1

Turabian Style Citations

Library Resource Guide


FOOTNOTES and BIBLIOGRAPHY -- what are they, and why are they needed to make your research paper,
thesis, or dissertation acceptable for academic purposes?

A FOOTNOTE gives the specific location in a book, journal, or other source (down to the page number) where
information or ideas used in the text of your paper were found.

FOOTNOTE EXAMPLE:

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

A survey of the literature concerning beginning reading reveals that in no other area of
learning in American schools is greater pressure exerted on the pupil than in the area of
reading. Heilman
1
stated that this coincides with the high value which our society places on
education and to the recognition that education is based on reading skill.

Wilson and Hall
2
concluded that success in school is closely tied to success in reading and
that the poor reader, who is introduced to reading before being ready, can be blocked from
using this major avenue of learning and can experience failure in many school areas.
___________

1
Arthur W. Heilman, Principles and Practices of Teaching Reading, 4th ed., (Columbus:
Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1977), 17.


2
Robert M. Wilson and Maryanne Hall, Reading and the Elementary School Child (New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1972), 5.

A BIBLIOGRAPHY lists all the sources used to write a research paper, including those specifically footnoted. The
bibliography appears at the end of a paper and includes entries listed in alphabetical order by the author's last name.

BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE:

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ames, Louise Bates, "Children with Perceptual Problems May Also Lag
Developmentally, "J ournal of Learning Disabilities, 2 (April 1969): 175-80.

Heilman, Arthur W., Principles and Practices of Teaching Reading, 4th ed.,
Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1977.

Wilson, Robert M. and Maryanne Hall, Reading and the Elementary School
Child. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1972.

Zintz, Miles V., The Reading Process - The Teacher and the Learner.
Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1970.

2

Both the FOOTNOTES and the BIBLIOGRAPHY give authoritative sources for your statements, help the reader
gain access to those sources, and acknowledge the fact that the information used in the paper did not originate with
you, the writer.

The examples below represent the footnote and bibliography format and style suggested in the following source. It
is available on Reserve in Carlson Library, or in the Scott Park Library Reference section. Only a few examples are
included in this Library Guide. Please refer to the complete Manual for situations not covered here.

LB Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and
2369 Dissertations 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
.T8
1996

You may wish to place all your notes at the end of the paper rather than at the bottom of each page. They are then
referred to as endnotes rather than footnotes and are numbered consecutively throughout the body of the paper. In
any case, the same rules of format apply.

EXAMPLES

[NOTE: The abbreviations "N." and "B." stand respectively for footnote (or endnote) and bibliography entry.]

BOOKS

SINGLE AUTHOR

N.
1
J ohn Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 54.

B. Franklin, J ohn Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

TWO AUTHORS

N.
2
Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C Programming
Language (Englewood Cliffs, N.J .: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 185.

B. Kernighan, Brian W., and Dennis M. Ritchie. The C Programming Language.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J .: Prentice-Hall, 1978.

THREE AUTHORS

N.
3
Nagda, Niren L., Harry E. Rector, and Michael D. Koontz. Guidelines for
Monitoring Indoor Air Quality (Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1987),
42.

B. Nagda, Niren L., Harry E. Rector, and Michael D. Koontz. Guidelines for
Monitoring Indoor Air Quality. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere
Publishing Corp., 1987.
3
MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS

N.
4
Martin Greenberger and others, eds., Networks for Research and
Education: Sharing of Computer and Information Resources Nationwide
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), 50.

B. Greenberger, Martin, J ulius Aronofsky, J ames L. McKenney, and William F.
Massy, eds. Networks for Research and Education: Sharing of
Computer and Information Resources Nationwide. Cambridge: MIT
Press, 1974.

INSTITUTION OR ASSOCIATION, AS "AUTHOR"

N.
5
American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division,
Services Statement Development Committee, Directions for Library Service
to Young Adults (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978), 25.

B. American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, Services
Statement Development Committee. Directions for Library Service
to Young Adults. Chicago: American Library Association, 1978.

EDITOR OR COMPILER AS "AUTHOR"

N.
6
Robert von Hallberg, ed., Canons (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1984), 225.

B. von Hallberg, Robert, ed. Canons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

AUTHOR'S WORK TRANSLATED OR EDITED BY ANOTHER

N.
7
J ean Anouilh, The Lark, trans. Christopher Fry (London: Methuen,
1955), 86.

B. Anouilh, J ean. The Lark. Translated by Christopher Fry. London: Methuen,
1955.

BOOK IN A SERIES

N.
8
Ellen Pollak, The Poetics of Sexual Myth: Gender and Ideology in the Verse
of Swift and Pope, Women in Culture and Society Series (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1985), 124.

B. Pollak, Ellen. The Poetics of Sexual Myth: Gender and Ideology in the Verse of Swift
and Pope. Women in Culture and Society Series. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1985.
4
CHAPTER, ESSAY, or ARTICLE BY ONE AUTHOR IN A WORK EDITED BY ANOTHER

N.
9
Mary Higdon Beech, "The Domestic Realm in the Lives of Hindu Women
in Calcutta," in Separate Worlds: Studies of Purdah in South Asia, ed. Hanna
Papanek and Gail Minault (Delhi: Chanakya, 1982), 115.

B. Beech, Mary Higdon. "The Domestic Realm in the Lives of Hindu Women in
Calcutta." In Separate Worlds: Studies of Purdah in South Asia, ed.
Hanna Papanek and Gail Minault, 110-38. Delhi: Chanakya, 1982.

ARTICLES IN JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES

ARTICLE IN A J OURNAL

N.
10
Lawrence P. Smith, Sailing Close to the Wind, Politics in Action 10, no.4
(1993): 82, 99-100.


B. Smith, Lawrence P. Sailing Close to the Wind. Politics in Action 10, no. 4 (1993):
80-102.

ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

N.
11
C. Welles, "The Debris in Rudolph Giuliani's Wake," Business Week, 23
J anuary 1989, 36.

B. Welles, C. "The Debris in Rudolph Giuliani's Wake." Business Week, 23 J anuary 1989,
36.

UNSIGNED ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

N.
12
"Showdown with Libya," Newsweek, 16 J anuary 1989, 16-25.

B. "Showdown with Libya." Newsweek, 16 J anuary 1989, 16-25.

NEWSPAPERS

N.
13
Michael Norman, "The Folk Tale Analyzed by Academe," New York
Times, 5 March 1984, Sec. 1A, p. 3.

B. Norman, Michael. "The Folk Tale Analyzed by Academe." New York Times, 5
March 1984, Sec. 1A, p. 3.

ENCYCLOPEDIAS

SIGNED ARTICLE

N.
14
Dagobert D. Runes and Harry G. Schrickel, eds. Encyclopedia of the Arts
(New York: Philosophical Library, 1946), s.v. "African Negro Art," by J ames A Porter.

B. Runes, Dagobert D., and Harry G. Schrickel, eds. Encyclopedia of the Arts. New York:
Philosophical Library, 1946, S.v. "African Negro Art," by J ames A.Porter.
5
UNSIGNED ARTICLE

N.
15
Encyclopedia Americana, 1975 ed., s.v. "Sumatra."

B. Encyclopedia Americana, 1975 ed. S.v. "Sumatra."

BOOK REVIEWS

N.
16
Dwight Frankfather, review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A.
Stone, Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 524.

B. Dwight Frankfather. Review of The Disabled State, by Deborah A. Stone.
Social Service Review 59 (September 1985): 523-25.


GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

N.
17
Securities and Exchange Commission, Annual Report of the Securities and
Exchange Commission for the Fiscal Year (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1983), 42.

B. U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Annual Report of the Securities and
Exchange Commission for the Fiscal Year. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1983.

MICROFORM EDITIONS

N.
18
Charles Wilson Peale, The Collected Papers of Charles Wilson Peale and His
Family, ed. Lillian B. Miller, National Portrait Gallery Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus-Thomson Organization, 1980), microfiche,
37.

B. Peale, Charles Wilson. The Collected Papers of Charles Wilson Peale and His
Family, ed. Lillian B. Miller, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus-Thomson
Organization, 1980. Microfiche.

ERIC REPORT

N.
19
Barbara Robson, Tanzania: Country Status Report. (Washington, D.C.: Center
for Applied Linguistics, Language/Area Reference Center, 1984), 7, ERIC, ED 248 700.

B. Robson, Barbara. Tanzania: Country Status Report. Washington, D.C.: Center for
Applied Linguistics, Language/Area Reference Center, 1984, ERIC, ED 248
700.

THESIS OR DISSERTATION

N.
20
Gilberto Artioli, "Structural Studies of the Water Molecules and
Hydrogen Bonding in Zeolites" (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1985), 10.

B. Artioli, Gilberto. "Structural Studies of the Water Molecules and Hydrogen
Bonding in Zeolites." Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1985.
6
UNPUBLISHED INTERVIEW

N.
21
Mayor Harold Washington of Chicago, interview by author,
telephone interview, 23 September 1985.

B. Washington, Harold, Mayor of Chicago. Interview by author, 23 September 1985.
Telephone interview.

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT

N.
22
William J . Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Place and the Infobahn [book on-
line] (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995); available from
http://www.mitpress.mit.edu:80/ City_of_Bits/ Pulling_Glass/index.html; Internet.

B. Mitchell, William J . City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn. Book on-line.
Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995. Available
from http://www.mitpress.mit.edu:80;City_of_Bits/ Pulling_Glass/index.html;
Internet.


SOME HINTS ABOUT FOOTNOTES

1. Reference Taken from a Secondary Source.

When citing the work of one author as found in the work of another author, both works must be
mentioned in the footnote.
EXAMPLE:


2
Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge and London:
Harvard University Press, 1981), 78, citing Louis Zukowsky, "Sincerity and Objectification," Poetry
37 (February 1931): 269.

2. Second or Later Reference to the Same Work.

a. For references to the same page of a work without any intervening references
(e.g., footnotes), use the Latin term "Ibid.," meaning "in the same place."
EXAMPLE:


1
Max Plowman, An Introduction to the Study of Blake (London:
Gollancz, 1951), 32.


2
Ibid.

b. For a reference to a different page or pages of the same work with NO intervening
references to the last work, "Ibid." may still be used but must contain the page
number(s).
EXAMPLE:


3
Ibid., 68

A FINAL WORD: Some academic departments may require a different style from the footnotes and bibliography
format outlined in this guide. One style frequently required is the parenthetical-reference or reference citation in
text format. (See separate Library Guide entitled APA Style -- Reference Citations in Text). Another is the MLA
Style. Inquire at the Information and Reference Desk for style manuals available in the Carlson Library.
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EXAMPLE OF A BIBLIOGRAPHY






BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, - Services
Statement Development Committee, Directions for Library Service
to Young Adults. Chicago: American Library Association, 1978.

Artioli, Gilberto. "Structural Studies of the Water Molecules and Hydrogen
Bonding in Zeolites." Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1987.

Beech, Mary Higdon. "The Domestic Realm in the Lives of Hindu Women in
Calcutta." In Separate Worlds: Studies of Purdah in South Asia, ed.
Hanna Papanek and Gail Minault, 110-38. Delhi: Chanakya, 1982.

Franklin, J ohn Hope. George Washington Williams: A Biography. Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1985.

____. Reconstruction: After the Civil War. Chicago, University of Chicago Press,
1961.

J ackson, Richard. "Running Down the Up-Escalator: Regional Inequality in Papau
New Guinea," Australian Geographer 14 (May 1979): 175-84.

Norman, Michael. "The Folk Tale Analyzed by Academe." New York Times,
5 March 1984, Sec. 1A, p. 3.

Runes, Dagobert D., and Harry G. Schrickel, eds. Encyclopedia of the Arts. New
York: Philosophical Library, 1946, S.v. "African Negro Art," by J ames A.
Porter.

"Showdown with Libya." Newsweek, 16 J anuary 1989, 16-25.

Smith, Lawrence P. Sailing Close to the Wind. Politics in Action 10, no. 4 (1993):
80-102.

U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Annual Report of the Securities and
Exchange Commission for the Fiscal Year. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1983.

von Hallberg, Robert, ed. Canons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

Weber, Bruce. "The Myth Maker: The Creative Mind of Novelist E. L. Doctorow,"
New York Times Magazine, 20 October 1985, 42.


Rev.7/99