1.

0ABSTRACT
The experiment is conducted to determine the ammonia-nitrogen and nitrate-
nitrogen in some of wastewater samples. In this experiment, HACH
Spectrophotometer DR!"## $ DR!%## e&uipment is used to determine
ammonia-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen in water and wastewater. There are three
t'pe of wastewater prepared which are, industrial wastewater, domestic
wastewater and water from the ri(er. All three t'pe of water are tested to
determine the content of ammonia-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen. )ased on the
result o*tained, the highest ammonia nitrogen concentration is in industrial
sample followed *' ri(er and domestic. +or nitrate nitrogen, the highest is in
industrial followed *' ri(er and domestic. This shows that, the industrial water
has the highest waste compare to other sources of waste water such as in
domestic and ri(er. The conclusion of this experiment is the ammonia-nitrogen
and nitrate-nitrogen are determine form the sample of wastewater and water. The
green color are appear from industrial wastewater sample indicates that the
presence of ammonia-nitrogen is (er' high in the sample for a*out ,!.-mg. for
domestic wastewater sample there is ammonia-nitrogen presence *ut the (alue
is low which is /0mg.. As for ri(er water sample, the ammonia-nitrogen also
presence in the sample and the (alue is !#mg..
/
2.0 INTRODUCTION
2.1 Background of Study
The wastewater is created when the water is spent or used with dissolved or
suspended solids also discharged from communities, homes, industrial, homes,
commercial establishments, and farms. According to Sincero et all in their writing,
wastewater are divided into two categories which are sanitary and nonsanitary
wastewater or called also as sanitary sewage. The sanitary wastewaters are wastewaters
that have been contaminated with human wastes. !eanwhile, nonsanitary wastewater is
usually includes waste from the industry.
The water and wastewater need to have treatment in order to remove as much of
the suspended solids, organic matter, nutrients, and diseasecausing organisms before the
remaining water is discharged back to the environment. Besides that, the waste water also
may contain heavy metal. "ntreated wastewater will contains high level of organic
material, microorganisms, to#ic compounds as well as numerous pathogenic and give the
adverse effects whether to environment, humans or animals depending on types and
concentration of waste.
2.2 Scope of $#periment
!
%n ammonianitrogen &'(
)
'* test, ammonia compounds will combine with
chlorine to form monochloride. The monochloride compounds reacts with salicylate in
order to form +aminosalicylate. %n the presence of sodium nitropusside catalyst, the +
aminosalicylate will o#idi,ed to form a bluecoloured compound.the blue colour is
masked by the yellow colour from the e#cess reagent present in order to give a final
greencoloured of solution. The test results are measured at the wavelength at -++
nanometer &nm*.
!eanwhile, for the test of nitratenitrogen &'.
)
'*, the cadmium metal will
reduces the nitrates &'.
)
* in the samples to form nitrite &'.
2
*. The nitrite ion then will
reacts in an acidic medium with sulfinic acid to form an intermediate dia,onium salt. The
salt couples with gentisic acid to form a solution with an amber coloured. This type of
test is running at the wavelength of /)0nm
1
).0 LITERATURE REVIEW
).1 .verview of Biological .#ygen 1emand &B.1*
Biochemical o#ygen demand &B.1*, sometimes referred to as biological o#ygen
demand, is a 2uantitative e#pression of microbes ability to deplete the o#ygen content of
a wastewater. This depletion takes place due to the microbes consuming organic matter in
the water via aerobic respiration. This type of respiration uses o#ygen as an electron
acceptor, and the organic material being consumed provides the energy source. This
organic matter also undergoes o#idation without the aid of microbes, which can be
measured using the chemical o#ygen demand &3.1* procedure.
4eople are rarely concerned with the B.1 content of soils. (owever, in the landbased
treatment industry B.1 can be a parameter of concern. %n e#treme cases, high
concentrations of organic matter could result in almost complete depletion of o#ygen in
the soilwater matri#. %f this were to happen aerobic microbes would begin to die off, and
if this wastewater were discharged to a stream, local ecology could be severely damaged.
(igh levels of B.1 in streams cause the dissolved o#ygen &1.* content of the water to
drop. %t is this 1. that fish, and ,ooplankton use to survive. %f the 1. drops to below a
critical level the ecology of the stream could begin to die off as well. This condition can
lead to an increase in anaerobic bacteria &species that can live in the absence of o#ygen*
that leads to the production of foulsmelling and possibly to#ic gases. These gases may
include methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. %f this water were to enter into
groundwater sources one can imagine the potential problems with to#icity to humans.
"
5andbased treatment systems would make use of B.1 monitoring to ensure that 1.
levels in the system and receiving streams remain in a safe range. This would be done by
measuring B.1 of all applied wastewater, and the final effluent. %n some cases B.1
would be tested at certain points in the soil system by collecting water from monitoring
wells. This would be done to make sure 1. levels are not falling to a critical level thus
harming bacteria within the treatment system.
B.1 indicates the amount of putrescible organic matter present in water. Therefore, a
low B.1 is an indicator of good 2uality water, while a high B.1 indicates polluted
water. 1issolved o#ygen &1.* is consumed by bacteria when large amounts of organic
matter from sewage or other discharges are present in the water. 1. is the actual amount
of o#ygen available in dissolved form in the water. 6hen the 1. drops below a certain
level, the life forms in that water are unable to continue at a normal rate. The decrease in
the o#ygen supply in the water has a negative effect on the fish and other a2uatic life.
7ish kills and an invasion and growth of certain types of weeds can cause dramatic
changes in a stream or other body of water. $nergy is derived from the o#idation process.
B.1 specifies the strength of sewage. %n sewage treatment, to say that the B.1 has been
reduced from +00 to +0 indicates that there has been a 80 percent reduction.
The B.1 test serves an important function in stream pollutioncontrol activities. %t is a
bioassay procedure that measures the amount of o#ygen consumed by living organisms
while they are utili,ing the organic matter present in waste, under conditions similar in
nature. The other traditional tests or indicators for water 2uality are chemical o#ygen
demand &3.1* and p(.
-
7or results of the B.1 test to be accurate, much care must be taken in the actual process.
7or e#ample, additional air cannot be introduced. Temperature must be 2093, which is
the usual temperature of bodies of water in nature. A fiveday B.1 test is used in
environmental monitoring. This test is utili,ed as a means of stating what level of
contamination from pollutants is entering a body of water. %n other words, this test
measures the o#ygen re2uirements of the bacteria and other organisms as they feed upon
and bring about the decomposition of organic matter. Time and temperature, as well as
plant life in the water, will have an effect on the test. (igh B.1 burdens or loads are
added to wastewater by food processing plants, dairy plants, canneries, distilleries and
similar operations, and they are discharged into streams and other bodies of water.
).2 The B.1
+
test
).2.1 1ilution method
To ensure that all other conditions are e2ual, a very small amount of microorganism seed
is added to each sample being tested. This seed is typically generated by diluting
organisms with buffered dilution water. The B.1 test is carried out by diluting the
sample with o#ygen saturated dilution water, inoculating it with a fi#ed ali2uot of seed,
measuring the dissolved o#ygen &1.* and then sealing the sample to prevent further
o#ygen dissolving in. The sample is kept at 20 93 in the dark to prevent photosynthesis
&and thereby the addition of o#ygen* for five days, and the dissolved o#ygen is measured
again. The difference between the final 1. and initial 1. is the B.1.
0
The loss of dissolved o#ygen in the sample, once corrections have been made for the
degree of dilution, is called the B.1
+
. 7or measurement of carbonaceous B.1 &cB.1*,
a nitrification inhibitor is added after the dilution water has been added to the sample.
The inhibitor hinders the o#idation of ammonia nitrogen. B.1 can be calculated by:
a* "ndiluted: %nitial 1. 7inal 1. ; B.1
b* 1iluted: &&%nitial 1. 7inal 1.* B.1 of Seed* # 1ilution 7actor
B.1 is similar in function to chemical o#ygen demand &3.1*, in that both measure the
amount of organic compounds in water. (owever, 3.1 is less specific, since it measures
everything that can be chemically o#idi,ed, rather than <ust levels of biologically active
organic matter.
).2.2 !anometric method
This method is limited to the measurement of the o#ygen consumption due only to
carbonaceous o#idation. Ammonia o#idation is inhibited. The sample is kept in a sealed
container fitted with a pressure sensor. A substance that absorbs carbon dio#ide &typically
lithium hydro#ide* is added in the container above the sample level. The sample is stored
in conditions identical to the dilution method. .#ygen is consumed and, as ammonia
o#idation is inhibited, carbon dio#ide is released. The total amount of gas, and thus the
pressure, decreases because carbon dio#ide is absorbed. 7rom the drop of pressure, the
sensor electronics computes and displays the consumed 2uantity of o#ygen.
2
The main advantages of this method compared to the dilution method are:
a* Simplicity: no dilution of sample re2uired a seeding, no blank sample.
b* 1irect reading of B.1 value.
c* 3ontinuous display of B.1 value at the current incubation time.
%
4.0 Objectives
The main goal of this e#periment is to determine ammonianitrogen as well as
nitratenitrogen in the water and wastewater. This is to determine the amount and
composition of ammonianitrogen and nitratenitrogen in the water such as river,
industrial, and domestic water.
,
5.0 MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY
+.1 !aterial
i. Ammonia 3yanurate =eagent 4owder 4illows2
ii. Ammonia Salicylate =eagent 4owder 4illows2
iii. 'itra >er + 'itrate =eagent 4owder 4illows1
iv. 1eioni,ed water
v. =iver solution
vi. 1omestic solution
/#
vii. %ndustrial solution
+.2 $2uipment
i. (A3( Spectrophotometer 1=?2/00 @ 1=?2A00
ii. >olumetric flask 2+m5
iii. !easuring cylinder 10m5
iv. =ounded?s2uare sample cell 10m5
+.) !ethodology
+.+.1 1ilution of %ndustrial and 1omestic Sample Solution
//
+.+.2 1etermination of Ammonia 'itrogen &'(
)
'*
/!
+.+.) 1etermination of 'itrate 'itrogen &'.
)
'*
/1
6.0 Result an Discussi!n
0./ Result
/"
Ta*le /, demon of 3H1-3 in different wastewater resources
Sample 3H1-3, mg4l
Ri(er -#.1
Domestic, diluted 5nder range
Domestic #.1%
Industrial, diluted 5nder range
Industrial #.#!
Ta*le !, demon of 361-3 in different wastewater resources
0.! Discussion
In ammonia-nitrogen test, ammonia compounds com*ine with chlorine to form
monochloride. 7onochloride reacts with salic'late to form --aminosalic'late. The
--aminosalic'late is oxidi8ed in the presence of a sodium nitroprusside catal'st
to form a *lue-colored compound. The *lue color is mas9ed *' the 'ellow color
from the excess reagent present to gi(e a final green-colored solution. Test
results are measured at 0-- nm. 7eanwhile, in nitrate-nitrogen test, cadmium
metal reduces nitrates in the sample to nitrite. The nitrite ion reacts in an acidic
/-
Sample 361-3, mg4l
Ri(er /./
Domestic, diluted #./
Domestic ".,
Industrial, diluted -#.#
Industrial 0.1
medium with sulfanilic acid to form an intermediate dia8onium salt. The salt
couples with gentisic acid to form an am*er colored solution. Test results are
measured at "1# nm. Ammonia nitrate normall' colorless, so it has *een used
t'pes of indicator to indicate the ammonia nitrate in the wastewater, where*' it
has *een used 3itra:er - 3itrate Reagent ;owder ;illows-/. This indicator has
*een added to the solution and left for -minits to indicate the ammonia nitrogen.
The ammonia nitrate turned to 'ellowish color, depends on the percentage on
ammonia in the solution. And to get the reading of percentage it has *een used
HACH Spectrophotometer DR!"## $ DR!%## to get the reading which shown
in ta*e / and !.4
As can *e o*ser(ed from ta*le /, the Domestic has the higher reading (alue
comparing to other resources. This due to the wastewater of domestic consist of
ammonia nitrate as 3H1-3, mg4l *ecause the *'-product of human is consist of
3H1 merel' e.g. food, sewage <CT. It has *een used for Domestic and Industrial
resources two t'pes, diluted and non-diluted to get more accurac' result.
As can *e o*ser(ed from ta*le !, the industrial has the higher reading (alue
comparing to other resources. This due to the wastewater of industr' consists of
ammonia nitrate as 3#1-3, mg4l *ecause the *'-product is consist of 3H1
merel'. It has *een used for Domestic and Industrial resources two t'pes, diluted
and non-diluted to get more accurac' result.
/0
As conclude from the result a*o(e, the ammonia nitrate in wastewater in different
form, depends in the source which come from. <.g. it is as 3H1-3 for domestic,
in contrast to industrial which it is in form of 361-3.
0.1 =uestions
/-
a- Ammonia-3itrogen>3H1-3?
Ammonia >3H1@? is a colorless gas with a strong pungent odor. It is easil'
li&uefied and solidified and is (er' solu*le in water. 6ne (olume of water will
dissol(e /,1## (olumes of 3H 1. Ammonia will react with water to form a wea9
*ase. 5suall' industrial wastewater contains high amount of ammonia due to
usage in chemical processes. This supports the data that we gain that the
industrial water contains #."! mg., whereas the ri(er water and domestic water
contain #.## mg. and #.#/ mg. respecti(el'. The amount of ammonia in later
sample is negligi*le due to the (er' low concentration of it. +or the tracea*le
amount of ammonia in domestic water can *e reasoned out that the household
uses ammonia *ased products such as detergents, plastic, food wrappings.
*- 3itrate Ion 3itrogen>361A3?
3itrogen is the nutrient applied in the largest &uantities for lawn and garden care
and crop production. In addition to fertili8er, nitrogen occurs naturall' in the soil
in organic forms from deca'ing plant and animal residues. In the soil, *acteria
/2
con(ert (arious forms of nitrogen to nitrate, a nitrogenox'gen ion >361-?. This is
desira*le as the maBorit' of the nitrogen used *' plants is a*sor*ed in the nitrate
form. Howe(er, nitrate is highl' leacha*le and readil' mo(es with water through
the soil profile. If there is excessi(e rainfall or o(er-irrigation, nitrate will *e
leached *elow the plantCs root 8one and ma' e(entuall' reach groundwater and
all goes *ac9 into ri(er. This clearl' explains the high content of nitrate amount in
ri(er water that is /.0# mg.. 3itrates stimulate the growth of a&uatic plants that
can lead to reduced ox'gen le(els.
High nitrate le(els occur in areas of extensi(e agriculture, animal feedlots and
septic waste s'stems. Thus, the nitrate concentration of domestic water and
industrial water are the same of the reading #."# mg.. 3itrate in irrigation water
has much the same effect as soil-applied fertili8er nitrogen can *e considered
usea*le nitrogen, and, along with a con(ersion factor can *e incorporated into
growerDs fertili8er program.
!. Sources of Ammonia in Eater and Eastewater
Eastewater
A*out three &uarters of the ammonia produced in the world is used in fertili8ers
either as the compound itself or as ammonium salts such as sulfate and nitrate.
.arge &uantities of ammonia are used in the production of nitric acid, urea and
/%
nitrogen compounds. It is used in the production of ice and in refrigerating plants.
Household ammonia is an a&ueous solution of ammonia. It is used to remo(e
car*onate from hard water. Since ammonia is a decomposition product from urea
and protein, it is found in domestic wastewater. Cement mortar used for coating
the insides of water pipes ma' release considera*le amounts of ammonia into
drin9ing-water and compromise disinfection with chlorine.
Eater
A&uatic life and fish also contri*ute to ammonia le(els in a stream. 3H1 is the
principal form of toxic ammonia. It has *een reported toxic to fresh water
organisms at concentrations ranging from #.-1 to !!.% mg.. Toxic le(els are
*oth pH and temperature dependent. Toxicit' increases as pH decreases and as
temperature decreases. ;lants are more tolerant of ammonia than animals, and
in(erte*rates are more tolerant than fish. 3atural le(els in groundwaterDs are
usuall' *elow #.! mg of ammonia per liter. Higher natural contents are found in
humid su*stances or iron or in forests. Surface waters ma' contain up to /!
mgliter. Ammonia ma' *e present in drin9ing-water as a result of disinfection
with chloramines. The presence of ammonia at higher than geogenic le(els is an
important indicator of fecal pollution. Taste and odor pro*lems as well as
decreased disinfection efficienc' are to *e expected if drin9ing-water containing
more than #.! mg of ammonia per liter is chlorinated.
/,
".0 CONC#USION AND R$CO%%$NDATION
2./ Conclusions
Ammonia nitrate is colorless, and can *e o*tained *' using special indicator,
where*' it change to 'ellowish color when it inter-react with the indicators.
Ammonia nitrate presents on the waste in different forms depending on the
resource and *' product which has *een troughed to that resource. <.g. for
domestic the ammonia present as 3H1-3 due to consisting of 3H1 in human *'-
!#
product as food, sewage <CT, comparing to others t'pes. In the other hand, in
industr' presents as 361-3 more than other t'pes due to high le(el of 361 in
the industr' side.
The conclusion of this experiment is the ammonia-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen is
determining form the sample of wastewater and water. The green color are
appear from industrial wastewater sample indicates that the presence of
ammonia-nitrogen is (er' high in the sample for a*out 0.1. for domestic
wastewater sample there is ammonia-nitrogen presence *ut the (alue is low
which is ".,mg.. As for ri(er water sample, the ammonia-nitrogen also presence
in the sample and the (alue is /./mg..
2.! Recommendation
As suggested, gi(e clearl' explanation a*out the process, especiall' for the
experiment. That due to an error during conducting the experiment *ecause of
lac9ing in information in cooling process.
Clarif' the function of indicators, to use the right one and eas' to explain later.
&.0 Re'e(ences
/. A.1. $aton and !.A.(. 7ranson, Standard !ethods for the $#amination of 6ater
and 6astewater, +210BBiochemical .#ygen 1emand & B.1*, &21st ed.*,
American 4ublic (ealth Association &200+*.
!. 3lark C. 6. and >iessman 6. &18-+* Water Supply and Pollution Control.
%nternational Te#tbook 3ompany. pp. )ADE)80.
!/
). $uropean Standard $' 1A882!arch 188A, 1etermination of biochemical
demand after n days. 4art 2: method for undiluted sample &%S. +A1+:18A8,
modified*
/. Sincero, A. 4., F Sincero, G. A. &200)*. 4hysicalchemical treatment of water and
wastewater. %6A 4ublishing.
!!