Interaction Design Projects

Principles of
Interaction Design
Portfolio
Palak Sanghani
201314001

Principles of Interaction Design Palak Sanghani
201314001
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Contents

Sending Email from Android Device VS Windows Laptop ............... 3
Ergonomics .................................................................... 7
Thermal Comfort ............................................................. 9
Jacquard Looms .............................................................. 11
The components of Telephone Instrument .............................. 13
Steps to Tie Shoelaces ...................................................... 15
Noise Vs. Harmony ........................................................... 17
Sketches ....................................................................... 20
Industrial Revolution ........................................................ 23
Affordance .................................................................... 25
Re-adjustable Chairs ........................................................ 27
Barbara Tversky: Narratives of Space, Time and Life .................. 28
Barbara Tversky: Tools for Thought ...................................... 29
Gmail is not only about Emails .......................................... 30
Microsoft Word: Less Used Yet Useful Features ......................... 32
Gmelius........................................................................ 33
Anthropometry ............................................................... 36
Bone Structure of grip ...................................................... 39
Visual Comfort ............................................................... 41
Mass Customization .......................................................... 45
Rolling Pin Design ............................................................ 48
Portfolio Bag Design Proposal .............................................. 50
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Magic Icons ................................................................... 53
Mug Handles .................................................................. 57
System Design ................................................................ 64
Activity Centric Design ...................................................... 69
Perception, A visual system ................................................ 72
Man made and Natural Fabric.............................................. 74
Ten things that can be counted as common sense... .................. 78
App Layout .................................................................... 79
Studying textures through pictures ....................................... 81
Round to Scratchy Objects ................................................. 84
16 Squares .................................................................... 86
Golden Proportion ........................................................... 88
Perspective ................................................................... 90
Limitations of Hick-Hyman Law ........................................... 92
Xerox Parc .................................................................... 93
Variations of Appearance - Visual Clues .................................. 96

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Assignment 1
Sending Email from Android Device VS Windows Laptop

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Assignment 2
Ergonomics

The word Ergonomics is coined by the words ergon (work) and nomoi (natural laws)
.It shows the relationship of a person with work. Ergonomics is concerned with
understanding human interactions and applying all the theoretical principles to
design. Ergonomics is used in designing and planning. It can be applied to all
human activities. It is the science of work, how to work and how to do it
efficiently. Ergonomics is used to add to our comfort. Ergonomics is used to design
services and products in such a way that they are useful and efficient.
Ergonomics is used in health, product design, transportation, nuclear weapons and
many other fields. Ergonomics is reducing discomfort of any person in the
environment. Staring at the computer screen for long hours can cause discomfort
so it is advisable to sit at a considerable distance and take frequent breaks.
Physical Ergonomics
It deals with all the physical activities. The motion, postures and moments.
Cognitive Ergonomics
It deals with the mental processes like memory and reasoning which affect the
human interactions and decision making.
Organizational Ergonomics
It deals with the optimization of systems, structure and policies.
Environmental Ergonomics
It deals with the interaction of human beings with environment and how
they react to temperature fluctuations, pressure, vibrations etc.

Ideal Measurements for Dining Table:
The table height of ideal table should be enough that there is clearance space for
knees of all the people to sit comfortably. Most of the dinner tables are around 30''
high. The width of the table should be such that one doesn't have to lean over it, it
should be have enough leg space. The shape should be based on how many people
are going to be gathered, rectangular tables are for large gatherings while oval and
round tables are for less number of people. There should be around 12' distance
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between table surface and height of chair.

DEPTH:
Most dining tables average 36" wide and vary from 30" to 48". More than 48" and it
starts to get difficult to reach across the table. Rounds tables should be 30" to
decrease the slice of pie towards the centre of the table.
HEIGHT:
Most dining tables today are 30" high. Chair height is generally 18" (from the seat
to the floor). This allows for comfortable leg room.
LIGHTING:
Proper light makes our tasks easier and makes us feel comfortable and safe.
Lights must be fixed on the focal point of the room and light fixture reflects our
personality. A pendant can be used for the general lighting which should be places
30" above the table. . Ceiling light fixtures look great in small dining rooms
because they make the area seem larger than it is. Proper layering of light can
enhance color and ambiance. Lighting should address purpose of the room.
SURFACE:
Wood is durable and take all kind of wear and tear. Sealed and laminated timbers
can keep the moisture away, look charming and yet be inexpensive. It can add to
the warmth and withstand many years.
PLACEMENT:
According to Feng Sui, table must be placed in the centre of the room and away
from main door with equal space on all four sides. The Vaastu Shashtra directs that
dining table should in the northwest or southwest corner of room and it shouldn't
touch the wall.

References:
http://www.iea.cc/01_what/What%20is%20Ergonomics.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics
http://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/a/ergo101.htm

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Assignment 3
Thermal Comfort

Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind which expresses our satisfaction with
the thermal environment. Thermal comfort. It depends on the environment and an
individual what makes him comfortable.

Environmental Factors:
Air temperature
-Temperature of air surrounding the body
Radiant temperature
-The heat radiated by any warm object like sun. Furnaces, ovens etc.
Velocity of Air
-It is the speed of the air. Stagnant air can cause odour. Moving air causes heat
loss.
Humidity
-It is the amount of water in the atmosphere. High humidity prevents the
evaporation.

Personal Factors:
Clothing
-Clothes interfere with our ability to lose heat to the environment. Clothes
contribute to the protection level.
Metabolic Heat
-The more physical work we do, more heat we produce. It depends on a person's
physical characteristics.

Thermal comfort is important to allow us to concentrate on given task. Thermal
comfort can be checked by asking the following questions
1. Does air feel warm or hot?
2. Does temperature keep fluctuating?
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3. Is there a heat source?
4. Is the air humid or dry?
5. Is the environment cool/cold or hot?

Thermal comforts could be managed by
1. Administrative Controls.
-Administrative controls include planning and rescheduling work times and
practices and rest schedules.

2. Engineering Controls
- It is used to avoid hazards and risks.

Other solutions are heating, air movement, air cooling, etc.

References:
http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/explained.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort
http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm

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Assignment 4
Jacquard Looms

Joseph Marie Jacquard invented the Jacquard loom in the 1804 which could weave
complex designs. Joseph was employed in a factory and used his spare time to
construct his loom which would not take long periods to produce fine woven
fabrics. Jacquard's loom mechanism is controlled by recording patterns of holes in
string of cards and weaving intricate patterns. It enables an ordinary workman to
produce beautiful patterns.

Joseph presented his invention in 1804, Paris and was awarded a medal. This
invention has helped in advancement of technology and in textile industry by
cutting down human labour and reusing the patterns stored on the card. The thick
cards had rectangular holes punched in them. The hooks and needles used in
weaving were guided by the holes in the cardboard. The hooks were held
stationary until they came in contact with punched holes. Hooks passed through
the holes with needle inserting a thread and forming the desired pattern. The
raised and lowered threads created the pattern. Cards were arranged over each
other to weave beautiful patterns. A number of threads were used to repeat the
patterns. The innovative idea of punch cards storing the information sparked the
computer revolution.

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References:
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/jacquard.htm
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_jacquard.htm
http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Jacquard_loom.html

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Assignment 5
The components of Telephone Instrument

From the boxes in the 1960s finally we saw design oriented telephone instruments.
Telephones transmit and receive the human voice. The word telephone actually
means sending your voice at a certain distance. The basic components have
remained same over the last few years except for the addition of few facilities and
smart features like contact list, redialling, video calling, caller ID, and much more.
The basic components of telephone instrument are as follows

1. Transmitter
It is a microphone situated at the mouthpiece. It converts the voice into current.
The speech vibrations cause fluctuations in electric field which produces variation
in voltage which are amplified for transmission.

2. Receiver
It is located at the earpiece and it converts electric current into sound waves and
reproduce sound waves.

3. Ringer
Ringer alerts the user about the incoming calls. It is connected to the local loop.
Capacitor provides current to the handset.

4. Dialler
It is used to dial the number and establish connection with the person we are
calling. The dial tones are of low frequency pulses and they travel through the
telephone system. The capacitor and resistor prevent dialling signals from passing
into ringer circuit.

5. Power Source
A two wired circuit provides voltage of 48 volts. The phone is charged up when not
in use in cordless phones. The transformer charges up the base unit
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6. Hook
The hook connects the telephone with current supply. Cradle is now used to hang
the phone. Loop is broken when the phone is hanged.

7. Circuit
It performs a number of functions. It reduces the side tone. It ensures efficient
flow of current through the system.

References:
http://www.telephonymuseum.com/telephones.htm
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_parts_of_a_telephone

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Assignment 6
Steps to Tie Shoelaces

A flow chart displaying the steps to tie our shoelaces.

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Assignment 7
Noise Vs. Harmony

Contrasting Images
NOISE

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HARMONY

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Assignment 8
Sketches

If we dont want to eat aloo parantha with your hands ... We can use few of the
below shown creative instruments

1. "The magnetic Pen"
A magnetic kind of force emerges out of the pen and pulls the morsels of food
towards the tip. The pen is programmed in such a way that a certain dimension of
food is cut and sticks to the pen tip. The tip can be turned in to a spoon or fork
also.

2."Roller Coaster"
The rolling fork can be rolled out to cut the parantha and the spoon can be used to
eat it. The structure is such that the fork doesnt hurt while one is using the
spoon.

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3."Tripple Treacle"
The three in one collection of fork, knife and spoon can be used to eat the
parantha whether we want to cut it, dip it or savour it.

4. "Twizzlers"
The twizzler of a spoon and a fork forms a clipper to hold the food and eat
effectively after dipping it on to the sauce.

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Assignment 9
Industrial Revolution

With the use of machines and new discoveries, industrial revolution lead to mass
production. The prezi shows how things were manufactured earlier and at what
rate they are produced now. It shows the automation and the improvement in
quality and speed. Click on the following link to view the prezi :

Industrial Revolution

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Presentation:
http://prezi.com/hwrwqtjdncgq/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex
0share

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Assignment 10
Affordance

An affordance is the design aspect of an object which suggest how the object
should be used; a visual clue to its function and use. Affordance is something of
the actual and the perceived properties of the object. Gibson says that affordance
is relation between the individual and the object he is interacting with. Thus
affordance is quality of an object which allows it to have an action relationship
with an actor. The actor has to discover the affordance between himself and the
entities. Design should be such that the user feels that some interaction is
possible. The user should find some logical action which should be performed with
the object.

An object can have an affordance which is hidden. Symbolic communication is used
to encourage users to understand the affordance. Affordance is not dependent on
the culture, prior knowledge or expectation. Our brain works in such a manner
that we always try to find the simplicity and put in the missing puzzles in any
jigsaw puzzle. Affordance is our guiding path in how to interact with the object
even if we are seeing the object for the first time. It gives us clues how we should
operate the object even if we are seeing it for the first time.

We have to deal with the constraints and conventions while using affordances.
Physical Constraint: It is about relation of affordance with physical reality
and the limitations
Logical Constraint: It is about the alternate options available.
Cultural Constraint: It is about what people will think and how they will
behave.

We can create a good affordance by observing people. Data of
peoples behaviour should be collected to deal with all the conventions and
building a design with good affordance. If we create a new affordance, people may
take time to accept and understand it because of the social conventions.
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We can put across a good design by keeping in mind the following criteria
We should never build a design which is violating the conventions
We can use words to explain the action or some convincing graphic or should
highlight the object
We should keep it simple and clear. It is advisable to build the design upon
some model.

References:
http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~goguen/courses/271sp03/jnd.html
http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/affordances.html
http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.html

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Assignment 11
Re-adjustable Chairs

Chairs nowadays are re-adjustable to add to the comfort of the users. There is a
gas cylinder that has an internal piston that compresses a gas to a higher pressure
when weight is put on it. A friction clamp is present to hold the piston's rod in a
set position. This clamp acts like the height selector. A soft spring gives a bit of
cushion when a person sits on the chair. If the chair is too low, a lever releases the
friction clamp, letting the piston come up, raising the chair against the chair's
weight. If a person is sitting in the chair at that time, the gas pressure against the
piston is not enough, and the chair goes down.

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Assignment 12
Barbara Tversky: Narratives of Space, Time and Life

Narratives of Space, Time and Life
Main Idea:
Mind Constructs stories from chaos.
Our mind creates objects in space and actions in time. We conjure up scenarios in
our mind. Some people want the narratives to include character, emotion or have
the narrative voice.

Space and Perspective.
Space surrounds us. Narratives are linear and one thing comes up after another.
We need consistency of perspective to construct a mental framework to place the
object. Speakers describe environment from stationary viewpoint. Landmarks are
located with some reference. Environment is experienced from a height using the
survey perspective. Gaze perspective is obtained a single viewpoint, it can be used
when entire scene can be viewed from one position. Route perspective is a
representation of two events linked in a time.

Organization of Spatial Mental Models
Descriptions take survey and route perspectives and switched between
perspectives. A consistent perspective is not required to establish mental spatial
framework.

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Assignment 13
Barbara Tversky: Tools for Thought

Language and Bilingual Cognition
Some people find it unacceptable that our language affects our thinking while
other think that this is indeed worth a thought !
Effect of language has shown for time, space, color, shape and object.
More than words there are relations and features of things. People usually describe
accomplished goals and focus on features which are easy to describe. Things are
categorized through language. Language uses labels and names to categorize
things. Language lets us establish relationship between different categories. We
are affected by the language we speak and the language we hear.
Language has longer term off line effects which encourage people to give attention
to some things and ignoring the other associations and aspects. We would
implement whatever we heard as toddlers.
Language has many delicately interwoven communicative strands.
Language affects our gestures. Language can help or hinder our thoughts.
Language emphasizes on some meanings and relations and doesn't transform the
others. It often organizes the useful things but sometimes it may ignore the
essential things.

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Assignment 14
Gmail is not only about Emails

With Gmail you can do so much more than sending and receiving emails. Its a
versatile tool, which can be adapted to your needs. If there is an insane or
creative use you can think of, there will be ways to make it happen.

Undo Send
We can cancel a mail a short while after we have sent it. We have to activate the
undo send for this to work.
Using Gmail Offline
If we install google gears then we can use Gmail in online, offline and flaky
connection mode.
Gmail Driving Directions
Gmail detects addresses automatically and creates link to map it. Gmail even
keeps a track of our activity. The last access time and other details are displayed
at the right corner.
Gmail Labs
It has a task list, game, mail goggles and many other features which are in
experimental mode.
Gmail Themes
We can change the themes and play with the backgrounds and the colours. We can
even change the sound that plays when a new mail is received.
Free POP and IMAP mail
We can integrate outlook and other email clients for free. We can even import our
emails and messages and contacts to Gmail.
Google Apps
We can convert our domain into Gmail account. We can forward mails from any
account to our Gmail address
Creating Aliases
You can manage multiple email accounts and apply advanced filters. Finding and
archiving mails is very easy.
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Auto Forwarding and Auto Answering
We can save few responses apply them to particular labels and auto forward the
canned response. We can even set up email templates.

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Assignment 15
Microsoft Word: Less Used Yet Useful Features

Document Comparison
Open two files side by side and compare documents. We can even collapse and
expand another document.
Custom Paste
You can format the pasted content by custom paste options.
Removing Hidden Data
We can inspect a document and prepare it for sharing. The comments and tracking
personal details should be erased.
Auto text Feature
Apart from auto correct, word ensures we have to type less through the auto text
entries and increase our productivity. Even frequently used images can be kept as
templates.
Apps
We have an entire app library at our command in word now. The sticky notes app
is fairly useful.
Online
We can not only save our documents online, we can present and share online. We
can now start editing from where we left. We can integrate images and videos
present online.
PDFs
We can edit PDFs and save the word documents as PDF documents.

References:
http://office.microsoft.com/en-in/word-help/top-tips-for-word-HA001096381.aspx
http://www.techradar.com/news/software/applications/10-cool-microsoft-word-tips-and-
tricks-905849

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Assignment 16
Gmelius

Experience Gmail without ads
Focus only on your emails and wipe out the noise added to your inbox by Gmail
ads. Gmelius gives you the possibility (i.e. option) to remove all the ads present in
Gmail (top, right and bottom). Gmelius does not deactivate the automatic Gmail
filtering and scanning system which allows Google to parse for keywords in your
emails and then match and serve targeted ads when you browse the Web.

Make Gmail header auto-expandable
Make the Gmail header, that is the logo and search block, auto-expandable on
demand and prioritize so the content of your inbox. If you enable this feature,
Gmelius will add a "Search and Share" button in the top navigation bar that will
display/hide the header and auto-focus the search input. This feature includes a
keyboard shortcut for Chrome users (experimental).

Remove the "People Widget"
You don't use the so-called "People widget" or contact box appearing at the right of
your emails? Remove it from Gmail and enjoy a larger space to read and browse
your messages. You will need to disable the ads first for this feature to work
properly. Fully compatible with the Preview Pane Gmail lab.

Customize Gmail navigation icons
The native Gmail navigation icons can look a bit confusing. While you have the
possibility to choose either buttons with icons or buttons with text, Gmelius gives
you the option to have buttons with icons and text. Moreover, you can also
colourize the navigation icons to make them even more intuitive.

Add a subtle row highlight
Make the navigation through your Gmail inbox more eye-pleasing by adding a
subtle row highlight when the mouse goes over a message. Gmelius features a row
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highlight whose colour is customizable in order to suit best your theme. This
feature is also compatible with the Preview Pane Gmail lab.

Homogenize the appearance of your incoming emails
Not a big fan of those emails sent with an exotic font (e.g. Comic) and catchy
colours? Enable this feature and Gmelius will homogenize the look and feel of your
incoming emails based on the default settings of your Gmail theme.

Add attachment Icons
In your Gmail inbox, attachments are indicated by a paperclip. What if different
icons were shown depending on the type of file attached to your emails? Gmelius
exactly does this by offering type dependent attachment icons, either in colour or
in black and white (Chrome only). More than 40 types of files are currently
supported from the standard .doc|.pdf|.xls to the less frequent .php|.svg|.ogg.

Disable "Consider including"
Some Gmail users were not happy with the activation by default of the "consider
including" feature when composing their emails. You too? Just disable it with
Gmelius.

Make the Google logo clickable
Remember the days when one simple click on the Gmail logo in the header was
magically refreshing and sending you back to your inbox. Gmelius revives this nice
feature.

Auto-Scroll to the top of your inbox la Google+
Hand cramps scrolling continuously up and down in your Gmail inbox? Relax and
enjoy a smooth auto-scroll to top functionality by simply clicking on the top-dark
grey bar, like in Google+. Your fingers will say thank you :)

Move emails labels from the left to the right of your inbox
In Gmail, labels are placed at the very left of emails subjects. This has for main
consequence to decrease the visibility of the content of your emails. Gmelius gives
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you the possibility to move labels from the left to the right of your inbox, making
then easier to read the subject of your emails at first glance.

Move attachment icons from the right to the left of your inbox
In Gmail, attachment icons are placed at the very right of emails subjects. With
Gmelius, you can move those icons from the right to the left of your inbox, making
then easier to see the type of attachment an email has. Note that such a feature
was available in the Gmail Lab but has been retired in early May 2012.
Gmelius revives it ...

Automatic De-obfuscation of email addresses
Gmelius de-obfuscates automatically any email addresses you copy and paste from
a website, making so your life a bit easier. Currently available for Gmelius Chrome
and Gmelius Firefox.

Regain some space in your inbox
The new Gmail is great but can sometimes look a bit cluttered. Gmelius gives you
the possibility to regain some space and to clean your inbox by removing diverse
elements such as chat statuses, chat and footer.

References:
http://gmelius.com/

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Assignment 17
Anthropometry

Anthropometry is the measuring of man, any individuals morphology is measured
through certain tasks performed by him. All the physical aspects of the body are
measured. Anthropometry even includes measuring the length from elbow to tip
of finger. Anthropometry even measures the range of motion, thickness of girth.
The comfort, health, safety and productivity of any device can be improved
through Anthropometry.

All this data is used to gather a statistical data of large population, then
extrapolating the data and using the knowledge to design new products with
proper ergonomics. The more the accuracy of the data, the better the design is.
When any new product is being designed one should know how the design should
be so that maximum people are more comfortable in using it. For example a chair,
its height width... And other details.

Anthropometric data is just not used for designing products but even measuring
the health, checking if a child is growing properly. It can be used to design new
systems. Anthropometry can be used in cloth design, industrial design, etc.
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These days the computerized 3D human shapes are used for anthropometric
analysis. Equipment design has just got better and easier since then. We should
consider several things like if we are designing car wheels, they are bound to use
in the heat, rain and cold. The grips should be sturdy and long lasting. A remote
control should have labels readable by all age groups. I designed a phone for the
elderly people and I had to consider several factors like the keys should be large
enough, the ring should be loud enough and the battery should last longer.

When we are designing a new equipment we have to take care the object is easily
reachable, there shouldn't be any unwanted contact, the posture should remain
comfortable and safe, operating the equipment should be easy and for this we
have consider the length and width of arms, hands, fingers, elbows, shoulders and
even check the grip and its strength. All this has to be considered while designing
objects as simple as bottle tops, handles, switches to complicated gadgets and
automobiles. Anthropometry is used in day to day life and has several applications.

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References:
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthropometry/
http://ergonomics.about.com/od/ergonomicbasics/f/What-Is-Anthropometry.htm
http://www.ergonomics4schools.com/lzone/anthropometry.htm

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Assignment 18
Bone Structure of grip

Trying to show how the bone structure adapts to particular grips

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Assignment 19
Visual Comfort

Visual Comfort is used to rate the lighting scenes. It is the percentage of light
required so that people will feel comfortable with regards to visual glare. It tries
to understand the human interactions and visual processes. The visual comfort and
safety is very important.

Human beings can easily adapt to the environment. Light is the key element is our
capacity to see so we should appreciate the form, colour and perspective of the
objects we see around us. Most of the information we obtain is through sight. The
lighting even affects our mind and thought processes. The correct design of
illumination system offers visual comfort. The distribution of the luminance, the
efficiency of the illumination and the spectral composition affects the visual
comfort.

Visual comfort affects the productivity and physiological well-being of any worker
that is why proper colours of walls and furniture are chosen with great efforts
while designing any workplace. The combination of illumination, the contrast of
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the luminance, the colour of light, reproduction of colour and selection of the
colours are different elements which affect visual comfort.

Factors affecting visual comfort
The factors that affect visual comfort are uniform illumination, optimal luminance,
lack of glare, adequate contrast conditions, correct colours and the absence of
intermittent light. Light should not only be considered by quantitative criteria but
also by qualitative criteria.

Each activity requires a specific level of illumination in the area where the activity
takes place. In general, the higher the difficulty for visual perception, the higher
the average level of illumination should be as well. Level of Illumination is
affected by the nature of the work, reflectance of the object and of the
immediate surroundings differences with natural light and the need for daytime
illumination and the workers age.

The degree of safety with which a task is executed depends, in large part, on the
quality of illumination and on visual capacities. The visibility of an object can be
altered in many ways. One of the most important is the contrast of luminance due
to reflection factors, to shadows, or to colours of the object itself, and to the
reflection factors of colour. What the eye really perceives are the differences of
luminance between an object and its surroundings, or between different parts of
the same object. The luminance of an object, of its surroundings, and of the work
area influence the ease with which an object is seen. It is therefore of key
importance that the area where the visual task is performed, and its surroundings,
be carefully analysed.

Factors that affect Vision
Key factors in the conditions that affect vision are the distribution of light and the
contrast of luminances. In so far as the distribution of light is concerned, it is
preferable to have good general illumination instead of localized illumination in
order to avoid glare. For this reason, electrical accessories should be distributed as
uniformly as possible in order to avoid differences in luminous intensity. Constant
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shuttling through zones that are not uniformly illuminated causes eye fatigue, and
with time this can lead to reduced visual output.

Glare
Glare is produced when a brilliant source of light is present in the visual field; the
result is a diminution in the capacity to distinguish objects. Workers who suffer the
effects of glare constantly and successively can suffer from eye strain as well as
from functional disorders, even though in many cases they are not aware of it.

Glare can be direct when its origin is bright sources of light directly in the line of
vision, or by reflection when light is reflected on surfaces with high reflectance.
Distribution of luminance among different objects and surfaces: The greater the
differences in luminance are among the objects within the field of vision, the
greater will be the glare created and the greater will be the deterioration in the
capacity to see due to the effects on the adaptive processes of sight.

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Assignment 20
Mass Customization

Mass customization allows firms to produce only things their customers want. This
approach, make-to-order, brings many benefits to firms in terms of cost and profit
because of lower inventory levels, maximum sales, elimination of material waste,
flexible production and, most of all, customer satisfaction. However, mass
customization may not be the panacea for all organizations. While some companies
are very successful with mass customization, others are not.

The process of delivering wide-market goods and services that are modified to
satisfy a specific customer need. Mass customization is a marketing and
manufacturing technique that combines the flexibility and personalization of
"custom-made" with the low unit costs associated with mass production. Many
applications of mass customization include software-based product configurations
that allow end-users to add and/or change certain functionalities of a core
product. Sometimes called "made to order" or "built to order.

Mass Customization calls for flexibility and quick responsiveness. In an ever-
changing environment, people, processes, units, and technology reconfigure to
give customers exactly what they want. Managers coordinate independent capable
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individuals, and an efficient linkage system is crucial. Result: low cost, high
quality, customized goods and services.

Mass customization requires the operating network have to be flexible or dynamic
because the original purpose of mass customization is to adapt one-to-one; its goal
is to allow customers to design needed products themselves. With that goal, the
demands of customers become predictable. To be flexible, operations should be a
system of units or modules; each of them is typically a task or process.

Quick responsiveness is a broad concept that is evaluated by some criteria such as
capability of offering exactly the features that customers need, delivering on time
as promised, supplying the quantity as contracted, etc. Very importantly, mass
customization demands that besides satisfying at most customers demands,
operation cost (thus price) and the quality of products must be improved. It is
unacceptable if mass customization results in a big additional cost that is out of
acceptable price.

Advantages of Mass Customization

Maximized market share by maximizing customers satisfaction and number of
customers.

Cut cost of inventory and material waste: materials and inputs are pushed into
production just in time. Also, very low inventory of finished products because of
production to orders, not produce to stock.

Increase cash flow: Lower inventories, prepayment (thus lower receivables)...
increase cash flow.

Shorten time of responsiveness (accumulative time from receiving orders to
delivering): organization structure and flexible manufacturing in mass
customization allows the company to adapt to different demands rapidly.

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Ability to supply a full line of products or service with lower costs: the purpose of
mass customization is to differentiate products to particular demands, resulting in
broader product lines of the company and a much lower risk of obsolete
inventory.

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Assignment 21
Rolling Pin Design

I feel that the wooden rolling pins that we currently use work best for rolling
chapatis. They arent too heavy and we dont need to exert too much of pressure.
They turn the dough into smooth flat paranthas. They are tried and tested and are
working extremely well!!

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Assignment 22
Portfolio Bag Design Proposal

The Portfolio files available in market right now are not very easy to carry and
comfortable to use.

Our task is to design a new portfolio back such that
1. It is easy to carry.
2. Paper can be easily preserved from curling and tearing up.
3. The bag should be light weight and durable.

I have sketched a few back packs to represent my solution:
The backpack has several compartments...
The biggest at the end is for the large sheets, it is made of thick material to
support the sheets properly and preserve them properly.
There is a compartment which opens like a folder file where in sheets of A4 size
and smaller papers can be kept....

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The bag has an external net to hold a big chart paper container, long enough to
hold the imperial size sheets if folded horizontally.
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There is a compartment, with inbuilt chart paper holders for the large sheets of
paper. It is easy and comfortable to place the chart papers. This being a cloth bag
is light weight and durable.

The bag should be made of water proof and crease proof material. The material
should be thick and durable but the weight should be minimum. The size of the
bag should be such that it is comfortable in carrying.

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Assignment 23
Magic Icons

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Assignment 24
Mug Handles

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User Centric Designs concentrate on the needs of users and translate the needs
into goals. Designers need to find out what the users knows best. Through user
participation and user data designers attach their personal experience and create
designs. The following are different sizes and patterns of mug handles for people
of different age groups based on the content of the mug and comfort levels.

I talked with people of different age groups and found out that the babies or the
kids mostly enjoy the mugs with either two handles or they prefer mugs having
creative cartooned handles and they even handle such mugs with great care.

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As the age increases the children prefer mugs which can hold less milk but look
deeper and the handles should be longer and they also like mugs with different
attractive patterns

The teens seemed to prefer mugs with different messages and wide handles which
could be easily carried and coffee could be sipped slowly for ages.

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The elderly people and the working class wanted to have their tea and coffee
quickly and they preferred the cups with small narrow handles and they liked the
small mugs and the durable ones.

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Assignment 25
System Design

System Design focuses on the components of a system. User set goals of the
system. Designers ensure all the parts of the system are organised and interrelated
to achieve the objectives.

Library Management System

Library is regarded as the brain of any institute; many institutes understand the
importance of the library to the growth of the institute and their esteem users.
LMS support the general requirement of the library like acquisition, cataloguing,
circulation. Library project system should offer many flexible and convenient
features, allowing librarians and library users to maximize time and efficiency.
Library System gives the all detailed information about students, staff and books.

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Functional component and assumption:
Register user: New user can register.
Book issue: Here the books will issue to the user.
Book return: Here the books are returned.
Search/view book details: It is used to search and view the books.
Update book details: Here the details of the books will be updated.
Payment: Here payment should be done in manual.

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Description of component:
Function component 1:
Registration: New user can register.
Input: user details.
Process definition: Processing information and stored in the database.
Output: User details updated in the database.
Book issue: Here the books will issue to the user.
Input: Book ID.
Process definition: Searching books.
Output: Search and retrieving book information.
Book return: Here the books will return.
Input: Book ID.
Process definition: Checking book details.
Output: Book is returned.
Search/view book details: It is used to search and view the details of the book.
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Input: Book ID.
Process definition: Searching books.
Output: Details of the book will be shown.
Update book details: New book entry can be added.
Input: Book ID.
Process definition: Processing the information.
Output: Update in database
Payment: Here payment is done.
Input: User ID.
Process definition: Checking user account details.
Output: Book will be issued.

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Assignment 26
Activity Centric Design

Activity Centric Design focuses on tasks and activities that need to be performed.
Users perform these tasks. Designers have to create tools for actions. Activity
centric design relies on research about the behaviour rather than goals. The
complex activity is broken up into simpler tasks. It allows the users to focus on
tasks.

As an exercise for the activity centric design we were asked to send something
interesting. I am attaching a video of txtweb. Txtweb service lets us use internet
from a simple mobile device free of cost

I decided to send a video of txtweb, txtweb enables one to use internet with SMS
from a black and white simple phone.

1. I clicked on the browser icon.
2. I clicked on the Gmail bookmark.
3. I clicked on the compose button
4.I wrote the to address : nraje.daiict@gmail.com
5. I wrote the subject: Activity Centric Design Exercise
6. I composed the mail:
"Respected sir,
As an exercise for the activity centric design we were asked to send something
interesting. I am attaching a video of txtweb. Txtweb service lets us use internet
from a simple mobile device free of cost"
7. I clicked on the attaching file icon.
8. I had to click thrice to navigate to the folder where I had kept the video.
9. I pressed the send button.

The entire activity took 9 simple steps
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Assignment 27
Perception, A visual system

Psychologists typically make a distinction
between sensation and perception. Sensations are uninterested sensory
impressions created by the detection of environmental stimuli, whereas perception
refers to the set of processes whereby we make sense of these sensations.
Perception enables us to literally navigate through the world, avoiding danger,
making decisions, and preparing for action. Visual perception has received the
most attention from researchers, and then speech.

Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory
information in order to represent and understand the environment. The perceptual
process allows us to experience the world around us. Take a moment to think of all
the things you perceive on a daily basis. At any given moment, you might see
familiar objects in your environment, feel the touch of objects and people against
your skin, smell the aroma of a home-cooked meal and hear the sound of music
playing in your next door neighbours apartment. All of these things help make up
our conscious experience and allow us to interact with the people and objects
around us.
Visual perception

The problem of visual perception

At the back of the eye is an area called the retina, consisting of light-sensitive
neurons. However, the retina is not light sensitive at the point where the optic
nerve leaves the eye and this results in a blind spot in our visual field. However,
most of the time we are unaware of the existence of the blind spots associated
with each eye, except where a special procedure helps draw it to our attention
(see here, for example). It seems that our brains perform a "best guess" operation
and try to use context to fill in the gap.
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Light from an object is inverted as it falls on the retina. The same pattern of light
could be caused by an infinite number of different objects, yet our brains usually
manage to make the correct interpretation. This is known as the inverse projection
problem. How do we make sense of visual sensations? How do we distinguish one
object from another? How do we perceive depth from the array of light stimuli
that strike our retinas? The transformative nature of perceptual processes is also
suggested by the existence of perceptual illusions.

Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the
recognition of environmental stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli.
Through the perceptual process, we gain information about properties and
elements of the environment that are critical to our survival. Perception not only
creates our experience of the world around us; it allows us to act within our
environment.

Perception includes the five senses; touch, sight, taste smell and taste. It also
includes what is known as proprioception, a set of senses involving the ability to
detect changes in body positions and movements. It also involves the cognitive
processes required to process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend
or detecting a familiar scent.

References:
http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/perceptproc.htm

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Assignment 28
Man made and Natural Fabric

All clothing is made of fibres. There are many different kinds of fibres. Each kind
of fibre has its own characteristics. Fibres are either NATURAL or MANMADE.

Different Types of Fabric:
Woven fabric Fabric formed by interlacing yarns at right angles
(Warp- lengthwise yarns; Filling- crosswise yarns)
Plain weave- evenly woven, like the strings of a tennis racket; strongest weave
Twill weave- woven to form a diagonal pattern in the fabric
Satin weave- woven with float yarns to make fabric with a shiny surface

Knit fabric Fabric made by interlocking loops of yarn
Can stretch and recover (return to original shape)
Doesnt wrinkle easily
Doesnt fray
May run if snagged

Non-woven fabric Fabric made by matting or binding fibres together
Edges do not fray or unravel when cut

Fabrics from Natural Fibres:
COTTON from cotton plants
Advantages: soft, durable, comfortable, absorbent, strong, washable
Disadvantages: wrinkles, shrinks

LINEN
Advantages: durable, comfortable, absorbent, washable
Disadvantages: wrinkles, shrinks

WOOL comes mainly from sheep
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Advantages: warm; resists wrinkles
Disadvantages: shrinks; can be damaged by moths; may have to dry clean

SILK comes from a silkworms cocoon
Advantages: lightweight; flexible; strong; luster
Disadvantages: damaged by perspiration & sunlight; may have to be dry cleaned

Fabrics from Man-made Fibres:

ACETATE
Advantages: soft; drapes well; looks like silk
Disadvantages: wrinkles, fades, heat-sensitive, loses strength when wet; poor
abrasion resistance; keep away from perfume & nail polish remover (dissolves in
acetone); dry clean

ACRYLIC
Advantages: soft, lightweight, warm, resists wrinkles; blends well with other
fabrics; non-allergenic; often resembles wool Disadvantages: may pill with
abrasion; sensitive to heat

NYLON
Advantages: STRONG; holds shape well; washable; dries quickly Disadvantages:
does not absorb moisture; sensitive to heat; can pick up dyes when washed with
colored items; static electricity

POLYESTER
Advantages: resists wrinkles; blends well with other fibres; washable; dries
quickly
Disadvantages: holds oily stains

RAYON
Advantages: soft; comfortable; highly absorbent

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Disadvantages: wrinkles easily; loses strength when wet; usually dry cleaned

SPANDEX
Advantages: high degree of stretch and recovery; combines well with other fibres
Disadvantages: weakened by chlorine bleach

Specialty Fabrics:

BURLAP
A loose weave material
Blend of thick and thin yarns woven together to get a rough look

CALICO
Small print usually on cotton woven fabric

CORDUROY
A pile fabric of plain or twill weave
May have wide or narrow cords or ribs

DENIM
Strong, coarse, washable twill weave fabric

FLANNEL
Plain or twill weave fabric with a soft brushed surface

FLEECE
Pile fabric
Soft and warm
Knit fabric

GINGHAM
Warp and filling threads dyed different colors to create a check design
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LACE
A fine open-work fabric with patterns of twisted, knotted or looped threads on a
background of mesh or net

TERRY CLOTH
A woven or knit fabric with loop pile on one or both sides
Absorbent (towel fabric)

VELVET
A pile fabric with short, closely-woven cut pile (Usually made of silk or rayon)

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Assignment 29
Ten things that can be counted as common sense...

1. Common sense is to know not to touch fire.
2. Common sense is not to jump from the terrace of a building
3. Common sense is not to wear sweater in summer
4. Common sense is eating food with hands and not feet.
5. Common sense is not to walk in front of a truck coming at full speed.
6. Common sense is not to laugh in a funeral.
7. Common sense is not to put sugar in tea
8. Common sense is to sit on the chair and not under it
9. Common sense is not to drink gutter water
10.Common sense is not slapping strangers on the road

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Assignment 30
App Layout

App which ensures communication continues
LAZY LAD!!
Many husbands don't have the right thing to say when their wife ask them the same
questions now and then ... if she is looking good, if she is fat, if he loves her. This
app provides ready-made answers to make her smile. There are certain
compliments set which can be sent at regular time intervals. Some cheesy lines

Pre-recorded answers for kids to send to parents ... we can record phrases with
our own voice. Now we can hang out with friends while the app answers for us!

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When husband or kids keep asking wives to do something for them, they'll be
ready. Use pre-recorded answers like Yes, Dear and You can go out with your
friends or record them with your own voice.

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Assignment 31
Studying textures through pictures

Smooth

Rough

Sturdy

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Fragile

Hard

Smooth

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Soft

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Assignment 32
Round to Scratchy Objects

These objects convey clues about how they could behave. We can study sound
through graphics....

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Assignment 33
16 Squares

These images show how 16 squares can be arranges in distinct ways...

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Assignment 34
Golden Proportion

If you divide a line into two parts so that: the longer part divided by the smaller
part is also equal to the whole length divided by the longer part then you will have
the golden ratio. Golden proportion is related to beauty. It is an unexpected
dimension of beauty which affects our lives at every turn. Proportion implies a
relationship between a larger and a smaller. It appears many times in geometry,
art, architecture and other areas. Golden Ration makes any shape more pleasing
and beautiful.

Golden proportion is also known as the golden ratio, golden number, golden mean
and golden section. It is the precise way of dividing a line, music or anything. It is
aesthetically the most pleasing proportion. Mathematician Mark Barr proposed
using the first letter in the name of Greek sculptor Phidias, phi, to symbolize the
golden ratio. Usually, the lowercase form () is used. We shall use Phi for the
closely related value 1.6180339887...

The Golden Proportion, phi, has been observed to evoke emotion or aesthetic
feelings within us. The ancient Egyptians used it in the construction of the great
pyramids and in the design of hieroglyphs found on tomb walls. Plato in his
Timaeus considered it the most binding of all mathematical relations and makes it
the key to the physics of the cosmos. During the Renaissance, phi served as the
"hermetic" structure on which great masterpieces were composed. Renowned
artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci made use of it for
they knew of its appealing qualities. Evidence suggests that classical music
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composed by Mozart, Beethoven, and Bach embraces phi.

Some sources claim that the golden ratio is commonly used in everyday design, for
example in the shapes of postcards, playing cards, posters, wide-screen
televisions, photographs, light switch plates and cars

References:
http://milan.milanovic.org/math/english/golden/golden1.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio
http://www.goldenmeangauge.co.uk/
http://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/golden-ratio.html

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Assignment 35
Perspective

Perspective is the visual system that attempts to represent 3 dimensional space on
a flat surface. Perspective is like a visual illusion. Artists conducted careful
observations of nature and tried to understand the world. In 15th century
florentine artist and engineer named Flippo Brunelleschi developed a
mathematical theory of perspective through optical experiments. Brunelleschi was
able to understand science behind perspective by analysing and experimenting
with the visual lines and points of perception.

The first known picture to make use of linear perspective was created by the
Florentine architect Fillipo Brunelleshi (1377-1446). Painted in 1415, it depicted
the Baptistery in Florence from the front gate of the unfinished cathedral. The
linear perspective system projected the illusion of depth onto a two dimensional
plane by use of vanishing points to which all lines converged, at eye level, on the
horizon. Soon after Brunelleshis painting, the concept caught on and many Italian
artists started to use linear perspective in their paintings.

Masaccio (1401 1428) the first great painter of the early Renaissance period, was
the first artist who demonstrated full command of the new rules of perspective;
the figures in his paintings have volume and the buildings and landscapes
realistically recede into the distance. Masaccio is seen now as being the initiator of
the new style of Florentine Realism.

When a young artist named Raphael was hired to paint a fresco on a wall of the
library at St. Peters Church in Rome, he was excited to show off this technique.

From our point of view, when we look at School of Athens (above, right) it is hard
to tell where the real architecture ends and the painted arches begin. It is as if we
are looking through the wall it is painted on and into the next room. In that room
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are some of the great thinkers of history who inspired Raphael, including the Greek
philosophers Plato and Aristotle in the center.

Raphael used one-point perspective to compose this work. The lines on the floor
tiles and the pillars converge at a single vanishing point on the horizon line. It is
between Platos and Aristotles heads (see diagram). The converging lines also
draw our attention to the two figures. Even though they are painted smaller and
with less detail than the figures in the foreground (the closest area to the viewer),
we can still tell they are the most important.

School of Athens is considered one of the best examples of linear perspective. For
more than 500 years, artists have continued to use the techniques developed
during the Renaissance.

Reference:
http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/reverspective/history.html
http://www.op-art.co.uk/history/perspective/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)
http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3757092

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Assignment 36
Limitations of Hick-Hyman Law

"Hick-Hyman" law, which describes the time it takes for a person to make a
decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has; That is, increasing the
number of choices will increase the decision time logarithmically.

For example, to find a given word (e.g. the name of a command) in a randomly
ordered word list (e.g. a menu), scanning of each word in the list is required,
consuming linear time, so Hick's law does not apply. However, if the list is
alphabetical and the user knows the name of the command, he or she may be able
to use a subdividing strategy that works in logarithmic time.

Hicks law refer to stimuli recognition rather than searching. Recognition processes
work at cognitive level, so people are right saying about cognitive decision time.
This processes rather simple, as it is pointed in the papers. In complex situations
decision involves not only cognitive processes but takes long-term memory,
reasoning etc. This is out of Hicks law.

Hick's law works only for simple decision making situations as oppose to difficult
ones such as solving a multiple choice question in an exam. Actually my four
examples are all rather simple ones that require small cognitive load.

The key aspect of Hicks law is that the decisions be significantly non-obvious.
For example, if I'm at the grocery store and have to choose from 10 brands of
peanut butter, that's going to take time for a lot of people as there is no obvious
one choice. They need to study labels, prices, sizes, etc.

References:
http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/42323/confusions-about-applying-hick-hyman-law-in-user-
interface-design
http://www.slideshare.net/lrizoli/fitts-law-basics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick's_law
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Assignment 37
Xerox Parc

The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed
by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple.

In late 1979, a twenty-four-year-old entrepreneur paid a visit to a research centre
in Silicon Valley called Xerox PARC. He was the co-founder of a small computer
start-up down the road, in Cupertino. His name was Steve Jobs.
Xerox PARC was the innovation arm of the Xerox Corporation. It was, and remains,
on Coyote Hill Road, in Palo Alto, nestled in the foothills on the edge of town, in a
long, low concrete building, with enormous terraces looking out over the jewels of
Silicon Valley. To the northwest was Stanford Universitys Hoover Tower. To the
north was Hewlett-Packards sprawling campus. All around were scores of the
other chip designers, software firms, venture capitalists, and hardware-makers. A
visitor to PARC, taking in that view, could easily imagine that it was the computer
worlds castle, lording over the valley belowand, at the time, this wasnt far
from the truth. In 1970, Xerox had assembled the worlds greatest computer
engineers and programmers, and for the next ten years they had an unparalleled
run of innovation and invention. If you were obsessed with the future in the
seventies, you were obsessed with Xerox PARCwhich was why the young Steve
Jobs had driven to Coyote Hill Road.
Apple was already one of the hottest tech firms in the country. Everyone in the
Valley wanted a piece of it. So Jobs proposed a deal: he would allow Xerox to buy
a hundred thousand shares of his company for a million dollarsits highly
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anticipated I.P.O. was just a year awayif PARC would open its kimono. A lot of
haggling ensued. Jobs was the fox, after all, and PARC was the henhouse. What
would he be allowed to see? What wouldnt he be allowed to see? Some
at PARC thought that the whole idea was lunacy, but, in the end, Xerox went ahead
with it. One PARC scientist recalls Jobs as rambunctiousa fresh-cheeked,
caffeinated version of todays austere digital emperor. He was given a couple of
tours, and he ended up standing in front of a Xerox Alto, PARCs prized personal
computer.
An engineer named Larry Tesler conducted the demonstration. He moved the
cursor across the screen with the aid of a mouse. Directing a conventional
computer, in those days, meant typing in a command on the keyboard. Tesler just
clicked on one of the icons on the screen. He opened and closed windows, deftly
moving from one task to another. He wrote on an elegant word-processing
program, and exchanged e-mails with other people at PARC, on the worlds first
Ethernet network. Jobs had come with one of his software engineers, Bill Atkinson,
and Atkinson moved in as close as he could, his nose almost touching the screen.
Jobs was pacing around the room, acting up the whole time, Tesler recalled.
He was very excited. Then, when he began seeing the things I could do onscreen,
he watched for about a minute and started jumping around the room, shouting,
Why arent you doing anything with this? This is the greatest thing. This is
revolutionary!

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Xerox began selling a successor to the Alto in 1981. It was slow and
underpoweredand Xerox ultimately withdrew from personal computers
altogether. Jobs, meanwhile, raced back to Apple, and demanded that the team
working on the companys next generation of personal computers change course.
He wanted menus on the screen. He wanted windows. He wanted a mouse. The
result was the Macintosh, perhaps the most famous product in the history of Silicon
Valley.
If Xerox had known what it had and had taken advantage of its real
opportunities, Jobs said, years later, it could have been as big as I.B.M. plus
Microsoft plus Xerox combinedand the largest high-technology company in the
world.
This is the legend of Xerox PARC. Jobs is the Biblical Jacob and Xerox is Esau,
squandering his birth right for a pittance. In the past thirty years, the legend has
been vindicated by history. Xerox, once the darling of the American high-
technology community, slipped from its former dominance. Apple is now
ascendant, and the demonstration in that room in Palo Alto has come to symbolize
the vision and ruthlessness that separate true innovators from also-rans. As with all
legends, however, the truth is a bit more complicated.
After Jobs returned from PARC, he met with a man named Dean Hovey, who was
one of the founders of the industrial-design firm that would become known asIDEO.
Jobs went to Xerox PARC on a Wednesday or a Thursday, and I saw him on the
Friday afternoon, Hovey recalled. I had a series of ideas that I wanted to bounce
off him, and I barely got two words out of my mouth when he said, No, no, no,
youve got to do a mouse. I was, like, Whats a mouse? I didnt have a clue. So
he explains it, and he says, You know, [the Xerox mouse] is a mouse that cost
three hundred dollars to build and it breaks within two weeks. Heres your design
spec: Our mouse needs to be manufacturable for less than fifteen bucks. It needs
to not fail for a couple of years, and I want to be able to use it on Formica and my
blue jeans. From that meeting, I went to Walgreens, which is still there, at the
corner of Grant and El Camino in Mountain View, and I wandered around and
bought all the underarm deodorants that I could find, because they had that ball in
them. I bought a butter dish. That was the beginnings of the mouse.

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Assignment 38
Variations of Appearance - Visual Clues

We learn by observation, visual clues provide meaning to the events and images.
Visual Clues are crucial elements in the development of social languages and social
interaction.
Visual information absorbed by us help is in understanding the spoken words by six
fold.

Visual cues are sensory cues received by the eye in the form of light and processed
by the visual system by visual perception. Since the visual system is dominant in
many species, especially humans, visual cues are a large source of information in
how the world is perceived

We derive visual information from a person's face and lip moments and it helps us
interpret what we hear. Lip reading helps us to understand how the brain
integrates two different kinds of stimuli to come to a conclusion. There are simpler
and more powerful visual clues that can easily be noted.

Here are powerful visual clues to look for:
Good Manners - They go hand in hand with a good education
Good Grooming - A disheveled appearance suggests sloppy work
Dressed to Impress - As opposed to dressing for personal comfort, which can
imply arrogance
Confident Handshake - A sign of self-assurance
Confident Demeanor - Suggests leadership qualities
Good Eye Contact - Suggests honesty and confidence
Communicates clearly and distinctly - A person who mumbles lacks confidence in
what he or she is saying

Body language does not lie. A person with hunched shoulders, a weak handshake
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and poor eye contact may have astounding credentials, but it isn't likely he or she
will become a good manager. A manager must inspire his team, and a weak
persona makes that difficult.

The way you look and dress announces powerful things about you. It suggests the
outcome we can expect. Casual attire suggests a casual attitude. Professional
attire announces that you are proud of who you are and what you do.

References :

Information Graphics and Visual Clues: Communicating Information through
Graphic Design By Ronnie Lipton
http://www.affluentmagazine.com/articles/article/812
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_cue
http://child-1st.typepad.com/my_weblog/2010/07/using-visual-cues-with-visual-
learners.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090304091326.htm

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