The Impact of S&T on

Music and the Way We

Listen to Music

Rowena Cristina L. Guevara

Science, Technology & Society
January 9, 2007

Music and S&T

 My Favorite Things

• MS thesis: Transcription of Monophonic Music

• PhD dissertation: Modal Distribution Analysis &
Sum of Sinusoids Synthesis of Piano Sounds
• 2 years at the College of Music (Comp & Piano)

• Piano playing for the past 40 years

Music and S&T

Music & IQ

Music and S&T

 Sound & Music
Sound is created by changes in the air
pressure around us

The corresponding sensation in the human

hearing system, consisting of the ear and the
brain, is our perception of sound

Structured sound creates Music

Music and S&T

 Representation of Sound & Music

v(t) = 5 sin(2πfot) + 0.2 sin(2πf1t)

V
Va

tT t
T

v(n) = {0.5 1 2 2.5 2 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -2 -2.5 …}

Music and S&T

ComputerAudio: Discrete-Time→16-bit Integers

0.2
COMPUTER
AUDIO
0.15 HARDWARE

0.1

0.05
Sample Value

0
Sound: Time → Pressure
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time, milliseconds

Music and S&T

 Outline of Presentation

a. Recordings from different eras and

technologies
b. Listening Exercise
c. Impact of S&T on the artists
d. Impact of S&T on the listeners
e. Impact of S&T on the music business

Music and S&T

 References

• Wikipedia – free encyclopedia on the

Internet
• Sound on Sound – December 2006
• Popular Science – September, December,
2006, January 2007

Music and S&T

Before Recording Technologies

• Music compositions were copied by hand

• Music performances were always live
• Music performances of the same
composition were varied
• Musical experiences were for the
privileged few
• Musical artists were only as good as their
last performance

Music and S&T

 George Gershwin
(September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937)
An American composer who wrote most of his vocal
and theatrical works in collaboration with his elder
brother lyricist Ira Gershwin. George Gershwin
composed both for Broadway and for the classical
concert hall. He also wrote popular songs with
success.
His first job as a performer was as a piano pounder for
Remick's, a publishing company on Tin Pan Alley.
His 1917 novelty rag "Rialto Ripples" was a
commercial success, and in 1919 he scored his
first big national hit with his song "Swanee". 1916
was the year he started working for Aeolian
Company and Standard Music Rolls in New York,
recording and arranging piano rolls. He produced
dozens if not hundreds of rolls under his own and
assumed names (pseudonyms attributed to
Gershwin include Fred Murtha and Bert Wynn.)
He also recorded rolls of his own compositions for
the Welte-Mignon reproducing piano of M. Welte
& Sons, Inc. of New York City, the inventor and
first producer of reproducing pianos.

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now
George Gershwin piano roll, 1930s

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Player Piano
The player piano is a type of piano that plays music automatically
without the need for a human pianist. Instead, the keys are struck by
mechanical, pneumatic or electrical means.
Steinway Welte-Mignon Player and control unit of
reproducing piano (1919) Yamaha Disklavier Mark III

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Music rolls & MIDI Files

Music rolls for pneumatic player pianos, often known as piano
rolls, consist of continuous sheets of paper, about 11 1/4 inches wide
and generally no more than 100 feet in length, rolled on to a
protective spool, rather like a large cotton reel. The paper is
perforated with numerous small holes, which control the pattern of
the notes to be played as the roll moves across a tracker-bar. On
reproducing rolls, additional holes control the volume level, accents,
pedals, etc., to faithfully recreate the original performance.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface, or MIDI, is an
industry-standard electronic communications protocol that defines
each musical note or event in an electronic musical instrument or
show device such as a synthesizer, precisely and concisely, allowing
electronic musical instruments, computers and other show
equipment to exchange data in real time.

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Sample Piano Roll

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Sample MIDI File

// jst.mid GMReset
mthd 1/4;XGReset
sysevent $43 $10 $00 $01 end sysevent
version 0 // single multichanneltrack volume 127
// 1 track hbank $00
lbank $7A
unit 1920 // is 1/4 program GrandPno
end mthd reverb 0
portamentotime 64
2/4;+g5 $18;
mtrk(1) // track 1 1850;hold 24
125;hold 40
metaevent 127 $43 $73 end metaevent 120;hold 56
smpteofs 3 00:00:00:0:0 65;hold 72
50;hold 88
tact 4 / 4 24 8 40;hold 104
beats 80.00000 /* 750000 microsec/beat */ 65;hold on
2395;+c5 $2C;
metaevent 127 $43 $73 $0A $00 $04 $01 end metaevent 75;-g5 $00;

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Other uses of MIDI Files

• show control
• theatre lighting
• special effects
• sound design
• recording system synchronization
• audio processor control
• computer networking, as
demonstrated by the early first-
person shooter game MIDI Maze,
1987

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: LP / Phonograph Record

A gramophone record (also phonograph record,
or simply record) is an analogue sound recording
medium consisting of a flat disc with an inscribed
modulated spiral groove starting near the periphery
and ending near the center of the disc. Gramophone
records were the primary technology used for personal
music reproduction for most of the 20th century. They
replaced the phonograph cylinder in the 1900s
The normal commercial disc is engraved with two
sound bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each
side of the disc, running from the outside edge towards
the centre. Since the late 1910s, both sides of the
record have been used to carry the grooves. The
recording is played back by rotating the disc clockwise
at a constant rotational speed with a stylus (needle)
placed in the groove, converting the vibrations of the
stylus into an electric signal, and sending this signal
through an amplifier to loudspeakers.
The terms LP record (LP, 33, or 33-1/3 rpm record), 16
rpm record (16), 45 rpm record (45), and 78 rpm
record (78) each refer to specific types of gramophone
records. LPs, 45s, and 16s are usually made of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and hence may be referred to
as vinyl records or simply vinyl. Music and S&T
 Recorded Music Then & Now
That Old Feeling sung by Adelaide Hall in the 50’s

That Old Feeling sung by Diana Krall in 1997

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: 8-Track Cartridge

The 8-track cartridge is a magnetic tape technology for

audio storage, popular from the mid-1960s to the early
1980s. The 8-track was created by Bill Lear in 1964 at
the Lear Jet Corporation, after he heard Earl
"Madman" Muntz's 1962, 4-track tape system, called
Stereo-Pak. Stereo-Pak, in turn, had been inspired by
the 1959 Fidelipac 3-track system (invented by George
Eash in 1954) used by radio broadcasters for
commercials, jingles, and single song hits.

The original format for magnetic tape sound

reproduction was reel-to-reel audio tape recording, first
made available after World War II in the late 1940s.
However, the machines were bulky and the reels
themselves were more difficult to handle than vinyl
records. Born from the desire to have an easier-to-use
tape format, the enclosed reel mechanism was
introduced in the mid-1950s.

Music and S&T

Recorded Music Then & Now
Ryan Cayabyab’s Tsismis (16 voices) 1981

Alistair Riddle’s Legend (10 voices) 1995

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Cassette Tape

Philips introduced the compact audio cassette medium
for audio storage in Europe in 1963, and in the United
States in 1964, under the trademark name Compact
Cassette. The Compact Cassette, often referred to as
audio cassette, cassette tape, cassette, or simply tape,
is a magnetic tape sound recording format. Its uses
ranged from portable audio to home recording to data
storage for early microcomputers.
Compact Cassettes consist of two miniature spools,
between which a magnetic tape is passed and wound.
These spools and their attendant parts are held inside a
protective plastic shell. Two stereo pairs of tracks (four
total) or two monaural audio tracks are available on the
tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played
or recorded when the tape is moving in one direction
and the second pair when moving in the other direction.
This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the
cassette or by having the machine itself change the
direction of tape movement ("auto-reverse").
Music and S&T
 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Walkman

The Walkman is a popular Sony
brand used by the company to
market its portable audio players.
The original Walkman brought
about a change in music listening
habits, allowing people to carry
their own choice of music with
them.

The original Walkman was

released in 1979 as the Walkman
in Japan and Soundabout abroad.
The device was created by audio
division engineer Nobutoshi
Kihara for Sony co-chairman
Morita, who wanted to be able to
listen to operas during his frequent
transpacific plane trips. 1984
1979

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Compact Disk

James Russell invented the compact disk

in 1965. James Russell was granted a total
Media type: optical disc of 22 patents for various elements of his
compact disk system.
Encoding: Two channel PCM audio at
16 bit/44100 hz However, the compact disk came into
Capacity: up to 800 MiB popularity when it was mass manufactured
by Philips in 1980.
Read mechanism: 780 nm wavelength
semiconductor laser
Developed by: Sony & Philips
Usage: audio and data storage

A CD is a simple piece of plastic about 1.2 millimeters thick. It has a single

spiral track of data circling from the inside of the disk to the outside. The
data stored on the disc can be read by the laser head. Most of the CD
consists of an injection-molded piece of clear polycarbonate plastic.
During manufacturing this plastic is impressed with microscopic bumps
arranged as a single, continuous, extremely long spiral track of data.

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: Discman

Discman was the nickname given to

Sony's first portable CD player, the D-
50, which was the first on the market in
1984 (at Y50K), and adopted for
Sony's entire portable CD player line.
In Japan, all Discman products are
referred to as "CD Walkman" and the
name was adopted worldwide in 2000
along with a redesigned "Walkman"
logo.

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now
Computer Music on Tape, 1975

Alto Saxophone & Computer Music on Tape, 1991

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: DAT / R-DAT

Digital Audio Tape (DAT or R-DAT) is a signal
recording and playback medium developed by
Sony and Philips in the mid 1980s. In
appearance it is similar to a compact audio
cassette, using 4 mm magnetic tape enclosed in
a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at
73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm. As the name
suggests the recording is digital rather than
analog, DAT converting and recording at higher,
equal or lower sampling rates than a CD (48,
44.1 or 32 kHz sampling rate, and 16 bits
quantization) without audio data compression.
This means that the entire input signal is
retained. If a digital source is copied then the
DAT will produce an exact clone, unlike other
digital media such as Digital Compact Cassette
or MiniDisc, both of which use lossy data
compression.

Music and S&T

 Recorded Music Then & Now

Storage Device &/or Format: MP3

MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, more commonly

referred to as MP3, is a popular digital audio
encoding and lossy compression format,
designed to greatly reduce the amount of data
required to represent audio, yet still sound like a
faithful reproduction of the original
uncompressed audio to most listeners. It was
invented by a team of German engineers who
worked in the framework of the EUREKA 147
DAB digital radio research program, and it
became an ISO/IEC standard in 1991.

Music and S&T

 Let’s Check Your Ears

Pitch a. Low-High b. High-Low

Rhythm a. 4/4 b. 3/4 c. 5/4

Volume a. Soft-Loud b. Loud-Soft

Timbre
a. White Noise b. Trumpet c. Electric Guitar
d. Pink Noise e. Bell e. Synthesized Drum

Music and S&T

 Psychoacoustic Tests
• Two Tones
• Two Tones vs Beats
• Sinusoid in Noise with varying SNR
• Missing Fundamental

Music and S&T

 Psychoacoustic Tests

Two Tones with frequencies getting closer each second

Music and S&T

 Psychoacoustic Tests

Two Tones with frequencies getting closer each second

Music and S&T

 Psychoacoustic Tests

Two Tones with frequencies getting closer each second

Music and S&T

 Psychoacoustic Tests

Sinusoid & Noise at Different SNRs

-49 dB SNR -43 dB SNR -37 dB SNR

-31 dB SNR -25 dB SNR -19 dB SNR

a. b.

time time

Music and S&T

 Psychoacoustic Tests

Sum of Harmonics with and without

fundamental sinusoid
Fo=261.62 Hz Fo=130.82 Hz Fo=65.41 Hz

Fo=55 Hz Fo=32.7 Hz

a. With – without fundamental b. Without – with fundamental

Music and S&T

Let’s Check Your Ears

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists
• Beethoven wanted huge piano sounds
– In an orchestra there are 70 musicians
20 violins/violas
6 cellos
4 contrabass
12 flutes
8 oboes
4 bassoons
4 trumpets
3 trombones
2 tubas
2 french horns
4 percussion sets
1 harp

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Recording Technology and New

Artists
Recording Artists versus Live
Artists
Acoustic versus Electronic
Music Instruments
Multimedia performances
Analog music editing vs
Computer-based music editing

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Acoustic Piano

A grand piano, with the lid up. Most pianos

are about 150 cm wide. Grand pianos such
as the "baby grand" pictured are about as
long as they are wide, but a Concert Grand
can measure up to 3 m perpendicular to its
keyboard.

A schematic depiction of the construction of

a pianoforte.

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: E-Piano
• An electric piano (e-piano) is an electric musical instrument whose popularity was at its
greatest during the 1960s and 1970s. Many models were designed to replace a
(heavy) piano on stage, while others were originally conceived for use in school or
college piano labs for the simultaneous tuition of several students using headphones.
Unlike a synthesizer, the electric piano is not an electronic instrument, but electro-
mechanical. Electric pianos produce sounds mechanically and the sounds are turned
into electronic signals by pickups.

• The earliest electric pianos were invented in the late 1920s; the 1929 Neo-Bechstein
electric grand piano was among the first. Probably the earliest stringless model was
Lloyd Loar's Vivi-Tone Clavier.

• An electronic piano is an entirely electronic musical instrument designed to simulate

the timbre of a piano (and sometimes a harpsichord or an Organ) using analog
circuitry. Electronic Piano was also the trade name used for Wurlitzer's popular line of
electric pianos, which were produced from the 1950s to the 1980s. This article
describes the true electronic piano. For information on the Wurlitzer instrument, see
Wurlitzer electric piano.

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: D-Piano
The CVP-208 is an 88-key Graded Hammer
keyboard in a woodgrain cabinet with a dark
rosewood finish. It features 858 different voices
including a high-quality Advanced Wave Memory
(AWM) piano voice. An extra-large, full-color VGA
display shows notation, lyrics, and more in
incredible detail. Natural!, Sweet!, Cool!, and Live!
Voices recreate woodwinds, brass, and guitars with
realism. Organ Flutes! include an adjustable organ
tone bar. Karaoke with Vocal Harmony functionality
makes it fun to sing along with the music. A 16-track
sequencer with extensive editing controls can be
used to create advanced compositions. A USB
interface connects the Clavinova easily to a
personal computer, or the built-in 3.5" floppy drive
can be used for educational software or to store
recordings. The CVP-208 is designed for the
musician who is looking for a wide variety of voices,
a huge number of features, and a large, easy-to-
read display.

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Synthesizer
• A synthesizer (or synthesiser) is an electronic musical
instrument designed to produce electronically generated
sound, using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM,
physical modelling synthesis, phase distortion, or Scanned
synthesis.

• Synthesizers create sounds through direct manipulation of

electrical voltages (as in analog synthesizers), mathematical
manipulation of discrete values using computers (as in
software synthesizers), or by a combination of both methods.
In the final stage of the synthesizer, electrical voltages
generated by the synthesizer cause vibrations in the
diaphragms of loudspeakers, headphones, etc. This
synthesized sound is contrasted with recording of natural
sound, where the mechanical energy of a sound wave is
transformed into a signal which will then be converted back to
mechanical energy on playback (though sampling synthesizers
significantly blur this distinction).

• Synthesizers typically have a keyboard which provides the

human interface to the instrument and are often thought of as
keyboard instruments. However, a synthesizer's human
interface does not necessarily have to be a keyboard, nor does
a synthesizer strictly need to be playable by a human. Different
fingerboard synthesizer or ribbon controlled synthesizers have
also been developed. (See sound module.)

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Computer-based Synthesizer

Digidesign's Advanced
Instrument Research produced
the Xpand! software sound
module, Pro Tools universe, and
Hybrid - analogue-style synth
with some neat user interface
innovations.
Next off the production line is
Strike, a plug-in dedicated to
helping you create convincing
sample-based drum tracks.
Realistic drumming
performances are stored as
patterns, which can played back
using high-quality, multisampled
drum kits.
Music and S&T
 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Guitars
Classification
Classical guitar
String
instrument
(plucked)
Playing range

Related
instruments
•Guitar family
(Steel-string
acoustic guitar,
Electric guitar,
Flamenco guitar,
Bass guitar)
•Lute (distantly
related)

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Percussion
The Drum kit

A Boss DR-202 Drum Machine

A drum machine is an electronic
1 Bass drum | 2 Floor tom | 3 Snare | musical instrument designed to
4 Toms | 5 Hi-hat | imitate the sound of drums and/or
6 Crash cymbal and Ride cymbal other percussion instruments.

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Instruments: Drum Machine

Sonar 6 produced the Session Drummer 2 which uses velocity-

sensitive multisampled drum sounds triggered by MIDI drum patterns,
and the plug-in comes provided with a variety of different drum kits and
MIDI patterns in a range of musical styles. These are organised into a
series of 'style' presets that, when loaded, include both the drum
samples and eight different MIDI patterns.

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Musical Artists

Computer-based Music Editor

Carillon rackmount case - a "breakthrough
in personal audio computing", Carillon's
new TI systems are about 'Total
Integration‘, combining hardware and
software in a way specifically designed to
suit musicians moving over to computer-
based music production for the first time,
or those who already use computers but
want an optimised 'off-the-peg' audio
machine.
There are two systems: the TI, at £799,
and the TI Plus at £1099. Both feature a
custom desktop interface to make life
easier for those new to Windows, and also
include custom audio hardware providing a
mic, guitar and line preamp, headphone
amp, eight-knob MIDI controller, and
transport controls to supplement the
system's Emu 0404 soundcard.
Music and S&T
Recorded Music Then & Now
Kiss the Girl from Little Mermaid

New Version

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

• Acoustic properties of venues

• Storage Devices and Formats:
Grammophone, LP, cassettes, 8-track,
CD, DAT, MP3
• Portability: Walkman, DiscMan, iPOD

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

is the trade name of a high-fidelity sound

reproduction system for theatrical movie theaters, screening
rooms, home theaters, computer speakers, gaming consoles, and
car audio systems. THX was developed by Tomlinson Holman at
George Lucas's company Lucasfilm in 1983 to ensure that the
soundtrack for the third Star Wars film, Return of the Jedi, would
be accurately reproduced in the best venues.

• The THX system is not a recording technology, and it does not

specify a sound recording format; all sound formats, whether digital
(Dolby Digital, SDDS) or analog (Dolby SR, Ultra-Stereo), can be
"shown in THX." THX is mainly a quality assurance system. When
a film's producer has it mixed in THX, this means the film's
soundtrack will sound, when shown in THX-certified theaters,
exactly as the mixing engineer intended.
Music and S&T
Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

Interactive Acoustic Modeling for Virtual Environments

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

iPod is a brand of portable media players designed and marketed by Apple

Computer and launched in 2001. Devices in the iPod range are primarily music
players, designed around a central scroll wheel — although the iPod shuffle has
buttons only. The full-sized model stores media on an internal hard drive, while the
smaller iPod nano and iPod shuffle use flash memory. Like many digital audio
players, iPods can also serve as external data storage devices. In addition to playing
music, iPods with display screens can display photos, calendars, contact information,
and text files. Apple focused its development on the iPod's unique user interface and
its ease of use, rather than on technical capability.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners
Portability of Music

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

Portability of Music

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

Portability of Music

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners
Brüel and Kjaer Microphones
DPA Microphones 4000 series of small-diaphragm condenser mics, cardioid 4011
and the omnidirectional 4006 with high-voltage, high-headroom versions of both (the
4003 and 4012 espectively), standard and high-voltage versions of a sub-cardioid
model (4015 and 4016), and a new,transformerless version of the 4006, the 4006
TL. These class-leading microphones are all back-electret designs- the fundamental
advantage is that the stored static charge produces a voltage between the backplate
and diaphragm of around 250V — far higher than most 'true' capacitor mics can
achieve. This enables the spacing between backplate and diaphragm to be
increased without losing sensitivity, and reduces the ratio of diaphragm movement
to overall distance — which translates directly into lower distortion and higher SPL
capability.

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

At work
Desktop
Theater

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners
At play

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Listeners

How much do
people spend on a
good sound
system?

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business

• MTV
• MTV mode in movies TV series
• Copyright
• Royalty
• Wearable Music

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Music Business
Misrepresentation in the Music Industry
Milli Vanilli
Country Germany

Years active 1988–1990

Genres Dance, Pop
Labels Hansa Records, BMG, Arista
Records
Members John Davis, Brad Howell,
Charles Shaw
Fronted by Fab Morvan and Rob Pilatus

All Or Nothing was repackaged, remixed and retitled Girl You Know It's True for its U.S. release, and spun four hit
singles: the title track, and the group's three #1 hits, "Girl I'm Gonna Miss You," "Baby Don't Forget My Number" and
"Blame It On The Rain." Milli Vanilli won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist on February 22, 1990 for Girl You Know
It's True (1990 in music). July 1989, during a live performance recorded by MTV at the Lake Compounce theme park in
Connecticut, the recording of the song "Girl You Know It's True" jammed and began to skip, repeating the line "Girl, you
know it's-" over and over. This was not unusual, as many popular artists used the same technique. The fame of this
event may have been amplified by the fact that the word "true" was poetically omitted by the whim of the playback
device. This was a prime example of the kind of happenstances that could make Milli Vanilli poster boys for the entire
range of misrepresentation in the music industry. As a result of American media pressure, Milli Vanilli's Grammy was
withdrawn on November 19, 1990

Music and S&T

 Impact of S&T on Music Business

Storage Device &/or Format and

Music Business

1963
1900
1955

2001
1980 1985
Music and S&T
Impact of S&T on Music Business

NAPSTER
Napster is an online music service which was originally a file
sharing service created by Shawn Fanning. Napster was the first
widely-used peer-to-peer (or P2P) music sharing service, and it
made a major impact on how people used the Internet. Its
technology allowed music fans to easily share MP3 format song
files with each other, thus leading to the music industry's
accusations of massive copyright violations. Although the original
service was shut down by court order, it paved the way for
decentralized P2P file-sharing programs such as Kazaa, Limewire,
and BearShare, which are now used for many the same reasons
and can download music, pictures, and other things. The popularity
and repercussions of the first Napster have made it a legendary
icon in the computer and entertainment fields.

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business
Internet-based record shops

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business
Cellular phone-based music business

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on the Music Business

THE
TOUCHLESS
IPOD
REMOTE
With a small radio tag in your glove, you
can control your music on the slopes with a
simple swipe of your hand

Music and S&T

Impact of S&T on Music Business

Even
sports
companies
are riding
on portable
music

Music and S&T

 The Impact of S&T on Music and the
Way We Listen to Music

Predictions:
The premium on live performances will start
going up as more music artists realize the
futility of relying on income from recorded
music
Multimedia compositions will become very
popular in the next 10 years
Music and S&T
The Impact of S&T on
Music and the Way We
Listen to Music

Rowena Cristina L. Guevara

Science, Technology & Society
January 9, 2007

Music and S&T