1

The Modern Periodic Table

2
1. Read the assinged textbook sections before lecture.
2. Attend lecture; be prompt and alert. =)
3. Download and review the lectures after each lecture.
(when the material is fresh).
Study ALL additional slides in the Powerpoint
labeled At Home Practice! And, struggle to work
the problem before peeking a the solution.
You may see these ?s again on quizzes/exams.
4. Work all HW problems and other material posted on
Polylearn. You may also see questions these again.
5. Dont hesitate to come to office hours for get
clarifications. Im here to help.


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2-34

2.8
Chem127 !"# %"&' !" (&") Bi. }oiuaniues
*ELENENTS in uR00P 1A (1+), 2A(2+), SA(S+), SA(S-), 6A(2-), anu 7A (1-) follow the ion tienu shown in
( ) anu uon't iequiie memoiization, just unueistanu the tienu. **These !"!#$$% foim the cation specifieu.
0xanions with foui possible anions. Know how to get the othei thiee. Foi example: peichloiate=ClO
4
-
,
chloiate=ClO
3
-
, chloiite=ClO
2
-
, hypochloiite=ClO
-
. Lastly, practice naming oxoacids.
aluminum Al
3+

nickel(III) or
nickelic
Ni
3+
dichromate Cr
2
O
7
2
-

ammonium NH
4
+
potassium K
+
fluoride F
-

barium Ba
2+
rubidium Rb
+
hydride H
-

cadmium Cd
2+
silver Ag
+

hydrogen
phosphate
HPO
4
2
-

calcium Ca
2+
sodium Na
+
hydroxide OH
-

cesium Cs
+
strontium Sr
2+
iodate IO
3
-

chromium(III)** Cr
3+

tin (II) or
stannous
Sn
2+
iodide I
-

cobalt(II) or
cobaltous**
Co
2+

tin (IV) or
stannic
Sn
4+
nitrate NO
3
-

copper (I) or
cuprous
Cu
+
zinc Zn
2+
nitrite NO
2
-

copper (II) or
cupric
Cu
2+
acetate CH
3
COO
-
nitride N
3
-

hydrogen
or proton
H
+
arsenate AsO
4
3-
oxalate C
2
O
4
2-

iron (II) or
ferrous
Fe
2+
bromide Br
-
oxide O
2
-

iron (III) or
ferric
Fe
3+
bicarbonate HCO
3
-
permanganate MnO
4
-

lead(II) or
plumbous
Pb
2+
bisulfate HSO
4
-
peroxide O
2
2
-

lead(IV) or
plumbic
Pb
4+
borate BO
3
3
-
phosphate PO
4
3
-

lithium Li
+
bromate BrO
3
-
phosphite PO
3
3
-

magnesium Mg
2+
carbonate CO
3
2
-
phosphide P
3-

manganese(II)** Mn
2+
chlorate ClO
3
-
sulfate SO
4
2
-

mercury (I) or
mercurous
Hg
2
2+
chloride Cl
-
sulfite SO
3
2
-

mercury (II) or
mercuric
Hg
2+
chromate CrO
4
2
-
sulfide S
2-

nickel(II) or
nickelous
Ni
2+
cyanide CN
-
thiocyanate SCN
-

Al
2
O
3

2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6
Al
3+
O
2-

Ca
1
Br
2
1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2
Ca
2+
Br
-

starting w/
the ions
starting w/ the
ionic compound...
Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Q: What salt forms from aluminum and oxygen?
Q: What ions are present in CaBr
2
?
2.6
6
Chemical Nomenclature
1. IONIC COMPOUNDS (METAL + NONMETAL)
name cation (charge in Roman Numerals, if variable)
name anion
BaO barium oxide
KNO
3
potassium nitrate
2.8
Cr
2
S
3
chromium(III) sulfide
CuCl
2
CuCl
3
NOTE: Common (older) naming system: -ous and ic
cuprous chloride cupric chloride
Which of the following chemical names could
refer to more than one common compound?
A) calcium hydroxide
B) iron bromide
C) sodium sulfide
D) lithium nitrate
E) all of the above refer to more than 1
compound
FeBr
3
FeBr
2
2.8
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8
Chemical Nomenclature
2. BINARY COVALENT COMPOUNDS (NONMETALS)
prefix, name of 1
st
element, prefix, name of 2
nd
element
(with ide ending)
CO
2
carbon dioxide
2.8
N
2
O
5
dinitrogen pentoxide
! EXCEPTIONS: H
2
O, NH
3
, H
2
O
2
, CH
4
(+organics)

Table 2.6 Greek Prefixes
Number Prefix Number Prefix Number Prefix
1 mono-
2 di-
3 tri-
4 tetra-
5 penta-
6 hexa-
7 hepta-
8 octa-
9 nona-
10 deca-


Name P
4
O
10
(a) tetraphosphorus decaoxide
(b) fourphosphorus nonaoxide
(c) tetraphosphorus decoxide
(d) Tetraphosphorus decoxide
(c) omit a of a prefix if the element begins in an o
2.8
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3. NAMING ACIDS (hydrogen + other nonmetals in water)
A) binary acids: hydro, name of anion with ic ending
2.8
HF(aq) hydrofluoric acid
B) oxoacids: (acid with H, O, and another element)

+ [O]
-[O]
-[O]
OXOACIDS
OXOANION
ClO
3
-
chlorate
ClO
4
-
perchlorate
ClO
2
-

chlorite
ClO
-
hypochlorite
HClO
3

chloric acid
HClO
4

perchloric acid
HClO
2
chlorous

acid
HClO
hyprochlorous
acid
3-11
IO
4
-
is the periodate ion. How would you
name IO
2
-
?
A) hypoiodite
B) periodite
C) iodate
D) iodite
-2 [O]
-1 [O]
does not exist
-3 [O]
2.8
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Stoichiometry of Formulas & Eqns.
Chapter 3
Some images have Copyright The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
1 Mole of:
13
mole (mol) - amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of
12
C

1 mol = N
A
= 6.0221367 x 10
23

Avogadros number (N
A
)
Dozen = 12
Pair = 2
The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles
6.022 x 10
23
3.1
14
Molar mass - the mass of 1 mole of in grams
eggs
shoes
marbles
atoms
Elements:
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
Example: M of Li = 6.941 g/mol
M = molar mass unit, g/mol
Compounds: sum of atomic masses of ALL elements
Example: M of CO
2
= 1 M C+ 2 M O
= 12.0 + 2(16.0)=44.0 g/mol
3.1
15
Mass-mole-
number
relationships
Figures
3.2/3.3
3.1
16
x
6.022 x 10
23
atoms K
1 mol K
=
How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
0.551 g K
1 mol K
39.10 g K
x
8.49 x 10
21
atoms K

!
g
M
" # " mol
N
A
" # " atoms
M
= molar mass in g/mol
N
A
= Avogadros number 3.1
17
How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C
3
H
8
O ?
M) 1 mol C
3
H
8
O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C
3
H
8
O
N
A
) 1 mol H = 6.022 x 10
23
atoms H
5.82 x 10
24
atoms H
mol ratio) 1 mol C
3
H
8
O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
72.5 g C
3
H
8
O
1 mol C
3
H
8
O
60 g C
3
H
8
O
x
8 mol H atoms
1 mol C
3
H
8
O
x
6.022 x 10
23
H atoms
1 mol H atoms
x =
!

!
g C
3
H
8
O
M
" # " mol C
3
H
8
O
mol ratio
" # " " mol H atoms
N
A
" # " Hatoms
3.1
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340 g
1 mole C
12
H
22
H
11
4.2 g table sugar
x
! How many oxygen atoms is there in 1 teaspoon
(~4.2 g) of table sugar, C
12
H
22
O
11
?
1 mole C
12
H
22
H
11

6.022x10
23
molecules

C
12
H
22
O
11
x
1 molecule C
12
H
22
O
11

11 oxygen atoms
x
=
8.1 x10
22

O atoms
in table
sugar
Lecture Question
A) 8.1 x 10
22
O atoms

B) 7.4 x 10
21
O atoms
C) 1.2 x 10
-2
O atoms
D) 2.8 x 10
25
O atoms
Molar mass = 12 x12g/mol
+ 22 x 1.0g/mol + 11 x16g/
mol =340g/mol
(I rounded, but use 4
sig.figs. on atomic
masses )
3.1
g sugar
M
! " ! mol sugar
mol ratio
! " !! molecules sugar
N
A
! " ! Oatoms
19
Mass % of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
molar mass of compound
x 100%
n = # of moles of the element in 1 mole of compound
C
2
H
6
O
%C =
2 x (12.01 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 52.14%
%H =
6 x (1.008 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 13.13%
%O =
1 x (16.00 g)
46.07 g
x 100% = 34.73%
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
ethanol
3.1
20
I
s

i
t

p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e

t
o

d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e

a

f
o
r
m
u
l
a

o
f

a
n

u
n
k
n
o
w
n
?

Empirical Formula
-simplest (lowest integer # of atoms)
Ex. hydrogen peroxide, HO
Molecular Formula
-actual # of atoms
Ex. hydrogen peroxide, H
2
O
2
3.2
21
Empirical Formula
Ex. Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following percent
mass: K 24.75 %, Mn 34.77 %, O 40.51%.
n
K
= 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
1 mol K
39.10 g K
n
Mn
= 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
1 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
n
O
= 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
1 mol O
16.00 g O
3.2
K
0.6330
Mn
0.6329
O
2.532

22
K :
~
~
1.0
0.6330
0.6329
Mn :
0.6329
0.6329
= 1.0
O :
~
~
4.0
2.532
0.6329
KMnO
4

3.2
K
0.6330
Mn
0.6329
O
2.532

Empirical Formula cont.
The mass percent of an oxoacid of sulfur is : 1.75 %
H, 56.14 % S, 42.11 % O. Determine the empirical
formula.


3.2
n
H
= 1.75 g H x = 1.736 mol H
1 mol H
1.008 g H
n
S
= 56.14 g S x = 1.751 mol S
1 mol S
32.07 g S
n
O
= 42.11 g O x = 2.632 mol O
1 mol O
16.00 g O
H :
=1.0
1.736
1.736
S :
1.751
1.736
~ 1.0
O :
~
~
1.5
2.632
1.736
H
1
S
1
O
1.5
"multiply subscripts by 2 to get integers " H
2
S
2
O
3

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24
3.2
How To Experimentally Determine Molecular Formulas!
1. Determine the empirical formula & the empirical
molar mass (MM).
2. Calculate: M of compound = whole-number
M empirical formula
3. Molecular formula = multiply the whole-number
by subscripts in the empirical formula.
Example: A compound was determined to have an empirical formula
of CH
2
. Its molar mass was determined to be 42.12 g/mol.
What is the molecular formula for this compound?
1. CH
2,
MM(CH
2
) = 14.03 g/mol

2. 42.12 g/mol ~ 3
14.03 g/mol
3. Molecular formula is (CH
2
)
3
or C
3
H
6
.
A compound was found to contain 53.31 % C, 11.19 % H and 35.50
% O. It's experimental molar mass is 90.12 g/mol. Determine the
empirical and molecular formula of this compound.
A) CHO, C
2
H
2
O
2

B) C
2
H
5
O, C
4
H
5
O
C) C
2
H
5
O, C
4
H
10
O
2

D)C
5
H
2
O, C
10
H
4
O
2
E) C
2
H
2
O, C
4
H
4
O
2

!
the empirical formula = C
2
H
5
O
1
MM of C
2
H
5
O
1
= 45.0607 g/mol
step2 : calculate the ratio =
experimental MM
empirical MM
ratio =
90.12 g/mol
45.06 g/mol
" 2
molecular formula = 2 #C
2
H
5
O
1
= C
4
H
10
O
2
3.2
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26
g CO
2
mol CO
2
mol C g C
g H
2
O mol H
2
O mol H g H
g of O = g of sample (g of C + g of H)
= 11.5 g (6.0 g C + 1.5 g H) =
11.5 g of ethanol is combusted. Collect 22.0 g CO
2
and 13.5 g H
2
O
6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C
0.5
H
1.5
O
0.25

Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C
2
H
6
O
3.2
How To Experimentally Determine Empirical Formulas!
Review for Tues.