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RELATIVE CLAUSES
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Relative (Adjective) Clauses

We use relative clauses to combine two simle sentences in

w!ic! t!ere are two identical noun !rases"

S#$at C%mleci&leri' &endinden (nce )elen isim*isim (be+i

!a&&#nda a,#&la-#c#*nitele-ici bil)i veren bir -an c%mle
t%r%d%r" ( .e$inin) Relative Clause)

I !ave a $riend w!o loves en)uins"

/en)uenleri seven bir ar&ada0#m var"

1endinden (nce )elen isim*isim (be+i ile il)ili tan#mlamada

i!ti-a, du-ulma-an' e& bil)i verebilir" ( 2on3de$inin) Relative
Clause)

/aul Auster' w!o is m- $avorite writer' lives in 2ew 4or&"

En sevdi+im -a5ar /aul Auster 2ew 4or&6ta -a0#-or"

/aul Auster' en sevdi+im -a5ar' 2ew 4or&6ta -a0#-or"

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Relative (Adjective) Clauses

Action Verbs in Relative Clauses

I li&e t!e )irl w!o is smellin) t!e roses"

7%lleri &o&la-an &#5dan !o0lan#-orum"

State Verbs in Relative Clauses

I li&e t!e )irl w!o smells nice"

7%5el &o&an &#5dan !o0lan#-orum"

S!e &illed t!e bird w!ic! was eatin) !er lants" (action verb)

(8) 9it&ilerini -i-en &u0u (ld%rd%"

S!e &illed t!e bird w!ic! !ad a blue tail" (state verb)

(8) :avi &u-ru&lu &u0u (ld%rd%"

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Relative (Adjective) Clauses

8bject Relative Clause relative

ronoun;noun*ronoun;verb

:ar- was t!e woman w!o I saw at t!e cinema"

Sinemada )(rd%+%m &ad#n :ar- idi"

S!e &illed t!e bird w!ic! !er arents )ave !er"

(8) Anne3babas#n#n ona verdi+i &u0u (ld%rd%"

Subject Relative Clause relative ronoun;verb

:ar- was t!e woman w!o went to t!e cinema"

Sinema-a )iden &ad#n :ar- idi"

S!e &illed t!e bird w!ic! was eatin) !er lants"

9it&ilerini -i-en &u0u (ld%rd%"

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Relative /ronouns
Function For Defining Non-Defining
Subjective
/eole
w!o * t!at ' w!o<""'
T!in)s*Animals
w!ic! * t!at ' w!ic!<""'
8bjective
/eole
w!o * w!om *
t!at *
'w!o *
w!om<'
T!in)s*Animals
w!ic! * t!at *

' w!ic!<'
/ossessive
/eole
w!ose 'w!ose<"'
T!in)s*Animals
w!ose
' o$ w!ic!<'
' w!ose<""'
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=ormation o$ Relative Clauses
Basic Sentences Relative Clauses
T!is is t!e bo-"
>e &ic&ed me"

T!is is t!e bo- w!o &ic&ed me"

I &ic&ed !im"

T!is is t!e bo- w!om I &ic&ed"

T!is is t!e bo- w!o I &ic&ed"

T!is is t!e bo- t!at I &ic&ed"

T!is is t!e bo- I &ic&ed"

>is brot!er
&ic&ed me"

T!is is t!e bo- w!ose brot!er

&ic&ed me"
I &ic&ed !is
brot!er"

T!is is t!e bo- w!ose brot!er I

&ic&ed"
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=ormation o$ Relative Clauses
Basic Sentences Relative Clauses
T!is is t!e
!orse"
It &ic&ed me"

T!is is t!e !orse w!ic! &ic&ed me"

I &ic&ed it"

T!is is t!e !orse w!ic! I &ic&ed"

T!is is t!e !orse t!at I &ic&ed"

T!is is t!e !orse I &ic&ed"

Its owner &ic&ed
me"

T!is is t!e !orse w!ose owner

&ic&ed me"
T!e owner o$ t!e
!orse &ic&ed me"

T!is is t!e !orse' t!e owner o$

w!ic! &ic&ed me"
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=ormation o$ Relative Clauses

S#$at c%mleci+inin tan#mlad#+# isim *isim (be+ine

m%m&%n oldu+unca -a&#n &ullan#lmas# terci! edilir"

T!e buildin) $or sale was t!e !ouse w!ic! !ad a slate
roo$ and was b- t!e stream" E

T!e buildin) $or sale was t!e !ouse b- t!e stream

w!ic! !ad a slate roo$" E
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=ormation o$ Relative Clauses

S#$at c%mleci+ine il)i 5amirine e& olara& (5ne -a da

nesne e&leneme5"

T!e man w!o )ave me t!e boo& was t!e librarian" E

T!e man w!o !e )ave me t!e boo& was t!e librarian"

E

1onu0ma dilinde &ullan#lmas#na ra+men temel c%mle-e

s#$at c%mlesinin -an# s#ra bir 5amir e&lenmesi
)ere&si5dir"

A $riend o$ mine w!o is a solicitor !eled me"

A $riend o$ mine w!o is a solicitor ? s!e !eled me"

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Relative Adverbs
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/reositions in Relative Clauses

=8R:AL

/reosition ; W!ic! * W!om*W!ose

W!ose 8$ W!ic!

Edat i,eren s#$at c%mleci&lerinin $ormal*resmi metinlerinde

&ullan#lmas# !alinde edat il)i 5amirinin (n%ne )etirilir"

T!e rate at w!ic! a material !eats u deends on its

c!emical comosition"

In t!e novel b- /eters' on w!ic! t!e $ilm is based' t!e main

c!aracter is a teena)er"

An actor wit! w!om 7elson !ad reviousl- wor&ed contacted

!im about t!e role"

I now turn to =reud' $rom w!ose wor& t!e $ollowin) @uotation

is ta&en"
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/reositions in Relative Clauses

Edattan sonra Aw!omB -erine Aw!oB' At!atB il)i 5amiri -a da

A)i5li il)i 5amiriB &ullan#lama5"

Is it ri)!t t!at oliticians s!ould ma&e imortant decisions

wit!out consultin) to t!e ublic to w!om t!e- are
accountableC E

Is it ri)!t t!at oliticians s!ould ma&e imortant decisions

wit!out consultin) to t!e ublic to w!o t!e- are accountableC
E

T!e valle- in w!ic! t!e town lies is !eavil- olluted" E

T!e valle- in t!at t!e town lies is !eavil- olluted" E

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/reositions in Relative Clauses

I2=8R:AL

7%nl%&*&onu0ma dilinde edat#n il)i 5amirinin (n%nde

&ullan#lmas# -erine s#$at c%mleci+inin sonuna )etirilmesi-le
a0#r# resmi-etten &a,#n#labilir"

Dim6s musical talent' w!ic! !e was noted $or' !ad been

encoura)ed b- !is arents"
Variations in the Use of Non-Defining Clauses:
A.Quantifiers with Relative Pronouns
Aadaki rneklerde grld gibi quantifiers( niteleyici
szckler) sfat cmleciini tanmlamak iin relative prnun (ilgi
zamiri) ile kullanlabilir!
1. a) We have two typist.Both of the are quite efficient .
!) We have two typist, both of whom are quite efficient!
2. a) The teacher was praised by the director."ost of his stu#ents
were succesfull in the university entrance examination.
!) The teacher , most of whose students were succesful in the
university examination, was praised by the director.

a) There are 250 stars in the il!y Way.$ne of the is our sun.
b) There are 250 stars in il!y Way ,one of which is our sun.

a) "pace probes send bac! valuable information.Much of this will

require years to analy#e.
b) "pace probes send bac! valuable information , much of
which will require years to analy#e.
B. Variations with the %u&erlative 'or
1. a)There are many la!es in T$r!iye. (he largest of the is
%a!e &an.
!)There ar' many la!es in T$r!iye , the largest of which is
%a!e &an.
2. a)"ha!espeare wrote many plays. (he ost faous of the
is (amlet.
!)"ha!espeare wrote many plays, the most famous of which
is (amlet.
). a)(e has three dau)thers. (he ost !eautiful of the is the
youn)est.
!)(e has three dau)hters , the most beautiful of whom is the
youn)est.
C. Nouns !efore Relative Pronouns * Possession in (hings an#
Anials
*on+definin) clauses ,tan-mlanamayan c$mleci!ler)
sahipli!, iyeli!) durumunu ).sterme! i/in s-! s-! !ullan-l-rlar.
1. a)The house will be repaired. (he roof of the house has been
dama)ed in the storm.
,'v onar-laca!. 'vin /at-s- f-rt-nada hasar ).rd$.
b)The house , the roof of which has been dama)ed in the storm ,
will be repaired.
("rtnada ats #asar gren ev$tamir edilecek)

a)The a)reement will end the lon) runnin) dispute between the two
countries. (he #etails of agreeent will be released tomorrow.
!)The a)reement , the details of which will be released tomorrow,
will end the lon) runnin) dispute between the two countries
D. Using +,hi-h. to "o#if/ a ,hole %enten-e
0a#en relative clause b$t$n c$mleyi tan-mlayabilir. 0u durumda
relative s.#c$1$ olara! sadece 2which !ullan-l-r.3elative clause
temel c$mlenin sonuna e!lenir ve bir vir)$lle ayr-l-r.
1. a)"he )ot a rather low )rade on the test.(hat suprised me.
,Testten /o! d$4$! not ald-. 0u beni 4a4-rtt-.)
b) "he )ot a rather low )rade on the test , which suprised me.
(Testten /o! d$4$! bir not ald- !i bu da beni 4a4-rtt-.)
1. a)5li passed all his exams.(his shoc!ed his friends.
b)5li passaed all his exams , which shoc!ed his friends.

a)(e blames me for anythin).6 thin! this is unfair.

b)(e blames me for anythin) , which i thin! is unfair.
%#ereby$&#ereupn$&#erein gibi &#ere'prepsitin(dan luan
yaplar vardr!
) %#ereby * by+t#rug#+&it# &#ic#
",-.A/01#e gvernment is t end t#e system &#ereby farmers
make mre mney frm leaving land unplanted t#an frm
gr&ing &#eat!
23",-.A/01#e gverment is t end t#e system by+in &#ic#
farmers make mre mney frm leaving land unplanted t#an
frm gr&ing &#eat!
) %#ereupn * after &#ic#$ as a result f &#ic#
",-.A/0 1#e sldiers &ere suddenly attacked frm
be#ind$&#ereupn t#ey turned and started firing t#at directin!
23",-.A/01#e sldiers &ere suddenly attacked frm be#ind
after &#ic# t#ey turned and started firing in t#at directin!
) %#erein * in &#ic#$during &#ic#
",-.A/0 1#ere &as a perid f several years &#erein t#e &riter
&as unable t &rk at all!
23",-.A/01#ere &as a perid f several years in &#ic# t#e
&riter &as unable t &rk at all!
4int$psitin ve situatin kelimeleri sklkla &#ere ile
kullanlrlar ama stage kelimesi &#ere ya da &#en ile
kullanlabilir!
5
2 #ave reac#ed a pint &#ere 2(m abut t retire!
5
2n time &e reac#ed a stage where/when &e #ad mre
black readers t#an &#ite nes!
All$everyt#ing$nt#ing gibi zamirlerden ve superlative
yaplardan snra &#ic# yerine t#at terci# edilir!
6
2n a big city$ yu can find evert#ing that yu need!
6
1#is is t#e best fd that #ave ever eaten!
7y means f$in t#e middle f$during$ as a result f gibi ilge
bekleri relative prnundan nce kullanlmaldr!
8
9e made an imprtant discvery$ as a result of which #e
became famus all ver t#e &rld!
8
1#e cmittee members #eld a t&:#ur meeting$ during
which t#ey discussed several issues related t t#e ne&
syllabus!
8
1#e device by means of which &e can measure t#e amunt
f radiactivity is called a ;eiger cunter!
-elative <lauselarda &#at'fe&+little yaps u ekilde kullanlr 0
=
The few friends that he had deserted #im >> What few
friends he had deserted #im!
=
The little money that he had &as stlen >> What little money
he had &as stlen!
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
(Belirtisiz Sfat Tamlamas)
B ti! relative clause "a#$i s%rs#a
&'mle %larak &e(a! (erir) *e+i#,e# $el,i-i
ismi ta#mlar) B &'mlelere .ta#mla/a#
il$i &'mle&ikleri0,e#ir)
Bu cmlecik olmad zaman cmleyi syleyenin kastettii kii/ey
anlalmaz, cmle yarm olur. Bu haliyle relative clause iinde
bulunduu ana cmlenin vazgeilmez bir unsurudur. Bundan dolay
virgl iinde sylenmez.
elative clause ana cmle ierisindeki niteleyecei ismin hemen
!einden gelir ve ondan " relative clause# sonra ana cmlenin devam
gelir)

The people $ho/that own that house are away on holiday.(zne

durumunda+insanlar iin)

He was exactly the person "$hom/$ho/that# I want to see.(nesne

konumunda + insanlar iin)

The assignment "that/$hich# the proessor ga!e me was easy.

(nesneler"#eyler iin)
$roesr%n &ana !erdi'i de! kolayd(.
Biz sa,e&e The assignment was easy. = dev kolayd.,ersek1 &'mle
#et %lmaz) 2'#k' 3izi ,i#le/e# ki+i(ler)1 ."a#$i 4,e(50 ,i/e 3ir s%r s%rma
i"ti/a& ,/arlar) A#&ak The assignment (that/which) the professor gave me
was easy. = Profesr!n "ana verdi#i dev kolayd. ,e,i-imiz,e &'mle1 kar+
taraf i6i# #et "ale $elmi+ ,emektir (e ."a#$i 4,e(50 ,i/e 3ir s%r
s%rlmas#a $erek kalmaz)

That)s the oice $here my &rother works. (yer &ildiren iadeler iin)
in $hich
$hich my &rother works in

The enaissance %eriod $hen we saw some inno!ations witnessed

many important e!ents.
in $hich (zaman &ildiren iadeler
iin)
"$hich/that# we some inno!ations in

They are repairing the house $hose roo was damaged during the
storm. (aitlik &ildiren iadeler iin)
the roo o& $hich was damaged during the storm

N7N8DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
(Belirtili Sfat Tamlamas)
'aten tanmlanm, bilinen bir ismi niteleyen cmleye non(de&ining
relative clause denir. Bu ti! cmleler hangi sorusunun cevabn vermez. Bunlar
niteledikleri ismi belirtme vazi&esi de ya!mazlar. 'aten isim bellidir, relative
clause )larn stlendikleri grev sadece belirli olan ismi biraz daha aklamak ve
daha &azla bilgi vermektir.
*on (de&ining relative clause cmleden karlsa bile cmlenin manas
bozulmaz, sadece ek bilgi edinememi oluruz. Bu yzden non(de&ining relative
clause, eer cmlelerin arasna giriyorsa iki virglle, cmlenin sonunda yer
alyorsa bir virglle temel cmleden ayrlr.

+r.,mith, $ho $orks at the same com!any as me, is very &ond o&
children.

- can rely on +r.,mith, $ho .orks at the same com!any as me.

/imdi tanmlayan ve tanmlamayan ilgi cmlecikleri arasndaki &ark iki
rnekle daha iyi anlamaya alalm0

*. They congratulated +rnest Hemingway, $ho had 1ust $on the *obel
%rize.

,. They congratulated the writer $ho had 1ust $on the *obel %rize.

Biri#&i &'mle1 .ta#mlama/a#0 %larak krlm+tr) 2'#k' &'mle,e s4z'
$e6e# ki+i $rnest %emingway0,ir) 9e#,isi ta##a# 3iri %l,-#,a#1 a/r&a
%# ta#mlama/a $erek /%ktr) Vir$'l,e# s%#raki ksm1 /al#z&a ek 3ir 3il$i
(ermekte,ir) E-er 3 &'mle .ta#mla/a#0 %larak krlsa/,1 sa#ki 3ir,e#
fazla $rnest %emingway (arm+ ,a1 3iz N%3el :,'l' ala# $rnest
%emingway0,e# s4z e,i/%rm+z $i3i 3ir a#lam 6kar,) ;ki#&i &'mle1
.ta#mla/a#0 %larak krlm+tr) 2'#k' &'mle,e s4z' e,ile# /azar# kim
%l,- 3elli ,e-il,ir) 2ka# a#lam +,r< Bir,e# fazla /azar (ar ama %#lar1
3 /azarlar i6i#,e# N%3el :,'l' ala# /azar ktla,lar) A/r&a 3 &'mle#i#
(ir$'ls'z %l,-#a ,a ,ikkat e,i#iz)

2he student $ho don3t $ant to listen to the teacher are making a lot o&
noise. ":-retme#i ,i#lemek isteme/e# 4-re#&iler 6%k $'r'lt' /a!/%r))
B &'mle,e a#la+la# +,r ki< 4-re#&ileri# 3azlar 4-retme#i ,i#lemek
istemi/%rlar,r) Fakat 4-retme#i ,i#lemek iste/e# ,e (ar,r) 3ra,a ,efi#i#$
relati(e &lase taraf#,a# #itele#e# 4-re#&iler $'r'lt' /a!makta,r) Di-erleri
ise $'r'lt' /a!mamakta,r)

2he student, $ho don3t $ant to listen to the teacher, are making a lot
o& noise. ":-re#&iler ki 4-retme#i ,i#lemek istemi/%rlar1 6%k $'r'lt'
/a!/%rlar))
B &'mle,e a#la+la#= 3't'# 4-re#&iler 4-retme#i ,i#lemek istememekte,ir
(e istis#asz "e!si $'r'lt' /a!makta,r)

*on(de&ining relative
clause ile that "i63ir
,rm,a klla#lmaz)

*on(de&ining relative clause kullanabileceimiz isimleri u ekilde
gru!landrabiliriz0
a#%ro!er nouns"zel isimler#

2he !erson $ho lives above us is engineer."de&ining#

+r.,mith, $ho lives above us, is engineer"non(de&ining#

4 country $hich is surrounded by the sea is usually a tourist

attraction."de&ining#
2urkey, $hich is surrounded by the sea on three sides, is o& strategic
im!ortance."non(de&ining#
b#*ouns $ith !receding modi&iers"baka niteleme szckleriyle
tanmlanm isimler#

4 mother $ho is very !ermissive $ith her children doesn5t necessarily

make her a good mother."de&ining#
+y mother, $ho lives in 6erman no$, $as moderatly !ermissive $ith
us."non(de&ining#

4ny bus $hich comes here already &ull doesn5t sto! at this bus sto!.
"de&ining#
2his bus, $hich usually comes here already &ull, goes directly to
7adiky."non(de&ining#

Bir isim kendinden sonra gelen baz szcklerle de tanmlanm
olabilir.

2he man $ho $as $orking at the sho! $as &riendly."de&ining#

2he man at the sho!, $ho gave my son a s$eet, $as &riendly."non(
de&ining#

2he table $hich is in the kitchen needs re!airing."de&ining#

2he table in the kitchen, $hich $e usually have our break&ast on,
needs re!airing."non(de&ining#
c#8oal, rice, milk, &lo$er, gibi isimler genel anlamda kullanld zaman,
zaten herkese bilinen isimler olduu iin, non(de&ining relative clause
alr.

9lo$ers, $hich almost everybody likes, need s!ecial care to gro$.

"general( non(de&ining#
2he &lo$ers $hich are sold at that &lorist5s are usually &resh."s!eci&ic(
de&ining#

+ilk, $hich is essential &or !eo!le o& all ages, should be boiled $ell.
"general( non(de&ining#
2he milk $hich $e get &rom that dairy is really delicious."s!eci&ic(
de&ining#
:zne durumunda, insanlar iin sadece $ho, nesneler iin sadece
$hich kullanabiliriz.

+y &ather lives in 6ermany. ;e is over si<ty no$.

+y &ather, $ho is over si<ty no$, lives in 6ermany.

=ur television set has become erratic.-t $as bought eight years ago.
=ur television set, $hich $as bought eight years ago, has become
erratic)
>er isim, bir !re!ositions5n nesnesi durumunda ise, !re!osition
relative clause5un sonunda yer alrsa $ho ya da $hom, banda yer alrsa
sadece $hom kullanabiliriz. *esneler iin ise yine $hich kullanlr.
+r.,mith is an honest !erson.-5ve been $orking $ith him &or &ive years.
+r.,mith, $hom -5ve been $orking $ith &or &ive years, is honest !erson.
, $ho -5ve been $orking $ith &or &ive years, is honest !erson.
, $ith $hom -5ve been $orking &or &ive years, is an honest
!erson.
+y car is beginning to cause trouble.- had saved u! &or it &or t$o years.
+y car, $hich - had saved u! &or &or &ive years, is beginning to cause
trouble.
, &or $hich - had saved u! &or t$o years,

4itlik bildiren btn isimler iin $hose ya da o& $hich
kullanrz.4ncak cansz varlklar iin o& $hich kullanm !ek yaygn
deildir.

2heir house cost them too much money. 2hey !ainted its e<terior !ink.
2heir house, $hose e<terior they !ainted !ink, cost them too much
money.
,the e<terior o& $hich they !ainted !ink,
%ossesive durumundaki isme ait bir !re!osition varsa, bu
!re!osition5 $hose5un nnde ya da relative clause5un sonunda
kullanabiliriz.

?luda is a &amous ski resort. @ou can al$ays see sno$ on its to!.
?luda, $hose to! you can al$ays see sno$ on, is a &amous ski
resort.
, on $hose to! you can al$ays see sno$,
, on the to! o& $hich you can al$ays see sno$,

@er bildiren szckler iin, non(de&ining relative clause )larda da
$here kullanabiliriz.

-stanbul has many !roblems to solve.+ore ten million !eo!le live

there."in -stanbul#
-stanbul, $here more than ten million !eo!le live, has many !roblems
to solve.
, $hich more than ten million !eo!le live in,
,in $hich more than ten million !eo!le live,
>er bir yer ismi, tanmlayan cmlede zne ya da nesne
durumundaysa $here kullanamayz. ,adece $hich kullanabiliriz.

,alihli is located in the $est o& 2urkey. -t is my hometo$n."-t A ,ub1ect#

,alihli, $hich is my hometo$n, is located in the $est o& 2urkey.
,alihli is located in the $est o& 2urkey. - like it very much."-t A =b1ect#
,alihli, $hich - like very much, is located in the $est o& 2urkey.
*on(de&ining relative clause5larda, zaman i&ade eden szckler iin
$hen ya da !re!osition B $hich kullanabiliriz.

=ne o& the most im!ortant dates in 2urkish history is CD

=ctober,EDCF.2he e!ublic $as &ounded then."on that date#
=ne o& the most im!ortant dates in 2urkish history is CD =ctober,EDCF,
$hen/on $hich the e!ublic $as &ounded.

+y &avourite season is s!ring.*ature a$akens $ith all its lively

colours then."in s!ring#
+y &avourite season is s!ring, $hen/in $hich nature a$akens $ith all
its lively colours.
,re bildiren bir zaman zar&n tanmlayan relative clause5larda
!re!osition B $hich time kullanlr. Bu tr cmlelerde !re!osition B
$hich time yerine $hen kullanamayz.

2he guests arrived at G !.m. - had &inished all the !re!arations by then.
2he guests arrived at G !.m. ,by $hich time - had &inished all the
!re!arations.
Defi#i#$ Relati(e Clase N%#8Defi#i#$ Relati(e
Clase
Nitele,i-i isim "akk#,a 3ize ta#mla/&
(e $erekli 3il$i (erir)
*iteledii isim"zel isim,zaten
tanmlanm bir isim ya da genel
anlamda kullanlan herkese bilinen
isim#hakknda &azladan bilgi verir ve
bu bilgi cmlenin anlalmas iin
gerekli deildir.
>"%1?"%m1t"at1?"i&"1?"%se >"%1?"%m1?"i&"1?"%se
(t"at klla#lmaz)
:z#e#i# /eri#i tta# il$i zamirleri
atlamaz1#es#e#i# /eri#i tta# il$i
zamirleri atla3ilir) (?"%se atlamaz)
;l$i zamiri atlamaz)
Sfat &'mle&i-i (ir$'lle a/rlmaz) Sfat &'mle&i-i (ir$'lle a/rlr)
T"e 3%/ ?"% l%st "is ,%$ is (er/ sa,)
I li(e i# a t%?# ?"i&" is fll %f "ist%ri&al
si$"ts)
@ar&1 ?"% l%st "is ,%$1 is (er/ sa,)
I li(e i# Ista#3l1 ?"i&" is fll %f
"ist%ri&al si$"ts)
Relati(e Clase1N%# Clase (e A,(er3ial Clase
Relati(e Clase0lar,a klla#,-mz t"at1?"i&"1?"%1?"e#1?"ere
$i3i s4z&'kleri #%# &lase (e a,(er3 &lase ile ,e klla#a3iliriz)
Relati(e Clase A I ,%#0t k#%? the city where he lives.
"noun# (relati(e &lase)
N%# Clase A I ,%#0t k#%? where he lives.
((er3) (#%# &lase)
B
T"e/ $%t marrie, %# a ,a/ ?"e# I ?as a3r%a,) &elative 'lause

(Be#im /rt,+#,a %l,-m 3ir $'# e(le#,iler))

B
T"e/ $%t marrie, ?"e# I ?as a3r%a,) (dver"ial 'lause

(Be# /rt,+#,a/ke# e(le#,iler))

B
I ,%#0t remem3er ?"e# t"e/ $%t marrie,) )oun 'lause

(Ne zama# e(le#,ikleri#i "atrlam/%rm))

+
I ?a#t t% k#%? t"e st,e#ts ?"% are &%mi#$ ?it" s)&elative
'lause
C
(Bizimle $ele&ek 4-re#&ileri 4-re#mek isti/%rm))
+
I ?a#t t% k#%? ?"% are &%mi#$ ?it" s))oun 'lause
C
(Bizimle kimleri# $ele&e-i#i 4-re#mek isti/%rm))
.0>"at0 3ir isim,e# s%#ra $elmez)Ge#ellikle 3ir fiil,e# s%#ra $elir
/a ,a 4z#e ,rm#,aki 3ir #%# &lase0# 3a+#,a 3l#r)
-
I ,%#0t k#%? ?"at "e 3%$"t)

(Ne al,-# 3ilmi/%rm)) NOUN CLAUSE

-
I ,%#0t k#%? t"e t"i#$ t"at "e 3%$"t)

(Al,- +e/i 3ilmi/%rm)) RELATIVE CLAUSE

-
>"at "e sai, ?as#0t s% im!%rta#t)

(Ne ,e,i-i % ka,ar 4#emli ,e-il,i)) NOUN CLAUSE

-
T"e t"i#$ t"at "e sai, ?as#0t s% im!%rta#t)

(S4/le,i-i +e/ % ka,ar 4#emli ,e-il,i)) RELATIVE CLAUSE

CLEFT SENTENCES
Cleft se#te#&e0lar &'mle#i# 3elirli 3ir 34l'm'#e %,akla#mamza /ar,m& %lmak
(e/a s4/lemek iste,i-imiz +e/i (r$lamak ama&/la klla#lrlar)
.0Ser!il se#,s A"met a letter %# s#,a/s)00
D) C'mle,e .0a letter00 kelimesi#i (r$lamak isti/%rsak < It is a letter which
Ser!il se#,s A"met %# s#,a/s)
E) C'mle,e Ser!il0i (r$lamak i6i# < It is Serpil who se#,s a letter t%
A"met %# s#,a/s)
F) C'mle,e A"met0i (r$lamak i6i# < It is Ahmet to whom Ser!il se#,s a
letter %# s#,a/s)
G) C'mle,e $'#' (r$lamak i6i# < It is on sundays when Ser!il se#,s
A"met a letter)
9i+ileri /a ,a #es#eleri ,a"a s!e&ifi& "ale $etirmek istersek
&'mle/i the person who,the thing that $i3i kal!larla ,a
/aza3iliriz)
H
he thing that is im!%rta#t t"a# a#/t"i#$ else is /%r "ealt")
Vr$ &'mleleri#,e se3e!1/er /a ,a zama# (r$la#mak
iste#i/%rsa the reason why,the place where,the ay when $i3i
kal!lar klla#la3ilir)
H
he reason why I "a(e &%me is t% ,is&ss /%r ,e&isi%# a3%t
s)
H (Bra/a $elmemi# se3e3i 3izimle il$ili karar# tart+mak))
H
he place where s"e "i,es "er &"il,re# is t%% far ?a/ fr%m
&it/)
H
(2%&klar# sakla,- /er +e"ir,e# 6%k zak))
(SIFAT CMLEC!LE"## !ISALTILMASI$
REDUCTION OF RELATIVE
CLAUSES
Reduction of Relative Claue!

"#alt$a %a&ar'en c($leden il)i *a$iri+relative
&ronoun, at#l#r ve #fat c($leci-inin %('le$i.
#fat c($leci-inin &aif/a'tif ol$a#na. *a$an#na
ve%a t(r(ne )0re %eniden d(*enlenir1

The $one% wa tolen fro$ the 2an' ha 2een
recovered1

which
The $one% tolen fro$ the 2an' ha 2een
recovered1
Anca' 2u '#alt$alar# %a&a2il$e' i3in !
"#alt$a %a&aca-#$#* c($lede'i il)i *a$irlerinin
4who.which %a da that5 ol$a# )ere'ir6
that
who
which

%&n'&( e)er '*saltma ya+*laca' olan c&mle belirtili

s*fat c&mleci)iyse( o ,aman '*saltma( c&mlede'i
ilgi ,amiri nesne durumundaysa da ya+*labilir-
C($le
2elirtii* #fat ta$la$a# +definin),
'onu$unda%'en!
The 2o% who i runnin) toward u i $% on1
+"#alt$a %a&#la2ilir1 C($le 2elirtii* #fat ta$la$a#
'onu$unda ve il)i *a$iri 0*ne 'onu$unda,
The 2o% who %ou $et %eterda% i $% on1
+"#alt$a ya+*lama,1 7(n'( c($le 2elirtii* #fat
ta$la$a# 'onu$unda%'en il)i *a$iri nene 'onu$unda,
C($le
8elirtili #fat ta$la$a# + non/definin),
"onu$unda%a!

The 2o%( who %ou $et %eterda% i $% on1

+8urda '#alt$a %a&a2iliri*1 7(n'( il)i *a$iri nene 'onu$unda ola
da. c($le 2elirtili #fat ta$la$a# 'onu$unda1,

8ir #fat c($leci-ini +relative claue, 9u 9e'illerde
'#alta2iliri*:
resent
articiple
(?'@3;)
0123
;RESENT ;ARTICI;LE +/IN<, =LE "ISALT>A
E-er #fat c($leci-inin *a$an#!
=SE.
Ve c($le A!TF %a&#da%a
=l)i *a$iri at#l#r ve #fat
c($leci-inin %('le$inin
2irinci haline ?in) e'lenir1
that
who
ast
articipl
e
0123
4V
)
)

;AST ;ARTICI;LE +V
@
, =LE "ISALT>A
E-er #fat c($leci-inin *a$an#!
=SE.
Ve c($le .ASF %a&#da%a
=l)i *a$iri at#l#r ve #fat
c($leci-inin %('le$inin @1
hali %a*#l#r1
who
which
;aif %a&#da'i 9i$di'i *a$an +;reent Continuou ,ve
)e3$i9 *a$an#n hi'a%ei+;at Continuou, c($lelerinin
'#alt#l$a#!
ilgi ,amiri at*l*r

being (/
0
$
e'lenir
erfect
articipl
e
0123


A!TFSE
havin) V
@

.ASFSE
havin)
2een
V
@
S#fat c($leci-inin %('le$i%le ana c($lenin %('le$i ara#nda *a$an far'#
vara. #fat c($leci-ine )e3$i9 vur)uu %a&a2iliri*1
E-er #fat c($leci-inin %a&##
4a'tifse1 !
=l)i *a$iri at#l#r1
havin) e'lenir1
Fiil @1 haline
)etirilir1
E-er #fat c($leci-inin %a&##
2+asifse1 !
=l)i *a$iri at#l#r1
havin) 2een e'lenir
Fiil @1 haline
)etirilir1
,
nfinitive

0123
A9a-#da'i %a&#lardan onra '#alt$a$#*# to infinitive 'ullanara' %a&ar#*1

S#fat c($leci-inde 2u %a&#lar 'ullan#ld#-#nda +#ra a%# #fat#.en

(t(nl(' *arflar#.the onl%.'i&ler.2el)ii* *a$ir,! 2unlardan onra
2ilgi ,amiri 3e e)er 3arsa yard*mc* fiil at*l*r(
A'tif ie
To A
V
B
.asif ise
ToA 2e A
V
B
E!LE#"1

S#ra a%# #fatlar#ndan onra+the firt.the econd.the

lat. the neCt v21, !

A%r#ca '#alt$a %a&ar'en to infitive %a&##n# 9u

9e'ilde de 'ullana2iliri*!

To A infinitive a%r#ca a$a3 2elirt$e' i3in 'ullan#l#r1 8u

duru$da in order to / o a to v21 a$a3 2ildiren %a&#lar
to A infinitiveDe e9ittir ve T(r'3eD%e 4i3in5 olara' 3evrilir1

Ee need to tud% hard in order to im+ro3e hi &ea'in)

'ill1

Ee need to tud% hard to im+ro3e hi &ea'in)

'ill1

She )ot u& earl% so as to ha3e ti$e to &ac'1

She )ot u& earl% to ha3e ti$e to &ac'1

fat
dat
e
sim

S#fat c($leci-inde '#alt$a %a&ar'en 4to be1 +a$. i. are. wa.

were. 2een, den onra 2ir 4edat1 +in. at. on, )eli%ora ilgi ,amiri 3e
to be filli at*l*r-

The &eo&le alon) 2oth ide of the road were watchin)

the &arade1

The &eo&le alon) 2oth ide of the road were watchin) the &arade1

>% ni)htin)ale. in the cage( sings beautifully all the time-

>% ni)htin)ale. in the cage( sings beautifully all the time-

The &oor cat across the road needs feeding-

The &oor cat across the road needs feeding-

who were
which is
that i

S#fat c($leci-inde '#alt$a %a&ar'en 4to be1 +a$. i. are. wa.

were. 2een, den onra 2ir 4s*fat1 %a da 4s*fat tamlamas*1
)eli%ora ilgi ,amiri ve to be filli at*l*r-

Ci)arette bad for one4s health should be a3oided-

Ci)arette bad for one4s health should be a3oided-

An'ara. the ca+ital city of Tur'ey( is also a ma5or

trade center-

An'ara. the ca+ital city of Tur'ey( is also a ma5or trade

center-

The children ha&&% about the +icnic were full of

e6citement-

The children ha++y about the +icnic were full of e6citement-

which is
that i
who were

S#fat c($leci-inde '#alt$a %a&ar'en 4to be1 +a$. i.

are. wa. were. 2een, den onra 2ir 4isim1 ya da 2isim
tamlamas*1 )eli%ora ilgi ,amiri ve to be filli at#l#r1
8unu )enelli'le tan#$#*+non/definin), #fat
c($leci'lerinde 'ullan#r#*1

>r1 Clar'. a farmer( ha $an% )oat1

>r1 Clar'. a farmer( ha $an% )oat-

The $a$$oth. a 'ind of ele&hant. are

eCtinct ani$al1

The $a$$oth. a 'ind of ele&hant. are eCtinct ani$al1

who is
that are
-eferences
Aztrk <$ (BCCD) 7uilding Ekills "r 4rficiency AnkaraF 9acettepe:1a
?ince .$ (GHHI) .acmillan Jnglis# ;rammar in <nteKt ,KfrdF .acmillan
9e&ings .$ (BCCC) Advanced Jnglis# ;rammar in Lse <ambridgeF <ambridge
Lniversity 4ress
Meirmenci @$ Na#suvar M$ ;rammar 7kB Milk
J/E
Azar 7$ LnderstandingOLsing Jnglis# ;rammar 4rentice 9all -egents
&&&!kpds!rg
www.rainschool.com
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#ttp0++&&&!englis#languageguide!cm+englis#+grammar+relative:prnun!asp
&&&!esl:lunge!cm
&&&!testyurenglis#!net