Hello

Abstracts
In this experiment we learn about the course outline, CDIO, motivation, general safety,
components, symbols, schematic diagrams, pictorial diagrams, datasheets, tools and types of
equipment in the laboratory.

Introductions

1.Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope, previously called an oscillograph, and informally known as a scope, CRO
(for cathode-ray oscilloscope), or DSO (for the more modern digital storage oscilloscope), is
a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal
voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time. Non-
electrical signals (such as sound or vibration) can be converted to voltages and displayed.

Oscilloscopes are used to observe the change of an electrical signal over time, such that
voltage and time describe a shape which is continuously graphed against a calibrated scale.
The observed waveform can be analyzed for such properties as amplitude, frequency, rise
time, time interval, distortion and others. Modern digital instruments may calculate and
display these properties directly. Originally, calculation of these values required manually
measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen of the instrument.

The oscilloscope can be adjusted so that repetitive signals can be observed as a continuous
shape on the screen. A storage oscilloscope allows single events to be captured by the
instrument and displayed for a relatively long time, allowing human observation of events too
fast to be directly perceptible.

Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications
industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and
laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for such purposes as analyzing
an automotive ignition system or to display the waveform of the heartbeat as an
electrocardiogram.

Before the advent of digital electronics, oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes (CRTs) as their
display element (hence were commonly referred to as CROs) and linear amplifiers for signal
processing. Storage oscilloscopes used special storage CRTs to maintain a steady display of a
single brief signal. CROs were later largely superseded by digital storage oscilloscopes
(DSOs) with thin panel displays, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal
processors. DSOs without integrated displays (sometimes known as digitisers) are available
at lower cost and use a general-purpose digital computer to process and display waveforms.





2. Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is
an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale
calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made. Digital multimeters (DMM,
DVOM) display the measured value in numerals, and may also display a bar of a length
proportional to the quantity being measured.

Digital multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog multimeters are still
preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or
a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to
troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such
as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring
systems.
Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices. Cheap multimeters can cost
less than US$10, while laboratory-grade models with certified calibration can cost more than
US$5,000.

3. Fuction Generation
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is
an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A
typical multimeter would include basic features such as the ability to measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale
calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made. Digital multimeters (DMM,
DVOM) display the measured value in numerals, and may also display a bar of a length
proportional to the quantity being measured.

Digital multimeters are now far more common than analog ones, but analog multimeters are still
preferable in some cases, for example when monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work, or
a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to
troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such
as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies, and wiring
systems.
Multimeters are available in a wide range of features and prices. Cheap multimeters can cost
less than US$10, while laboratory-grade models with certified calibration can cost more than
US$5,000.


4.Power Supply
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as a
result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power
supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices along
with their loads. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop
computers and consumer electronics devices.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. Depending on its design, a power
supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including electrical energy
transmission systems, energy storage devices such as a batteries and fuel cells,
electromechanical systems such as generators and alternators, solar power converters, or
another power supply.
All power supplies have a power input, which connects to the energy source, and a power
output that connects to the load. In many power supplies the power input and output consist
of electrical connectors. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for
functions such as external monitoring and control.