* .'st -e ine+enent( 2e $annot -e a s+e$ia* $o'nse*, +'-*i$ or +ri"ate
+rose$'tor, $o'nse* o! t&e +o*i$e, or a .'ni$i+a* attorne% w&ose interest is a.itte*%
a"erse to t&e a$$'se(
PEOPLE VS. JARA
[144 SCRA 158; 7(R( N5(L-61D5627; D? S<P1 1986]
Ha##$s %. !e& '#( ) *+, U.S. --- .,/0,1
State.ent ina.issi-*e a#ainst a e!enant in t&e +rose$'tion;s $ase in $&ie! -e$a'se o! *a$6 o!
t&e +ro$e'ra* sa!e#'ars re0'ire -% /iranda v. Ari0ona, D84 U( S( 4D6, .a%, i! its
tr'stwort&iness satis!ies *e#a* stanars, -e 'se !or i.+ea$&.ent +'r+oses to atta$6 t&e
$rei-i*it% o! e!enant;s tria* testi.on%( #ee 1alder v. 2nited #tates, D47 U( S( 62( P+( 4?1 U(
S( 22D-226(
25 N(E(2 175, 25? N(<(2 D49, a!!ir.e(
9UR7<R, C(J(, e*i"ere t&e o+inion o! t&e Co'rt, in w&i$& 2ARLAN, S1<3AR1, 32:1<, an
9LACK/UN, JJ(, Hoine( 9LACK, J(, issente( 9R<NNAN, J(, !i*e a issentin# o+inion, in
w&i$& )5U7LAS an /ARS2ALL, JJ(, Hoine, post, +( 4?1 U( S( 226(
/R( C2:<8 JUS1:C< 9UR7<R e*i"ere t&e o+inion o! t&e Co'rt(
3e #rante t&e writ in t&is $ase to $onsier +etitioner;s $*ai. t&at a state.ent .ae -% &i. to
+o*i$e 'ner $ir$'.stan$es renerin# it ina.issi-*e to esta-*is& t&e +rose$'tion;s $ase in $&ie!
'ner /iranda v. Ari0ona, D84 U( S( 4D6 =1966>, .a% not -e 'se to i.+ea$& &is $rei-i*it%(
1&e State o! New Eor6 $&ar#e +etitioner in a two-$o'nt ini$t.ent wit& twi$e se**in# &eroin to
an 'ner$o"er
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 22D
+o*i$e o!!i$er( At a s'-se0'ent H'r% tria*, t&e o!!i$er was t&e State;s $&ie! witness, an &e testi!ie
as to etai*s o! t&e two sa*es( A se$on o!!i$er "eri!ie $o**atera* etai*s o! t&e sa*es, an a t&ir
o!!ere testi.on% a-o't t&e $&e.i$a* ana*%sis o! t&e &eroin(
Petitioner too6 t&e stan in &is own e!ense( 2e a.itte 6nowin# t&e 'ner$o"er +o*i$e o!!i$er,
-'t enie a sa*e on Jan'ar% 4, 1966( 2e a.itte .a6in# a sa*e o! $ontents o! a #*assine -a#
to t&e o!!i$er on Jan'ar% 6, -'t $*ai.e it was -a6in# +ower an +art o! a s$&e.e to e!ra'
t&e +'r$&aser(
5n $ross-eIa.ination, +etitioner was as6e seriatim w&et&er &e &a .ae s+e$i!ie state.ents
to t&e +o*i$e i..eiate*% !o**owin# &is arrest on Jan'ar% 7 -- state.ents t&at +artia**%
$ontrai$te +etitioner;s ire$t testi.on% at tria*( :n res+onse to t&e $ross-eIa.ination, +etitioner
testi!ie t&at &e $o'* not re.e.-er "irt'a**% an% o! t&e 0'estions or answers re$ite -% t&e
+rose$'tor( At t&e re0'est o! +etitioner;s $o'nse*, t&e written state.ent !ro. w&i$& t&e
+rose$'tor &a rea 0'estions an answers in &is i.+ea$&in# +ro$ess was +*a$e in t&e re$or
!or +ossi-*e 'se on a++ea*; t&e state.ent was not s&own to t&e H'r%(
1&e tria* H'#e instr'$te t&e H'r% t&at t&e state.ents attri-'te to +etitioner -% t&e +rose$'tion
$o'* -e $onsiere on*% in +assin# on +etitioner;s $rei-i*it%, an not as e"ien$e o! #'i*t( :n
$*osin# s'..ations, -ot& $o'nse* ar#'e t&e s'-stan$e o! t&e i.+ea$&in# state.ents( 1&e H'r%
t&en !o'n +etitioner #'i*t% on t&e se$on $o'nt o! t&e ini$t.ent( [8ootnote 1] 1&e New Eor6
Co'rt o! A++ea*s a!!ir.e in a +er $'ria. o+inion, 25 N(E(2 175, 25? N(<(2 D49 =1969>(
At tria*, t&e +rose$'tion .ae no e!!ort in its $ase in $&ie! to 'se t&e state.ents a**e#e*% .ae
-% +etitioner,
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 224
$on$ein# t&at t&e% were ina.issi-*e 'ner /iranda v. Ari0ona, D84 U( S( 4D6 =1966>( 1&e
trans$ri+t o! t&e interro#ation 'se in t&e i.+ea$&.ent, -'t not #i"en to t&e H'r%, s&ows t&at no
warnin# o! a ri#&t to a++ointe $o'nse* was #i"en -e!ore 0'estions were +'t to +etitioner w&en
&e was ta6en into $'sto%( Petitioner .a6es no $*ai. t&at t&e state.ents .ae to t&e +o*i$e
were $oer$e or in"o*'ntar%(
So.e $o..ents in t&e /iranda o+inion $an inee -e rea as ini$atin# a -ar to 'se o! an
'n$o'nse*e state.ent !or an% +'r+ose, -'t is$'ssion o! t&at iss'e was not at a** ne$essar% to
t&e Co'rt;s &o*in#, an $annot -e re#are as $ontro**in#( /iranda -arre t&e +rose$'tion !ro.
.a6in# its $ase wit& state.ents o! an a$$'se .ae w&i*e in $'sto% +rior to &a"in# or
e!!e$ti"e*% wai"in# $o'nse*( :t oes not !o**ow !ro. /iranda t&at e"ien$e ina.issi-*e a#ainst
an a$$'se in t&e +rose$'tion;s $ase in $&ie! is -arre !or a** +'r+oses, +ro"ie o! $o'rse t&at
t&e tr'stwort&iness o! t&e e"ien$e satis!ies *e#a* stanars(
:n 1alder v. 2nited #tates, D47 U( S( 62 =154>, t&e Co'rt +er.itte +&%si$a* e"ien$e,
ina.issi-*e in t&e $ase in $&ie!, to -e 'se !or i.+ea$&.ent +'r+oses(
@:t is one t&in# to sa% t&at t&e 7o"ern.ent $annot .a6e an a!!ir.ati"e 'se o! e"ien$e
'n*aw!'**% o-taine( :t is 0'ite anot&er to sa% t&at t&e e!enant $an t'rn t&e i**e#a* .et&o -%
w&i$& e"ien$e in t&e 7o"ern.ent;s +ossession was o-taine to &is own a"anta#e, an
+ro"ie &i.se*! wit& a s&ie* a#ainst $ontrai$tion o! &is 'ntr't&s( S'$& an eItension o! t&e
1ee3s o$trine wo'* -e a +er"ersion o! t&e 8o'rt& A.en.ent(@
@[1]&ere is &ar*% H'sti!i$ation !or *ettin# t&e e!enant a!!ir.ati"e*% resort to +erH'rio's testi.on%
in re*ian$e on t&e 7o"ern.ent;s isa-i*it% to $&a**en#e &is $rei-i*it%(@
D47 U(S( at D47 U( S( 65(
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 225
:t is tr'e t&at 3a*er was i.+ea$&e as to $o**atera* .atters in$*'e in &is ire$t eIa.ination,
w&ereas +etitioner &ere was i.+ea$&e as to testi.on% -earin# .ore ire$t*% on t&e $ri.es
$&ar#e( 3e are not +ers'ae t&at t&ere is a i!!eren$e in +rin$i+*e t&at warrants a res'*t
i!!erent !ro. t&at rea$&e -% t&e Co'rt in 1alder. Petitioner;s testi.on% in &is own -e&a*!
$on$ernin# t&e e"ents o! Jan'ar% 7 $ontraste s&ar+*% wit& w&at &e to* t&e +o*i$e s&ort*% a!ter
&is arrest( 1&e i.+ea$&.ent +ro$ess &ere 'no'-te*% +ro"ie "a*'a-*e ai to t&e H'r% in
assessin# +etitioner;s $rei-i*it%, an t&e -ene!its o! t&is +ro$ess s&o'* not -e *ost, in o'r "iew,
-e$a'se o! t&e s+e$'*ati"e +ossi-i*it% t&at i.+er.issi-*e +o*i$e $on'$t wi** -e en$o'ra#e
t&ere-%( Ass'.in# t&at t&e eI$*'sionar% r'*e &as a eterrent e!!e$t on +ros$ri-e +o*i$e $on'$t,
s'!!i$ient eterren$e !*ows w&en t&e e"ien$e in 0'estion is .ae 'na"ai*a-*e to t&e +rose$'tion
in its $ase in $&ie!(
<"er% $ri.ina* e!enant is +ri"i*e#e to testi!% in &is own e!ense, or to re!'se to o so( 9't t&at
+ri"i*e#e $annot -e $onstr'e to in$*'e t&e ri#&t to $o..it +erH'r%( #ee 2nited #tates v. 4no,
D96 U( S( 77 =1969>; cf. 5ennis v. 2nited #tates, D84 U( S( 855 =1966>( 2a"in# "o*'ntari*% ta6en
t&e stan, +etitioner was 'ner an o-*i#ation to s+ea6 tr't&!'**% an a$$'rate*%, an t&e
+rose$'tion &ere i no .ore t&an 'ti*iBe t&e traitiona* tr't&-testin# e"i$es o! t&e a"ersar%
+ro$ess( [8ootnote 2] 2a
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 226
in$onsistent state.ents -een .ae -% t&e a$$'se to so.e t&ir +erson, it $o'* &ar*% -e
$ontene t&at t&e $on!*i$t $o'* not -e *ai -e!ore t&e H'r% -% wa% o! $ross-eIa.ination an
i.+ea$&.ent(
1&e s&ie* +ro"ie -% /iranda $annot -e +er"erte into a *i$ense to 'se +erH'r% -% wa% o! a
e!ense, !ree !ro. t&e ris6 o! $on!rontation wit& +rior in$onsistent 'tteran$es( 3e &o*, t&ere!ore,
t&at +etitioner;s $rei-i*it% was a++ro+riate*% i.+ea$&e -% 'se o! &is ear*ier $on!*i$tin#
state.ents(
Affirmed.
/R( JUS1:C< 9LACK issents(
[8ootnote 1]
No a#ree.ent was rea$&e as to t&e !irst $o'nt( 1&at $o'nt was *ater ro++e -% t&e State(
[8ootnote 2]
:!, !or eIa.+*e, an a$$'se $on!esse !'**% to a &o.i$ie an *e t&e +o*i$e to t&e -o% o! t&e
"i$ti. 'ner $ir$'.stan$es .a6in# &is $on!ession ina.issi-*e, t&e +etitioner wo'* &a"e 's
a**ow t&at a$$'se to ta6e t&e stan an -*an*% en% e"er% !a$t is$*ose to t&e +o*i$e or
is$o"ere as a @!r'it@ o! &is $on!ession, !ree !ro. $on!rontation wit& &is +rior state.ents an
a$ts( 1&e "o*'ntariness o! t&e $on!ession wo'*, on t&is t&esis, -e tota**% irre*e"ant( 3e reHe$t
s'$& an eItra"a#ant eItension o! t&e Constit'tion( .ompare 4illough v. 2nited #tates, 114
U(S(A++()(C( D?5, D15 8(2 241 =1962>(
/R( JUS1:C< 9R<NNAN, wit& w&o. /R( JUS1:C< )5U7LAS an /R( JUS1:C< /ARS2ALL
Hoin, issentin#(
:t is $on$ee t&at t&e 0'estion an answer state.ent 'se to i.+ea$& +etitioner;s ire$t
testi.on% was, 'ner /iranda v. Ari0ona, D84 U( S( 4D6 =1966>, $onstit'tiona**% ina.issi-*e as
+art o! t&e State;s ire$t $ase a#ainst +etitioner( : t&in6 t&at t&e Constit'tion a*so enie t&e
State t&e 'se o! t&e state.ent on $ross-eIa.ination to i.+ea$& t&e $rei-i*it% o! +etitioner;s
testi.on% #i"en in &is own e!ense( 1&e e$ision in 1alder v. 2nited #tates, D47 U( S( 62
=1954>, is not, as t&e Co'rt toa% &o*s, is+ositi"e to t&e $ontrar%( Rat&er, t&at $ase s'++orts
.% $on$*'sion(
1&e State;s $ase a#ainst 2arris e+ene '+on t&e H'r%;s -e*ie! o! t&e testi.on% o! t&e
'ner$o"er a#ent t&at +etitioner @so*@ t&e o!!i$er &eroin on Jan'ar% 4 an a#ain on Jan'ar% 6(
Petitioner too6 t&e stan an !*at*% enie &a"in# so* an%t&in# to t&e o!!i$er on Jan'ar% 4( 2e
$o'ntere t&e o!!i$er;s testi.on% as to t&e Jan'ar% 6 sa*e wit& testi.on% t&at &e &a so* t&e
o!!i$er two #*assine -a#s $ontainin# w&at a++eare to -e &eroin, -'t t&at a$t'a**% t&e -a#s
$ontaine on*% -a6in# +ower intene to e$ei"e t&e o!!i$er in orer to o-tain L12(
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 227
1&e state.ent $ontrai$te +etitioner;s ire$t testi.on% as to t&e e"ents o! -ot& a%s( 1&e
state.ent;s "ersion o! t&e e"ents on Jan'ar% 4 was t&at t&e o!!i$er &a 'se +etitioner as a
.i*e.an to -'% so.e &eroin !ro. a t&ir +erson wit& .one% !'rnis&e -% t&e o!!i$er( 1&e
"ersion o! t&e e"ents on Jan'ar% 6 was t&at +etitioner &a a#ain a$te !or t&e o!!i$er in -'%in#
two -a#s o! &eroin !ro. a t&ir +erson !or w&i$& +etitioner re$ei"e L12 an a +art o! t&e &eroin(
1&'s, it is $*ear t&at t&e state.ent was 'se to i.+ea$& +etitioner;s ire$t testi.on% not on
$o**atera* .atters, -'t on .atters ire$t*% re*ate to t&e $ri.es !or w&i$& &e was on tria*(
[8ootnote 2M1]
1alder v. 2nited #tates was not a $ase w&ere tainte e"ien$e was 'se to i.+ea$& an
a$$'se;s ire$t testi.on% on .atters ire$t*% re*ate to t&e $ase a#ainst &i.( :n 1alder, t&e
e"ien$e was 'se to i.+ea$& t&e a$$'se;s testi.on% on .atters collateral to t&e $ri.e
$&ar#e( 3a*er &a -een ini$te in 195? !or +'r$&asin# an +ossessin# &eroin( 3&en &is
.otion to s'++ress 'se o! t&e nar$oti$s as i**e#a**% seiBe was #rante, t&e 7o"ern.ent
is.isse t&e +rose$'tion( 1wo %ears *ater, 3a*er was ini$te !or anot&er nar$oti$s "io*ation
$o.+*ete*% 'nre*ate to t&e 195? one( 1esti!%in# in &is own e!ense, &e sai on ire$t
eIa.ination t&at &e &a ne"er in &is *i!e +ossesse nar$oti$s( 5n $ross-eIa.ination, &e enie
t&at *aw en!or$e.ent o!!i$ers &a seiBe nar$oti$s !ro. &is &o.e two %ears ear*ier( 1&e
7o"ern.ent was t&en +er.itte to intro'$e t&e testi.on% o! one o! t&e o!!i$ers in"o*"e in t&e
195? seiB're, t&at, w&en &e &a raie 3a*er;s &o.e at t&at ti.e, &e &a seiBe nar$oti$s
t&ere(
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 228
1&e Co'rt &e* t&at, on !a$ts w&ere
@t&e e!enant went -e%on a .ere enia* o! $o.+*i$it% in t&e $ri.es o! w&i$& &e was $&ar#e
an .ae t&e swee+in# $*ai. t&at &e &a ne"er ea*t in or +ossesse an% nar$oti$s,@
D47 U(S( at D47 U( S( 65, t&e eI$*'sionar% r'*e o! 1ee3s v. 2nited #tates, 2D2 U( S( D8D =1914>,
wo'* not eIten to -ar t&e 7o"ern.ent !ro. re-'ttin# t&is testi.on% wit& e"ien$e, a*t&o'#&
tainte, t&at +etitioner &a in !a$t, +ossesse nar$oti$s two %ears -e!ore( 1&e Co'rt was $are!'*,
&owe"er, to istin#'is& t&e sit'ation o! an a$$'se w&ose testi.on%, as in t&e instant $ase, was
a @enia* o! $o.+*i$it% in t&e $ri.es o! w&i$& &e was $&ar#e,@ t&at is, w&ere i**e#a**% o-taine
e"ien$e was 'se to i.+ea$& t&e a$$'se;s ire$t testi.on% on .atters ire$t*% re*ate to t&e
$ase a#ainst &i.( As to t&at sit'ation, t&e Co'rt saiC
@5! $o'rse, t&e Constit'tion #'arantees a e!enant t&e !'**est o++ort'nit% to .eet t&e
a$$'sation a#ainst &i.( 2e .'st -e !ree to en% a** t&e e*e.ents o! t&e $ase a#ainst &i. wit&o't
t&ere-% #i"in# *ea"e to t&e 7o"ern.ent to intro'$e -% wa% o! re-'tta* e"ien$e i**e#a**%
se$'re -% it, an t&ere!ore not a"ai*a-*e !or its $ase in $&ie!(@
D47 U(S( at D47 U( S( 65(
8ro. t&is re$ita* o! !a$ts, it is $*ear t&at t&e e"ien$e 'se !or i.+ea$&.ent in 1alder was
re*ate to t&e ear*ier 195? +rose$'tion, an &a no ire$t -earin# on @t&e e*e.ents o! t&e $ase@
-ein# trie in 1952( 1&e e"ien$e tene so*e*% to i.+ea$& t&e $rei-i*it% o! t&e e!enant;s
ire$t testi.on% t&at &e &a ne"er in &is *i!e +ossesse &eroin( 9't t&at e"ien$e was
$o.+*ete*% 'nre*ate to t&e ini$t.ent on tria*, an i not in an% wa% inter!ere wit& &is !reeo.
to en% a** e*e.ents o! t&at $ase a#ainst &i.( :n $ontrast, &ere, t&e e"ien$e 'se !or
i.+ea$&.ent, a state.ent $on$ernin# t&e etai*s o! t&e "er% sa*es a**e#e in t&e ini$t.ent,
was ire$t*% re*ate to t&e $ase a#ainst +etitioner(
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 229
3&i*e 1alder i not ienti!% t&e $onstit'tiona* s+e$i!i$s t&at #'arantee @a e!enant t&e !'**est
o++ort'nit% to .eet t&e a$$'sation a#ainst &i. ( ( ( [an +er.it &i. to] -e !ree to en% a** t&e
e*e.ents o! t&e $ase a#ainst &i.,@ in .% "iew, /iranda v. Ari0ona, D84 U( S( 4D6 =1966>,
ienti!ie t&e 8i!t& A.en.ent;s +ri"i*e#e a#ainst se*!-in$ri.ination as one o! t&ose s+e$i!i$s(
[8ootnote 2M2]
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 2D?
1&at +ri"i*e#e &as -een eItene a#ainst t&e States( /alloy v. )ogan, D78 U( S( 1 =1964>( :t is
!'*!i**e on*% w&en an a$$'se is #'arantee t&e ri#&t @to re.ain si*ent 'n*ess &e $&ooses to
s+ea6 in t&e unfettered eIer$ise o! &is own wi**,@ id. at D78 U( S( 8 =e.+&asis ae>( 1&e $&oi$e
o! w&et&er to testi!% in one;s own e!ense .'st t&ere!ore -e @'n!ettere,@ sin$e t&at $&oi$e is an
eIer$ise o! t&e $onstit'tiona* +ri"i*e#e, 6riffin v. .alifornia, D8? U( S( 6?9 =1965>( 6riffin &e* t&at
$o..ent -% t&e +rose$'tion '+on t&e a$$'se;s !ai*'re to ta6e t&e stan or a $o'rt instr'$tion
t&at s'$& si*en$e is e"ien$e o! #'i*t is i.+er.issi-*e -e$a'se it @!etters@ t&at $&oi$e -- @[i]t $'ts
own on t&e +ri"i*e#e -% .a6in# its assertion $ost*%(@ Id. at D8? U( S( 614( 8or +re$ise*% t&e
sa.e reason, t&e $onstit'tiona* #'arantee !or-is t&e +rose$'tion to 'se a tainte state.ent to
i.+ea$& t&e a$$'se w&o ta6es t&e stanC t&e +rose$'tion;s 'se o! t&e tainte state.ent @$'ts
own on t&e +ri"i*e#e -% .a6in# its assertion $ost*%(@ Ibid. 1&'s, t&e a$$'se is enie an
@'n!ettere@ $&oi$e w&en t&e e$ision w&et&er to ta6e t&e stan is -'rene -% t&e ris6 t&at an
i**e#a**% o-taine +rior state.ent .a% -e intro'$e to i.+ea$& &is ire$t testi.on% en%in#
$o.+*i$it% in t&e $ri.e $&ar#e a#ainst &i.( [8ootnote 2MD] 3e sett*e t&is +ro+osition in
/iranda w&ere we saiC
@1&e +ri"i*e#e a#ainst se*!-in$ri.ination +rote$ts t&e ini"i'a* !ro. -ein# $o.+e**e to
in$ri.inate &i.se*! in any .anner( ( ( ( [S]tate.ents .ere*% intene to -e eI$'*+ator% -% t&e
e!enant are o!ten used to impeach his testimony at trial. . . . These statements are
incriminating in any meaningful sense of the word and may not be used without the full warnings
and effective waiver re+uired for
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 2D1
any other statement.@
D84 U(S( at D84 U( S( 476 477 =e.+&asis ae>( 1&is *an#'a#e $o.+*ete*% is+oses o! an%
istin$tion -etween state.ents 'se on ire$t as o++ose to $ross-eIa.ination( [8ootnote 2M4]
@An in$ri.inatin# state.ent is as in$ri.inatin# w&en 'se to i.+ea$& $rei-i*it% as it is w&en
'se as ire$t +roo! o! #'i*t an no $onstit'tiona* istin$tion $an *e#iti.ate*% -e rawn(@
7eople v. 4ulis, 18 N(E(2 D18, D24, 221 N(<(2 541, 54D =1966> =issentin# o+inion>(
1&e o-He$ti"e o! eterrin# i.+ro+er +o*i$e $on'$t is on*% +art o! t&e *ar#er o-He$ti"e o!
sa!e#'arin# t&e inte#rit% o! o'r a"ersar% s%ste.( 1&e @essentia* .ainsta%@ o! t&at s%ste.,
/iranda v. Ari0ona, D84 U(S( at D84 U( S( 46?, is t&e +ri"i*e#e a#ainst se*!-in$ri.ination, w&i$&,
!or
Pa#e 4?1 U( S( 2D2
t&at reason &as o$$'+ie a $entra* +*a$e in o'r H'ris+r'en$e sin$e -e!ore t&e Nation;s -irt&(
/oreo"er,
@we .a% "iew t&e &istori$a* e"e*o+.ent o! t&e +ri"i*e#e as one w&i$& #ro+e !or t&e +ro+er
s$o+e o! #o"ern.enta* +ower o"er t&e $itiBen( ( ( ( A** t&ese +o*i$ies +oint to one o"erriin#
t&o'#&tC t&e $onstit'tiona* !o'nation 'ner*%in# t&e +ri"i*e#e is t&e res+e$t a #o"ern.ent ( ( (
.'st a$$or to t&e i#nit% an inte#rit% o! its $itiBens(@
Ibid. 1&ese "a*'es are +*ain*% Heo+ariBe i! an eI$e+tion a#ainst a.ission o! tainte
state.ents is .ae !or t&ose 'se !or i.+ea$&.ent +'r+oses( /oreo"er, it is .onstro's t&at
$o'rts s&o'* ai or a-et t&e *aw--rea6in# +o*i$e o!!i$er( :t is a-iin# tr't& t&at
@[n]ot&in# $an estro% a #o"ern.ent .ore 0'i$6*% t&an its !ai*'re to o-ser"e its own *aws, or
worse, its isre#ar o! t&e $&arter o! its own eIisten$e(@
/app v. 8hio, D67 U( S( 64D, D67 U( S( 659 =1961>( 1&'s, e"en to t&e eItent t&at /iranda was
ai.e at eterrin# +o*i$e +ra$ti$es in isre#ar o! t&e Constit'tion, : !ear t&at toa%;s &o*in# wi**
serio's*% 'ner.ine t&e a$&ie"e.ent o! t&at o-He$ti"e( 1&e Co'rt toa% te**s t&e +o*i$e t&at t&e%
.a% !ree*% interro#ate an a$$'se in$o..'ni$ao an wit&o't $o'nse* an 6now t&at, a*t&o'#&
an% state.ent t&e% o-tain in "io*ation o! /iranda $annot -e 'se on t&e State;s ire$t $ase, it
.a% -e intro'$e i! t&e e!enant &as t&e te.erit% to testi!% in &is own e!ense( 1&is #oes !ar
towar 'noin# .'$& o! t&e +ro#ress .ae in $on!or.in# +o*i$e .et&os to t&e Constit'tion( :
issent(
[8ootnote 2M1]
1&e tria* trans$ri+t s&ows t&at +etitioner testi!ie t&at &e re.e.-ere .a6in# a state.ent on
Jan'ar% 7; t&at &e re.e.-ere a !ew o! t&e 0'estions an answers; -'t t&at &e i not
@re.e.-er #i"in# too .an% answers(@ 3&en as6e a-o't &is -a .e.or%, +etitioner, w&o &a
testi!ie t&at &e was a &eroin ai$t, state t&at @.% Hoints was own an : neee r'#s(@
[8ootnote 2M2]
1&ree o! t&e !i"e H'#es o! t&e A++e**ate )i"ision in t&is $ase a#ree t&at t&e State;s 'se o!
+etitioner;s i**e#a**% o-taine state.ent was an error o! $onstit'tiona* i.ension( 7eople v.
)arris, D1 A++()i"(2 828, 298 N(E(S(2 245 =1969>( 2owe"er, one o! t&e t&ree &e* t&at t&e
error i not +*a% a .eanin#!'* ro*e in t&e $ase, an was t&ere!ore &ar.*ess 'ner o'r e$ision
in .hapman v. .alifornia, D86 U( S( 18 =1967>( 2e t&ere!ore Hoine in a!!ir.in# t&e $on"i$tion
wit& t&e two H'#es w&o were o! t&e "iew t&at t&ere was no $onstit'tiona* 0'estion in"o*"e( D1
A++()i"(2 at 8D?, 298 N(E(S(2 at 249( : isa#ree t&at t&e error was &ar.*ess, an s'-s$ri-e
to t&e reasonin# o! t&e issentin# H'#es, id. at 8D1-8D2, 298 N(E(S(2 at 25?C
@Uner t&e $ir$'.stan$es o't*ine a-o"e, : $annot a#ree t&at t&is error o! $onstit'tiona*
i.ension was ;&ar.*ess -e%on a reasona-*e o'-t; =.hapman v. .alifornia, D86 U( S( 18, D86
U( S( 24>( An error is not &ar.*ess i! ;t&ere is a reasona-*e +ossi-i*it% t&at t&e e"ien$e
$o.+*aine o! .i#&t &a"e $ontri-'te to t&e $on"i$tion; =*ahy v. .onnecticut, D75 U( S( 85, D75
U( S( 86-87>( 1&e -'ren o! s&owin# t&at a $onstit'tiona* error is &ar.*ess rests wit& t&e Peo+*e
w&o, in t&is $ase, &a"e not e"en atte.+te to ass'.e t&at e.onstration =.hapman v.
.alifornia, supra>( S're*% it $annot -e sai wit& an% $ertaint% t&at t&e i.+ro+er 'se o!
e!enant;s state.ent i not ti+ t&e s$a*es a#ainst &i., es+e$ia**% w&en &is $on"i$tion rests on
t&e testi.on% o! t&e sa.e 'ner$o"er a#ent w&ose testi.on% was a++arent*% *ess t&an
$on"in$in# on t&e Jan'ar% 4 $&ar#e =cf. Anderson v. "elson, D9? U( S( 52D, D9? U( S( 525>( 5n
t&e $ontrar%, it is i!!i$'*t to see &ow e!enant $o'* not &a"e -een a.a#e se"ere*% -% 'se o!
t&e in$onsistent state.ent in a $ase w&i$&, in t&e !ina* ana*%sis, +itte &is wor a#ainst t&e
o!!i$er;s( 1&e H'#.ent s&o'* -e re"erse, an a new tria* #rante(@
1&e Co'rt o! A++ea*s a!!ir.e +er $'ria. on t&e a't&orit% o! its ear*ier o+inion in 7eople v.
4ulis, 18 N(E(2 D18, 221 N(<(2 541 =1966>( C&ie! J'#e 8'* an J'#e Keatin# issente in
4ulis on t&e #ro'n t&at /iranda +re$*'e 'se o! t&e state.ent !or i.+ea$&.ent +'r+oses, 18
N(E(2 at D2D, 221 N(<(2 at 542(
[8ootnote 2MD]
:t is t&ere!ore 'nne$essar% !or .e to $onsier +etitioner;s ar#'.ent t&at /iranda &as o"err'*e
t&e narrow eI$e+tion o! 1alder a.ittin# i.+ea$&in# e"ien$e on $o**atera* .atters(
New York v. Quarles, *20 U.S. 2*/3 ,+* S. Ct. -2-2 .,/4*1
:( :N1R5)UC1:5N
:n "ew 9or3 v. :uarles, t&e Unite States S'+re.e Co'rt $on !ronte a $ase in w&i$& t&ere
was no 0'estion t&at t&e re0'ire.ents o! /iranda v. Ari0ona &a -een "io*ate( 1&e s's+e$t;s
se*!-in$ri.inatin# state.ent, o-taine in "io*ation o! /iranda, $o'* not -e 'se to +ro"e &is
#'i*t( 1&e Co'rt, &owe"er, $reate an eI$e+tion to t&e /iranda re0'ire.ents an &e* t&at
+o*i$e nee not a"ise a $ri.ina* s's+e$t o! &is $onstit'tiona* ri#&ts w&en t&e% @as6 0'estions
reason a-*% +ro.+te -% a $on$ern !or t&e +'-*i$ sa!et%4s( 1&e Co'rt eter .ine t&at @$on$ern
!or +'-*i$ sa!et% .'st -e +ara.o'nt to a&eren$e to t&e *itera* *an#'a#e o! t&e +ro+&%*a$ti$
r'*es en'n$iate in /iranda.; As an eI$e+tion to t&e i$tates o! /iranda, !ai*'re to re$ite t&e
re0'ire warnin#s wi** no *on#er -ar t&e a.issi-i*it% o! state.ents .ae in res+onse to
$'stoia* interro#ation as *on# as t&at 0'estionin# is #eare to +rote$tin# t&e +'-*i$ sa!et%(
A*t&o'#& t&e .aHorit% $*ai.s :uarles is a narrow eI$e+tion to t&e re0'ire.ents o!
/iranda, t&e +'-*i$ sa!et% eI$e+tion &as t&e +otentia* to eI+an si#ni!i$ant*%( 1o test t&e -o'ns
o! t&e +'-*i$ sa!et% eI$e+tion, t&is note wi** !o$'s on its i.+a$t t&ro'#& a retros+e$ti"e re"iew o!
t&ree S'+re.e Co'rt $ases e$ie -e!ore :uarles. 1&e +'r+ose o! t&is a++roa$& is two!o*(
8irst, t&e note wi** eI+*ore t&e -reat& o! t&e +'-*i$ sa!et% eI$e+tion
9
t&ro'#& an ana*%sis o! t&e
!a$ts in 8ro0co v. Teas. The $&ara$ter o! a t&reat to +'-*i$ sa!et% w&i$& H'sti!ies in"o$ation o!
t&e :uarles eI$e+tion is !ar !ro. $*ear( 3&i*e t&e $o'rt sai t&at it is on*% an i..inent t&reat to
+'-*i$ sa!et% w&i$& H'sti!ies $'stoia* interro#ation wit&o't !'*!i**in# t&e re0'ire.ents o! /iranda,
t&e Co'rt i not +ro"ie an% #'ian$e to eter.ine t&e .a#nit'e o! an#er ne$essar% to
tri##er t&e :uarles eI$e+tion(
Se$on, t&e note wi** $onsier t&e +ossi-*e eI+ansion o! t&e +'-*i$ sa!et% rationa*e to
t&e 8i!t& A.en.ent ri#&t to $o'nse* an t&e SiIt& A.en.ent ri#&t to $o'nse* t&ro'#&
eIa.ination o! t&e !a$ts in <hode Island v. Innis an =rewer v. 1illiams. 5n anot&er +*ane,
:uarles .a% on*% ser"e as a *o#i$a* +ro#ression in t&e Co'rt;s in$reasin# !o$'s on +'-*i$ sa!et%(
1&e $o'rt &as re$o#niBe t&e +er.issi-i*it% o! warrant*ess entries an sear$&es in t&e interest o!
+rote$tin#
t&e +'-*i$( :S 1&e Co'rt &as now rea a +'-*i$ sa!et% eI$e+tion into
/iranda>s 8i!t& A.en.ent +rote$tions( 1&e neIt *o#i$a* ste+ in t&e +ro#ression is to a++*% t&e
narrow eI$e+tion o! :uarles to t&e H'i$ia**% $reate 8i!t& A.en.ent ri#&t to $o'nse*( 9't &ow
!ar s&o'* t&e $o'rt eIten t&e +'-*i$ sa!et% reasonin#N 3&i*e it is &ar.onio's wit& :uarles to
eIten t&e eI$e+tion to +er.it a-ri#e.ent o! t&e 8i!t& A.en.ent ri#&t to $o'nse*, t&e Co'rt;s
reasonin# is ina+t to H'sti!% an eItension o! :uarles into t&e SiIt& A.en.ent ri#&t to $o'nse*(
::( 8AC1S
On September 11, 1980, at approximately 12:30 a.m., a woman
informed two police officers on road patrol in Qeens, !ew "or#, t$at
s$e $ad been raped at %npoint. &$e two officers, 'ran# (raft and Sal
Scarrin%, dro)e t$e woman one *arter of a bloc# to t$e spermar#et
w$ic$ s$e saw $er attac#er enter. +S Officer Scarrin% radioed for
assistance w$ile Officer (raft entered t$e spermar#et in searc$ of t$e
sspect. Officer (raft stood at t$e front of t$e deserted store
20
and
saw t$e respondent Qarles, w$o matc$ed t$e description of t$e
rapist,21
a++roa$& t&e $&e$6-o't $o'nter( U+on seein# 5!!i$er Kra!t,
F'ar*es !*e to t&e rear o! t&e store wit& 5!!i$er Kra!t in +'rs'it( 22
F'ar*es was +ro.+t*% s'rro'ne -% 5!!i$er Kra!t an t&ree ot&er +o*i$e o!!i$ers( 3&i*e t&e
o!!i$ers +ointe t&eir #'ns at F'ar*es, 5! !i$er Kra!t !ris6e &i. an is$o"ere an e.+t%
s&o'*er &o*ster( 5!!i$er Kra!t t&en &an$'!!e F'ar*es, at w&i$& ti.e t&e ot&er o!!i$ers +'t t&eir
#'ns awa%( A!ter &an$'!!in# F'ar*es, 5!!i$er Kra!t as6e &i., ;1here is the #'nN;O6 F'ar*es
*oo6e in t&e ire$tion o! so.e near-% $artons an sai, >The gun is over there. ;O7 A!ter 5!!i$er
Kra!t +'**e a *oae re"o*"er !ro. one o! t&e $artons, &e to* F'ar*es t&at &e was 'ner arrest
an t&en #a"e &i. t&e /iranda warnin#s( F'ar*es t&en $onsente to answer !'rt&er 0'estions
re#arin# t&e #'n, an &e a.itte t&at &e was t&e owner o! t&e wea+on(
F'ar*es was s'-se0'ent*% +rose$'te !or $ri.ina* +ossession o! a wea+on 'ner New Eor6 *aw(
At a s'++ression &earin#, t&e tria* $o'rt eI$*'e t&e state.ent ;the gun is over there; on t&e
#ro'n t&at it &a -een .ae wit&o't t&e -ene!it o! t&e /iranda warnin#s( 1&e $o'rt a*so
s'++resse -ot& t&e wea+on an t&e s'-se0'ent a.ission o! owners&i+ as tainte !r'it
eri"e !ro. t&e +rior /iranda "io*ation(
1&e a++e**ate i"ision o! t&e S'+re.e Co'rt o! New Eor6 'nani.o's*% a!!ir.e t&e
s'++ression orer wit&o't o+inion( 1&e New Eor6 Co'rt o! A++ea*s a!!ir.e in a 4-D e$ision(
1&e $o'rt o! a++ea*s &e* t&at F'ar*es;s state.ent an t&e #'n were +ro+er*% s'+ +resse
-e$a'se t&e% were o-taine in t&e a-sen$e o! +re-interro#ation warnin#s to sa!e#'ar t&e
+ri"i*e#e a#ainst se1!-in$ri.ination( Aitiona**%, t&e $o'rt &e* t&at t&e a.issions o-taine
a!ter /iranda warnin#s &a -een #i"en were +ro+er*% eI$*'e as tainte !r'it( D6 1&e $o'rt o!
a++ea*s noteC
<"en i! it -e ass'.e t&at an e.er#en$% eI$e+tion to t&e nor.a* r'*e .i#&t -e
re$o#niBe i! t&e +'r+ose o! t&e +o*i$e in0'ir% &a -een to *o$ate an to $on!is$ate t&e #'n !or
t&e +rote$tion o! t&e +'-*i$ as istin#'is&e !ro. t&eir esire to o-tain e"ien$e o! $ri.ina*
a$ti"it% on t&e +art o! t&e e!enant( ( ( t&ere is no e"ien$e in t&e re$or( ( ( t&at t&ere were
eIi#ent $ir$'.stan$es +osin# a ris6 to t&e +'-*i$ sa!et% or t&at t&e +o*i$e interro#ation was
+ro.+te -% an% s'$& $on$ern( D7
1&e issenters t&o'#&t, &owe"er, t&at t&e sin#*e 0'estion +ose -% 5!!i$er Kra!t was not
$'stoia* interro#ation wit&in t&e .eanin# o! /iranda -e$a'se it was esi#ne @to a$&ie"e an
arti$'*a-*e an *e#iti.ate non-in"esti#ator% +'r+ose(@ 1&e issent saw 5!!i$er Kra!t;s initia*
0'estion as a @+r'ent .eas're 'nerta6en to ne'tra*iBe t&e "er% rea* t&reat o! +ossi-*e
+&%si$a* &ar. w&i$& $o'* res'*t !ro. a wea+on -ein# at *ar#e(@
:::( )<C:S:5N
1&e Unite States S'+re.e Co'rt re"erse t&e New Eor6 Co'rt o! A++ea*s an &e* t&at
-ot& F'ar*es;s state.ents an t&e #'n $o'* -e a.itte into e"ien$e( 1&e Co'rt &e* t&at
on @t&ese !a$ts t&ere is a +'-*i$ sa!et% eI$e+tion to t&e re0'ire.ent t&at /iranda
warnin#s -e #i"en -e!ore a s's+e$t;s answers .a% -e a.itte into e"ien$e(@ 1&e Co'rt
$onsiere two iss'es in t&e !or.'*ation o! t&is r'*e( 8irst, t&e Co'rt istin#'is&e t&e warnin#s
re0'ire -% /iranda !ro. t&e re0'ire.ents o! t&e 8i!t& A.en.ent( 1&e Co'rt *a-e**e t&e
/iranda warnin#s as @+ro+&%*a$ti$ .eas'res@ to +rote$t an ini"i'a*;s +ri"i*e#e a#ainst
se*!-in$ri.ination as $o.+are to a $onstit'tiona* ri#&t o! t&e e!enant(
PEOPLE VS. JUDGE DO!ATO
[198 SCRA 1D?; 7(R( N5( L-79269; 5 JUN 1991]
Facts:
Pri"ate res+onent an &is $o-a$$'se were $&ar#e o! re-e**ion on 5$to-er 2, 1986 !or a$ts
$o..itte -e!ore an a!ter 8e-r'ar% 1986( Pri"ate res+onent !i*e wit& a /otion to F'as&
a**e#in# t&atC =a> t&e !a$ts a**e#e o not $onstit'te an o!!ense; =-> t&e Co'rt &as no H'risi$tion
o"er t&e o!!ense $&ar#e; =$> t&e Co'rt &as no H'risi$tion o"er t&e +ersons o! t&e e!enants;
an => t&e $ri.ina* a$tion or *ia-i*it% &as -een eItin#'is&e( 1&is was enie( /a% 9, 1987
Res+onent !i*e a +etition !or -ai*, w&i$& was o++ose t&at t&e res+onent is not entit*e to -ai*
an%.ore sin$e re-e**ion -e$a.e a $a+ita* o!!ense 'ner P) 1996, 942 an 18D4 a.enin#
AR1( 1D5 o! RPC( 5n 5 J'ne 1987 t&e Presient iss'e <Ie$'ti"e 5rer No( 187 re+ea*in#,
a.on# ot&ers, P()( Nos( 1996, 942 an 18D4 an restorin# to !'** !or$e an e!!e$t Arti$*e 1D5 o!
t&e Re"ise Pena* Coe as it eIiste -e!ore t&e a.enator% e$rees( J'#e )onato now
#rante t&e -ai*, w&i$& was !iIe at PD?,???(?? an i.+ose a $onition t&at &e s&a** re+ort to
t&e $o'rt on$e e"er% two .ont&s wit&in t&e !irst ten a%s o! e"er% +erio t&ereo!( Petitioner !i*e
a s'++*e.enta* .otion !or re$onsieration inire$t*% as6in# t&e $o'rt to en% -ai* to an to a**ow
it to +resent e"ien$e in s'++ort t&ereo! $onsierin# t&e @ine"ita-*e +ro-a-i*it% t&at t&e a$$'se
wi** not $o.+*% wit& t&is .ain $onition o! &is -ai*( :t was $ontene t&atC
1( 1&e a$$'se &as e"ae t&e a't&orities !or t&irteen %ears an was an es$a+ee !ro.
etention w&en arreste; =C&air.an o! CPP-NPA>
2( 2e was not arreste at &is resien$e as &e &a no 6nown aress;
D( 2e was 'sin# t&e !a*se na.e @/an'e* /er$ao Castro@ at t&e ti.e o! &is arrest an
+resente a )ri"er;s Li$ense to s'-stantiate &is !a*se ientit%;
4( 1&e aress &e #a"e @Pana.itan, Kawit, Ca"ite,@ t'rne o't to -e a*so a !a*se
aress;
5( 2e an &is $o.+anions were on -oar a +ri"ate "e&i$*e wit& a e$*are owner w&ose
ientit% an aress were a*so !o'n to -e !a*se;
6( P'rs'ant to /inistr% 5rer No( 1-A ate 11 Jan'ar% 1982 , a rewar o! P25?,???(??
was o!!ere an +ai !or &is arrest(
1&is &owe"er was enie( 2en$e t&e a++ea*(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not t&e +ri"ate res+onent &as t&e ri#&t to -ai*(
Held:
Ees( 9ai* in t&e instant $ase is a .atter o! ri#&t( :t is a-so*'te sin$e t&e $ri.e is not a $a+ita*
o!!ense, t&ere!ore +rose$'tion &as no ri#&t to +resent e"ien$e( :t is on*% w&en it is a $a+ita*
o!!ense t&at t&e ri#&t -e$o.es is$retionar%( 2owe"er it was wron# !or t&e J'#e to $&an#e t&e
a.o'nt o! -ai* !ro. D?K to 5?K wit&o't &earin# t&e +rose$'tion(
Re+'-*i$ A$t No( 6968 a++ro"e on 24 5$to-er 199?, +ro"iin# a +ena*t% o! re$*'sion +er+et'a
to t&e $ri.e o! re-e**ion, is not a++*i$a-*e to t&e a$$'se as it is not !a"ora-*e to &i.(
A$$'se "a*i*% wai"e &is ri#&t to -ai* in anot&er $ase=+etition !or &a-eas $or+'s>( A#ree.ents
were .ae t&ereinC a$$'se to re.ain 'ner $'sto%, w&ereas &is $o-etainees Jose!ina Cr'B
an Jose /i*o Con$e+$ion wi** -e re*ease i..eiate*%, wit& a $onition t&at t&e% wi** s'-.it
t&e.se*"es in t&e H'risi$tion o! t&e $o'rt( Sai +etition !or 2C was is.isse( 9ai* is t&e se$'rit%
#i"en !or t&e re*ease o! a +erson in $'sto% o! t&e *aw( <r#o, t&ere was a wai"er( 3e &ere-% r'*e
t&at t&e ri#&t to -ai* is anot&er o! t&e $onstit'tiona* ri#&ts w&i$& $an -e wai"e( :t is a ri#&t w&i$&
is +ersona* to t&e a$$'se an w&ose wai"er wo'* not -e $ontrar% to *aw, +'-*i$ orer, +'-*i$
+o*i$%, .ora*s, or #oo $'sto.s, or +reH'i$ia* to a t&ir +erson wit& a ri#&t re$o#niBe -% *aw(
MA!OTOC VS. COURT OF APPEALS
[142 SCRA 149; 7(R( N5( L-621??; D? /AE 1986]
Facts:
Petitioner was $&ar#e wit& esta!a( 2e +oste -ai*( Petitioner !i*e -e!ore ea$& o! t&e tria* $o'rts
a .otion entit*e, @.otion !or +er.ission to *ea"e t&e $o'ntr%,@ statin# as #ro'n t&ere!or &is
esire to #o to t&e Unite States, @re*ati"e to &is -'siness transa$tions an o++ort'nities(@ 1&e
+rose$'tion o++ose sai .otion an a!ter 'e &earin#, -ot& tria* H'#es enie t&e sa.e(
Petitioner t&'s !i*e a +etition !or $ertiorari an .ana.'s -e!ore t&e t&en Co'rt o! A++ea*s
see6in# to ann'* t&e orers ate /ar$& 9 an 26, 1982, o! J'#es Ca.i*on an Prono"e,
res+e$ti"e*%, as we** as t&e $o..'ni$ation-re0'est o! t&e Se$'rities an <I$&an#e
Co..ission, en%in# &is *ea"e to tra"e* a-roa( 2e *i6ewise +ra%e !or t&e iss'an$e o! t&e
a++ro+riate writ $o..anin# t&e :..i#ration Co..issioner an t&e C&ie! o! t&e A"iation
Se$'rit% Co..an =APS<C5/> to $*ear &i. !or e+art're( 1&e Co'rt o! A++ea*s enie t&e
+etition(
Petitioner $ontens t&at &a"in# -een a.itte to -ai* as a .atter o! ri#&t, neit&er t&e $o'rts
w&i$& #rante &i. -ai* nor t&e Se$'rities an <I$&an#e Co..ission w&i$& &as no H'risi$tion
o"er &is *i-ert% $o'* +re"ent &i. !ro. eIer$isin# &is $onstit'tiona* ri#&t to tra"e*(
Issue:
3&et&er or Not t&e ri#&t to -ai* a .atter o! ri#&t(
Held:
1&e ri#&t to -ai* is a .atter o! ri#&t i! t&e $&ar#e is not a $a+ita* o!!ense or +'nis&a-*e -%
re$*'sion +er+et'a to eat&(
A $o'rt &as t&e +ower to +ro&i-it a +erson a.itte to -ai* !ro. *ea"in# t&e P&i*i++ines( 1&is is a
ne$essar% $onse0'en$e o! t&e nat're an !'n$tion o! a -ai* -on(
1&e $onition i.+ose '+on +etitioner to .a6e &i.se*! a"ai*a-*e at a** ti.es w&ene"er t&e $o'rt
re0'ires &is +resen$e o+erates as a "a*i restri$tion on &is ri#&t to tra"e*(
:nee, i! t&e a$$'se were a**owe to *ea"e t&e P&i*i++ines wit&o't s'!!i$ient reason, &e .a% -e
+*a$e -e%on t&e rea$& o! t&e $o'rts(
Petitioner &as not s&own t&e ne$essit% !or &is tra"e* a-roa( 1&ere is no ini$ation t&at t&e
-'siness transa$tions $annot -e 'nerta6en -% an% ot&er +erson in &is -e&a*!(