Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
non-
mis-
dis-
anti-
de-
under-
not connected with
bad, wrong
opposite feeling
opposite action
against
reduce, reverse
too little
re-
over
do again
too much
Fit these words into the chart according to the prefix. Think of other words even if
they are in Spanish
Reubique las palabras en la tabla de acuerdo con los prefijos. Piense en otras palabras
aunque sean en castellano
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incomplete - unmagnetized - impossible - reorganize -
overheat - disconnect - Illegal - irregular -
nonprogrammable - non - impact - mispronounce -
disagree - antisocial - decode - underestimate
2
Size
Tamao
Prefix Meaning Examples
Semi-
Equi-
Maxi-
Micro-
Mini-
Macro
Mega-
Half, partly
Equal
Big
Small
Little
Large
Large
Fit these words into the chart according to the prefix. Think of other words even if
they are in Spanish
Reubique las palabras en la tabla de acuerdo con los prefijos. Piense en otras palabras
aunque sean en castellano
Semiconductor equidistant maxicomputer microchip
minicomputer macroeconomics megabyte
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3
Location
Ubicacin
Prefix Meaning Examples
inter-
super-
trans-
ex
extra-
sub-
infra-
peri-
between
over
across
out
beyond
under
below
around
Fit these words into the chart according to the prefix. Think of other words even if
they are in Spanish
Reubique las palabras en la tabla de acuerdo con los prefijos. Piense en otras palabras
aunque sean en castellano
Exclude extraordinary subsystem
infrared peripheral supersonic
transfer Interface
4
Time and order
Tiempo y ubicacin
Prefix Meaning Examples
Ante-
Pre-
Prime
Post
Retro
Before
First
After
After
Backward
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Fit these words into the chart according to the prefix. Think of other words even if
they are in Spanish.
Reubique las palabras en la tabla de acuerdo con los prefijos. Piense en otras palabras
aunque sean en castellano.
Retroactive postdated prefix primary
antecedent
5
Numbers
Nmeros
Prefix Meaning Examples
Semi-
Mono-
Bi-
Tri-
Quad-
Penta-
Hex-
Septem-
Oct-
Dec-
Multi-
Half, partly
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Ten
Many
Fit these words into the chart according to the prefix. Think of other words even if
they are in Spanish.
Reubique las palabras en la tabla de acuerdo con los prefijos. Piense en otras palabras
aunque sean en castellano.
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Multiprogramme decimal octal september
hexadecimal pentagon quadruple triangle binary
monochromatic semicircle
6
Others
Otros
Prefix Meaning Examples
Pro-
Auto-
Co-
Neo-
Pan-
For
Self
Togetherness
New
All
Fit these words into the chart according to the prefix. Think of other words even if
they are in Spanish.
Reubique las palabras en la tabla de acuerdo con los prefijos. Piense en otras palabras
aunque sean en castellano.
Pan-american neoclassical coordiante
automatic program
What is S.W.O.T.?
(Abbr. Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats = Fuerzas, debilidades,
oportunidades, amenazas)
I will tell you what an abbreviation is. It is a way to abbreviate a word or group of
words.
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Le contar que es una abreviatura. Es una forma de abreviar una palabra o grupo de
palabras.
Commercially speaking, abbreviations are very common. They are used every day. The
convention for punctuation of abbreviations (which is not rigidly observed) is:
- Some consonants and the last letter: no full stop (eg: Ltd)
- First letter and some other letter: full stop (eg: Co.)
We can distinguish three different ways to shorten a word:
1- By means of the abreviation: anon, etc. abbreviation.
2- Using the initial or first syllables of the words that constitute a name:
YMCA (Young Mens Christian Association), LA (Los Angeles) initials.
3- Using the initial or first syllables of the words that constitute a name and that can be
read as a regular word, a noun, an everyday word: AIDS, UN. Se llama acronym.
4- Another way is putting two or more words together, either the first syllable of the first
and the first syllable or letter of the second or the following : prolog from
programming logic, lisp from list processor, cobol from common business orientated
language.
Traduccin
Comercialmente, las abreviaturas son muy comunes. Se usan diariamente. La
convencin para la puntuacin (que no se observa estrictamente) es la siguiente:
1. Algunas consonantes y la ltima letra: sin punto Lta
2. La primera letra y alguna otra letra llevan punto: etc.
Podemos distinguir tres clases distintas de acortar una palabra:
- Mediante la abreviatura: anon. (annimo), etc. (etctera)
Abreviatura
- Utilizando la inicial de cada una de las palabras que forman el nombre
AFJP, ART
Siglas empleando la inicial o las primeras slabas de las palabras que constituyen
un nombre y que pueden leerse como si fuera un sustantivo, una palabra
cotidiana: SIDA, ONU, ALPI. Tambin llamadas acrnimos.
Otra manera consiste en formar una palabra poniendo, ya sea la primera
slaba o letra de la primera palabra y la slaba o letras de la segunda o las
siguientes:
Prolog, Lisp, Cobol, etc.
El idioma de la computacin est lleno de acrnimos y siglas y palabras hechas
de otras palabras. Es la forma de decir ms cosas en un perodo ms breve. CPU,
ASCII, Cdrom, etc., etc., etc.
INGLS TCNICO I
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Look at your keyboard. There you have an enormous number of abbreviations.
Mire su teclado. All tiene una enorme cantidad de abreviaturas.
Grammar and vocabulary
Observe la siguiente tabla. Es muy simple pero muy clara. Le servir para siempre.
Si el propsito es La palabra se llama
Etiquetar
Nombre
(Person/city /programmer)
The man is at the office.
Sustituir un nombre
Pronombre
(I/you/he/she/it/we/they)
He is working.
Indicar accin
Verbo
(Eject / write / open / delete)
The programmer studies.
Describir / afectar a un nombre o
pronombre
Adjetivo
(Loud / heavy / red / strong)
The computer is fast.
Esc Alt Ctrl Pgdn
Pgup Ins Del
O
Bloq Num AvPag Supr RePag
ImpPnt
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Describir o afectar a un adjetivo,
verbo u otra palabra del mismo
tipo I
Adverbio
(Rapidly / quickly / very)
The program runs quickly.
Relacin entre un nombre o
pronombre
Preposicin
(To / in / with / from)
Operate the commands with the mouse.
Unir palabras, frases o clusulas
Conjuncin
(And / because / but)
Mouse and keyboard.
Exclamacin para demostrar
emocin
Interjeccin
(Oh / Hey / Hush)
Oh, this computer is new!
Qu son los modal verbs?
Qu son los auxiliary verbs?
Qu son los modal auxiliary verbs?
Son verbos que ayudan a otros verbos a expresar su significado. Es
importante darse cuenta que los verbos modales no tienen significado en
s mismos salvo aquellos que son verbos modales auxiliares
All auxiliary verbs are used with a main verb.
There are 2 groups of auxiliary verbs:
* Tense auxiliary verbs are used to change the tense of the main verb.
* Modal auxiliary verbs are used to change the mood of the main verb.
Todos los verbos auxiliares se usan con un verbo principal Existen dos
grupos de verbos auxiliares
Verbos auxiliares modales que cambian el modo del verbo principal
Verbos auxiliares para los verbos que cambian el tiempo del verbo
principal.
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Tense auxilaries Modal auxiliaries
Do
(Simple tenses)
Tiempos simples
Can Could
Be
(Continuous tenses)
Tiempos continuos
May Might
Have
(Perfect tenses)
Tiempos perfectos
Wmia
Will
Would
Shall Should
Must
Ought (to)
'Do', 'be' and 'have' as auxiliary verbs
are conjugated like main verbs. They can
have past, present and future and add 's'
for the 3rd person singular present
simple, in the case of do and have.
'Do', 'be' and 'have' como verbos
auxiliares se conjugan como verbos
principales. Pueden tener forma pasada,
presente y futura y agregar s en la
tercera persona en el caso de do y have
Modal auxiliary verbs cannot be
conjugated. They are invariable.
Los verbos modales no pueden
conjugarse. Permanecen
invariables
Example:
Can you play chess?- Do you can
play chess? Incorrect.
He can swim- He cans swim
Incorrect
I can't swim - I can't to swim
Incorrect
Tense auxiliary verbs are followed by
the main verb in a particular form:
Los verbos auxiliares para los tiempos
estn seguidos por el verbo principal de
una forma determinada:
do + V1 (base verb)
be + -ing (present participle)
have + V3 (past participle)
'Ought' is followed by the main
verb in infinitive form. Other
modal auxiliary verbs are followed
by the main verb in its base form
(V1).
'Ought' est seguido por el verbo
principal en el infinitivo. Los
dems estn seguidos por el verbo
principal en su forma base.
'ought' + to... (infinitive)
other modals + V1 (base verb)
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'Do', 'be' and 'have' can also be main
verbs.
'Do', 'be' and 'have' pueden ser
tambin verbos principales
The two auxiliaries, have and be, change
form according to the number (singular
vs plural) and person (speaker, address)
Los dos auxiliares have y be cambian su
forma de acuerdo con el nmero
(singular vs plural) y persona (el
hablante, a quin va dirigido)
Modal auxiliary verbs cannot
also be main verbs.
Los modal auxiliary verbs no
pueden ser verbos principales
Los modales Qu tipos de significados le dan a los verbos modales?
Los significados se asocian generalmente con las ideas de:
Doubt Duda.
Certainty certeza .
Possibility and Probability posibilidad y probabilidad.
4. Obligation and Permission obligacin.
Estos significados se dividen generalmente en dos grupos principales:
Degrees of certainty
Grados de certeza
Freedom to act obligation
Libertad de accin obligacin
Probabilidad
Posibilidad
Imposibilidad
Permiso
Falta de permiso
Habilidad
Obligacin
Will
Shall
May & Might
Would
Can & Could
Must
Should
Ought To
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Would
Would es uno de los Modal Auxiliary Verbs (verbos auxiliares modales). A continuacin
ver este auxiliar modal expresado en sus formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa. Los
dems Modal Auxiliary Verbs funcionan de la misma manera en las tres formas. Es
importante que preste atencin a su regularidad.
Affirmative Form
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Like some information.
Like a new scanner a.
Like some data.
Like a modern PC.
Like a printer.
Like some information.
Like some interesting data.
Like a laptop.
Interrogative Form
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
Would
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Like some information?
Like a new scanner?
Like some data?
Like a modern PC?
Like a printer?
Like some information?
Like some interesting data?
Like a laptop?
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Negative Form
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Wouldnt
Like some information.
Like a new scanner.
Like some data.
Like a modern PC.
Like a printer.
Like some information.
Like some interesting data.
Like a laptop.
Las respuestas cortas se realizan de la siguiente manera. Por supuesto, estas estn
reservadas para la parte oral exclusivamente:
Affirmative Form Negative Form
Yes, I would.
Yes, you would.
Yes, he would.
Yes, she would.
Yes, it would.
Yes, we would.
Yes, you would.
Yes, they would.
No, I wouldnt.
No, you wouldnt.
No, he wouldnt.
No, she wouldn't.
No, it wouldnt.
No, we wouldn't.
No, you wouldnt.
No, they wouldnt.
Can
Can es otro de los Modal Auxiliary Verbs (verbos auxiliares modales). A continuacin
ver a este auxiliar modal expresado en sus formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa. Es
otro de los Modal Auxiliary Verbs que aparecen aqu para que usted pueda ver la
regularidad con que funcionan en las tres formas.
INGLS TCNICO I
UNIVERSITAS 59
Este es un modal auxiliary verb (verbo auxiliar modal). No tiene modificaciones en su
conjugacin. Es decir, se conserva igual para todas las personas. Es importante que preste
atencin a su regularidad.
Affirmative Form
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Operate a PC.
Use my printer
Print the report
Speak English
Use Word very well
Understand Japanese
Play PC games
Use the new mouse
Interrogative Form
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
Can
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Operate a PC?
Use my printer?
Print the report?
Speak English?
Use Word very well?
Understand Japanese?
Play PC games?
Use the new mouse?
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Negative Form
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
Cant
Cant
Cant
Cant
Cant
Cant
Cant
Cant
Operate a PC.
Use my printer.
Print the report.
Speak English.
Use Word very well.
Use the new mouse.
Understand Japanese.
Play PC games.
Las respuestas cortas son de la manera siguiente:
Affirmative Form Negative Form
Yes, I can
Yes, you can
Yes, he can
Yes, she can
Yes, it can
Yes, we can
Yes, you can
Yes, they can
No, I cant
No, you cant
No, he cant
No, she cant
No, it cant
No, we cant
No, you cant
No, they cant
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Here are some examples of the common auxiliary verbs in action:
Aqu puede observar algunos ejemplos de los verbos auxiliares comunes en accin:
Do you like American PCs?
Does your computer make calculations?
Did you come to the course yesterday?
Why are you talking? You should be listening to me!
I was writing a document when you called!
A new PC company is being built near the school.
Have you done your homework?
My father has never used a computer.
How long have you been living in Germany?
By this time next year I will have been learning computing for 3 years!
Adverbios
Adverbios
Un adverbio da mayor informacin acerca de
cundo, cmo o dnde algo sucede.
Adverbios de frecuencia
Uso
Empleamos adverbios de frecuencia para decir con frecuencia sucede algo.
Ejemplo: They often visit England / I sometimes play tennis.
Posicin
Los adverbios de frecuencia generalmente aparecen delante del verbo principal.
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Ejemplo: They often visit Silicon Valley.
I sometimes play video games.
Se ubican despus de los verbos auxiliares y modales.
Ejemplo: She is always at home on Sundays.
I can never use the computer in the morning.
Adverbios de grado
Estos adverbios se emplean para describir la condicin o extensin de una actividad.
Generalmente, se colocan despus del objeto (o despus del verbo cuando no hay objeto)
Ejemplo: You can print well.
She can print the documents now.
Adverbios de tiempo
Estos adverbios se usan para indicar cuando las cosas pasan. Generalmente, se ubican al
comienzo, o (ms frecuentemente) al final de una oracin.
Ejemplo: Yesterday she was at home.
She arrived yesterday.
Prepositions
Preposiciones
La preposicin aparece antes de un sustantivo o de una frase verbal.
Generalmente va despus del verbo.
Ejemplo: The laptop is on the table.
Una preposicin puede tener diferentes usos:
Ejemplo: On the table (lugar) / on Monday (tiempo)
Lugar
Empleamos preposiciones de lugar para indicar dnde est algo o dnde se desarrolla una
actividad.
Ejemplo: - The bank is between the church and the market
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- I work at the bank
Otras preposiciones de lugar son:
Above / across / along / around / behind / below / beside / by /
in / in front of / into / near / next to / on / opposite / out of /
over / past / round / through / to / towards/ under
Tiempo
Usamos estas preposiciones para referirnos al tiempo
Ejemplo: We have a celebration in July
We come here on Monday
Observe este uso de las preposiciones
* In + ao / mes : In July
In 1996
* On + fecha / da : On July 14
On Monday
* At + momento del da: At eight oclock
At midnight
Otras preposiciones de tiempo son:
After / before / between / by / during / for / from / past / since / to / until
Despus de los verbos
Algunos verbos siempre estn seguidos de una preposicin antes del objeto. Estos verbos
cambian de significado de acuerdo con las diferentes preposiciones.
Ejemplo: Look at the picture! Im looking after the baby
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En sntesis
En esta Unidad pudo seleccionar prrafos dentro de un texto. Aprendi acerca de los
prefijos y de su capacidad de formar nuevas palabras. Empez a entender qu son esas
abreviaturas que aparecen en los manuales de informtica Estudi los verbos modales y
auxiliares y su fcil conjugacin.
INGLS TCNICO I
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Actividad
1 Match these key abbreviations with their full names
Combine estas abreviaturas de teclas con las palabras completas.
1 Esc ..
2 Alt ..
3 Ctrl ..
4 Pgdn ..
5 Pgup ..
6 Ins ..
7 Del ..
Page down - Control - Alternate .- Page up -
Delete - Insert - Escape -
2 Read this text without stopping at every unknown word.
Lea este texto sin parar en cada una de las palabras que desconoce.
Applications software adapts the computer to the performance of specific tasks, such as
figuring a payroll or modeling a machine part. Applications software is written in any of a
variety of high-level computer languages, such as Fortran, Cobol or Pascal, that are each
appropriate for certain applications. These languages are for the hard-to-follow languages
with which the hardware circuits communicate. They must be used in with an appropriate
compiler--one that translates from a particular high-level language to a particular low-level
machine language.
Applications software is as diverse as the applications of computers. It is generally divided
into two groups: horizontal and vertical. A horizontal program can cut across many
application areas; examples are Spreadsheets and Database programs.
Spreadsheet programs can be used to develop business ledgers and financial models and to
perform calculations in areas such as statistics and engineering. Vertical applications
programs are tailored to very narrow and specific tasks, such as medical billing, payroll for
a certain business, or the design of an airplane. Other common software programs include
INGLS TCNICO I
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Word Processors, Video Games, desktop publishing programs (see Publishing,
Desktop), and numerical tools for such activities as accounting and stock-market analysis.
Read the text and divide it into paragraphs
Lea el texto y divdalo en prrafos.
Make a list of transparent and known words in each paragraph
Haga una lista de palabras transparentes y conocidas de cada prrafo.
Detect any prefix in each paragraph.
Detecte cualquier prefijo que encuentre en cada prrafo.
INGLS TCNICO I
UNIVERSITAS 67
Clave de correccin de la Actividad
Parte B
1) Match these key abbreviations with their full names
Combine estas abreviaturas de teclas con las palabras completas.
1 Esc escape
2 Alt alternate
3 Ctrl control
4 Pgdn page down
5 Pgup page up
6 Ins insert
7 Del delete
2) Read this text without stopping at every unknown word.
Lea este texto sin parar en cada una de las palabras que desconoce.
Applications software adapts the computer to the performance of specific tasks, such as
figuring a payroll or modeling a machine part. Applications software is written in any of a
variety of high-level computer languages, such as FORTRAN, COBOL or PASCAL, that
are each appropriate for certain applications. These languages are for the hard-to-follow
languages with which the hardware circuits communicate. They must be used in with an
appropriate compiler--one that translates from a particular high-level language to a
particular low-level machine language.
Applications software is as diverse as the applications of computers. It is generally divided into two groups:
horizontal and vertical. A horizontal program can cut across many application areas; examples are
SPREADSHEETS and DATABASE programs.
Spreadsheet programs can be used to develop business ledgers and financial models and to
perform calculations in areas such as statistics and engineering. Vertical applications
programs are tailored to very narrow and specific tasks, such as medical billing, payroll for
a certain business, or the design of an airplane. Other common software programs include
WORD PROCESSORS, VIDEO GAMES, desktop publishing programs (see
PUBLISHING, DESKTOP), and numerical tools for such activities as accounting and
stock-market analysis.
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Read the text and divide it into paragraphs
1. Applications software .. machine language.
2. Applications software is . are SPREADSHEETS and DATABASE programs.
3. Spreadsheet programs can be used such activities as accounting and stock-
market analysis.
Make a list of transparent and known words in each paragraph
Haga una lista de palabras transparentes y conocidas de cada prrafo.
Applications software adapts the computer to the performance of specific tasks, such as
figuring a payroll or modeling a machine part. Applications software is written in any of a
variety of high-level computer languages, such as FORTRAN, COBOL or PASCAL, that
are each appropriate for certain applications. These languages are for the hard-to-follow
languages with which the hardware circuits communicate. They must be used in with an
appropriate compiler--one that translates from a particular high-level language to a
particular low-level machine language.
1 Transparentes 2 Conocidas 3 Prefixes
Applications - Specific
Modelling - Variety
Appropiate - Circuits
Communicate - particular
Estas siempre dependen de su
experiencia personal y de los
usos que les d laboralmente
en su quehacer cotidiano.
compiler -Translate
Applications software is as diverse as the applications of computers. It is generally divided into two groups:
horizontal and vertical. A horizontal program can cut across many application areas; examples are
SPREADSHEETS and DATABASE programs.
1 Transparentes 2 Conocidas 3 Prefixes
Diverse - Applications
Computers - Horizontal
Vertical - Areas - examples -
programs
Estas siempre dependen
de su experiencia
personal y de los usos que
les d laboralmente en su
quehacer cotidiano.
diverse
INGLS TCNICO I
UNIVERSITAS 69
Spreadsheet programs can be used to develop business ledgers and financial models and to
perform calculations in areas such as statistics and engineering. Vertical applications
programs are tailored to very narrow and specific tasks, such as medical billing, payroll for
a certain business, or the design of an airplane. Other common software programs include
WORD PROCESSORS, VIDEO GAMES, desktop publishing programs (see
PUBLISHING, DESKTOP), and numerical tools for such activities as accounting and
stock-market analysis.
1 Transparente 2 Conocidas 3 Prefixes
Programs - Financial -
Models - Calculations -
Areas - Statistics
Vertical - Applications -
Programs - Common -
Video - Numerical -
activities - analysis
Estas siempre dependen de
su experiencia personal y de
los usos que les d
laboralmente en su quehacer
cotidiano.
.
Detect any prefix in each paragraph.
Detecte cualquier prefijo que encuentre en cada prrafo (ver columna tres) .
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Autoevaluacin
1 Read this text without stopping at every word.
Lea este texto sin detenerse aunque desconozca las palabras.
Introduction Microcomputer, desktop - or notebook-size computing device that uses a
microprocessor as its central processing unit, or CPU. Microcomputers are also called
personal computers (PCs), home computers, small-business computers, and micros. The
smallest, most compact are called laptops. When they first appeared, they were
considered single-user devices, and they were capable of handling only four, eight, or 16
bits of information at one time. More recently the distinction between microcomputers
and large, mainframe computers (as well as the smaller mainframe-type systems called
minicomputers) has become blurred, as newer microcomputer models have increased the
speed and data-handling capabilities of their CPUs into the 32-bit, multiuser range.
Read the text and divide it into paragraphs
2. Divida el texto en prrafos.
Make a list of transparent and known words in each paragraph
3..Haga una lista de palabras transparentes y conocidas de cada prrafo.
Detect any prefix in each paragraph.
4 .Detecte cualquier prefijo que encuentre en cada prrafo.
5.Cuntas veces aparece en el texto la palabra software?
6.Cuntas veces aparece en el texto la palabra hardware?
INGLS TCNICO I
UNIVERSITAS 71
7 Luego, responda las siguientes preguntas:
Cmo se denomina a los componentes fsicos de la computadora?
8. Qu incluye lo que se denomina hardware?
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Clave de correccin
2. Hay 2 prrafos
3. Palabras transparentes:
Applications adapts computer specific modeling part variety languages appropriate certain
binary circuits communicate used conjunction compiler translates particular diverse
divided groups horizontal vertical program areas examples financial models calculations
statistics engineering medical airplane common include processors, video activities
analysis.
4. Replacements binary conjunction
Aparece 6 veces
Aparece 6 veces
Hardware.Memory, CPU, bus, input and output devices
Software
5. Hardware.
6. Memory, CPU, bus, input and output devices
7. Software
INGLS TCNICO I
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Bibliografa
Dictionary of Contemporary English
The Complete Guide to Written and Spoken English. Third Edition. Longman Group 1999.
England
Language Activator.
The Worlds First Production Dictionary. Longman Corpus Network 1993
England
Murphy Raymond, Essential Grammar in Use, Edicin en Espaol (1998). Cambridge
University Press.
McCarthy Michael, English Vocabulary in Use, ODell Felicity (1995). Cambridge
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