Chapter 4

SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF OPEN LOOP BUCK CONVERTER

4.1 Introduction
In the previous chapter we have derived the various transfer function of Buck converter. We
have also calculated the parameters of Buck converter for the given specification. In this
chapter we will simulate the converter using Matlab coding and Matlab Simulink in open
loop and close loop mode. Then we will find the effect of variation of change in input
voltage, load current and effect of variation of switching frequency. For the purpose we will
calculate the Buck converter parameter for ideal condition and output of ideal converter will
be compared with a fix parameter converter and comparative results will be analyzed.
4.2 Matlab Programme to Calculate Buck Converter Parameters and Transfer
Function
Modeling of Buck Converter
%...Model of BuckConverter
clc;
clear all;
disp('parameterts of buck converter');
% User specification of Buck Converter
Vi=input('input voltage=');
Vo=input('output voltage=');
Vripple = input(' Enter allowed percentage ripple in voltage= ');
Iripple=input('Enter allowed percentage ripple in current=');
D=Vo/Vi;
fs=input('switching frequency=');
Po=input('output power=');
Io=Po/Vo; % Ampere
delIo=(Iripple*Io)/100;
L=(D*(Vi-Vo))/(delIo*fs)
delVo=(Vripple*Vo)/100;
C=(100*(1-D)*Vo)/(8*L*Vripple*(fs^2))
Ro=(Vo^2)/Po
RL=10e-3; %Ohm
RC=30e-3; %Ohm
%Buck Model
s=tf('s');
Nr=1+s*(RC*C);
Dr=1+s*(L/(Ro+RL) + (C*Ro*RL)/(Ro+RL) + C*RC) + (s^2)*L*C*((Ro+RC)/(Ro+RL));
Buck=Vi*(Nr/Dr)

The parameters of Buck converter for given input voltage and output specifications can be
calculated using the above matlab program. Parameters and required transfer function of
others converter can be calculated.
4.2.1 DC-DC Buck Converter Circuit Parameters
Using the program given in 4.2 we can calculate the parameters of buck converter as per
variation of input, output specifications for a fixed output voltage of 12 volt.
4.2.1.1 DC-DC Buck Converter Circuit Parameters with Input Voltage 24 V
For input voltage of 24 V and constant output voltage of 12 V, 20 watt output power the
various parameters calculated using matlab are
Output from Matlab
input voltage=24 volt, output voltage=12 volt, ripple current=2%, ripple voltage=1%,
switching frequency=100000, output power=20 watt, R
load
= 7.2 , L = 3.6 mH,
C = 2.09f.
From datasheet for calculated value of inductor and capacitor resistance of inductor and ESR
of capacitor are R
L
= 6m, R
C
=2m respectively.
4.2.1.2 DC-DC Buck Converter Circuit Parameters with Input Voltage 20 V
For input voltage of 20 V and constant output voltage of 12 V, 20 watt output power the
various parameters calculated using matlab are
Output from Matlab
input voltage=22 volt, output voltage=12 volt, ripple current=2%, ripple voltage=1%,
switching frequency=100000, output power=20 watt, R
load
= 7.2 , L = 3.3 mH, C =
2.09f.
From datasheet for calculated value of inductor and capacitor resistance of inductor and ESR
of capacitor are R
L
= 6.8m, R
C
=2.9m respectively.


4.2.1.3 DC-DC Buck Converter Circuit Parameters with Input Voltage 28 V
For input voltage of 28 V and constant output voltage of 12 V, 20 watt output power the
various parameters calculated using matlab are
Output from Matlab
input voltage=28 volt, output voltage=12 volt, ripple current=2%, ripple voltage=1%,
switching frequency=100000, output power=20 watt, R
load
= 7.2 , L = 2.2 mH,
C = 4.09f.
From datasheet for calculated value of inductor and capacitor resistance of inductor and ESR
of capacitor are R
L
= 6m, R
C
=2m respectively.
4.3 Simulink Models
4.3.1 Introduction
The complexity of device models and switching nature of switching converters make
simulation difficult due to converge in PSPICE. Simulink is a windows oriented dynamic
modeling package that is an extension to Matlab. The advantage is that models are entered as
block diagrams after corresponding mathematical equations are developed for the target
system.
Matlab uses ordinary differential equation solver (ode45) to solve sets of linear and non-
linear differential equations which in this case are emulated by block diagrams. Thus to
simulate an electrical system such as DC/DC converter, one has to write equations for various
blocks in the system and construct an equivalent block diagram using icons in simulink. The
parameters for individual icons can be set for the process. Finally, a choice of equation solver
and simulation time is made. The output of system could be observed or recorded into file.
4.3.2 Simulink Model of Buck Converter
Figure 4.1 show the matlab based electrical model of Buck converter. In the shown model
capacitor is shown with ESR, we have considered inductor as non-ideal and has series
resistance. To facilitate subsequent simulation, and feedback controller design and
verification, the inputs to buck converter sub-block are input voltage Vi and duty ratio d. The
outputs are inductor current, capacitor voltage and output voltage.

Fig. 4.1 Simulink Model of Buck Converter
The non-idealities of transistor ON resistance and inductor series resistance are appropriately
included.
4.3.3 PWM
The output of the switching converter is subtracted from the reference signal to generate an
error signal.

Fig. 4.2 Simulink Model of PWM Scheme
This error signal is compared with a ramp signal to generate a pulse to switch on the
MOSFET and maintain a steady state duty cycle. For any variations in the input voltage or
output load current, the error signal either increases or decreases. If the output voltage
increases, the error signal increases and the reset pulse is generated earlier to reduce the duty
cycle and eventually lower the output voltage. Similarly, if the output voltage decreases, the
error signal decreases and the reset pulse is generated at later duration to increase the duty
cycle and bring the output voltage back into equilibrium.
4.4 Open Loop Response of Buck Converter
Using the above described model and with calculated parameters using program, we find the
effect of variation of input voltage, switching frequency and load on transient and steady state
performance of buck converter.
4.4.1 Effect of Variation of Input Voltage
To observe the effect of variation input voltage we analyze the output waveforms of
converter at one higher and a lower input voltage.
4.4.1.1 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Vi = 24 Volts
The below graph Figure 4.3, is the output of the model in open loop at rated input voltage.



Fig. 4.3 Simulation response open loop buck converter without disturbance
We can observe from the graph shown in fig.4.3 that rise time is around 2ms, steady state
error of 4.5% in voltage.
4.4.1.2 Simulation Result with Lower Input Voltage at Vi = 20 Volts
The below graph Fig. 4.4, is the output of the model in open loop at below the rated input
voltage. Comparing the graph shown in fig. 4.3 and 4.4, it is seen that system takes more time
to reach steady state value. We can observe from the graph shown in fig.4.4 that rise time is
more than 2ms, steady state error of 5% in voltage.


Fig. 4.4 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with lower input voltage

4.4.1.3 Simulation Result with Higher Input Voltage at Vi = 28 Volts
The below graph fig. 4.5, is the output of the model in open loop at below the rated input
voltage.
We can observe from the graph shown in fig.4.4 that rise time is 1ms, steady state error of
5% in voltage.
Further we have calculated the steady state error, transient time and efficiency of the circuit
for a range of input voltage from 14 volts to 34 volts, a drawn graph between various
parameters versus change in input voltage.

Fig. 4.5 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with higher input voltage


Below table shows the variation of rise time steady state error with change in input voltage
Table 4.1
COMPARISONS OF VARIOUS PID TUNING METHODS






















S. No. Input Voltage
(Volt)
Rated Vi=24
Output Voltage
(Volt)
Transient
Time
(milli-sec)
Steady
state error
(%)
1 14 6.55 1.67 45.41
2 16 7.65 1.65 36.25
3 18 8.51 1.61 29
4 20 9.48 1.55 21
5 22 10.52 1.61 12.33
6 24 11.5 1.68 4.2
7 26 12.47 1.75 -3.92
8 28 13.48 1.69 -12.33
9 30 14.48 2.01 -20.66
10 32 15.45 0.87 -28.75
11 34 16.46 1.94 -45.17
A graph below shows the variation of output voltage its transient time and steady state error
with input voltage.

Fig.4.6 Graph percentage Steady state error with variation of input voltage
From fig.4.6 we find that steady state error is high as we work at lower or higher input
voltage. Percentage Steady state error rises as we go away from input rated voltage.
From fig. 4.7 is nearly constant for lower and around rated input voltage but sudden changes
are there at higher input voltages, circuit response is faster at high voltages.

Fig.4.7 Graph transient time with variation of input voltage
4.4.2 Effect of Variation of Switching Frequency
To observe the effect of variation of switching frequency, we analyze the output waveforms
of converter at some higher and lower switching frequencies. The output waveforms are
shown for one higher and lower switching frequencies.
4.4.2.1 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Frequency = 100KHz
The below graph Figure 4.7, is the output of the model in open loop at rated input voltage


Fig. 4.7 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with standard rated switching frequency
4.4.2.2 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Frequency = 200KHz
The below graph Figure 4.7, is the output of the model in open loop at rated input voltage

Fig.4.7 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with higher switching frequency


. Fig.4.8 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with higher switching frequency showing ripples in
output voltage
4.4.2.3 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Frequency = 50KHz
The below graph Figure 4.7, is the output model in open loop at rated input voltage.


. Fig.4.9 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with lower switching frequency

As from fig. 4.9 we can see with the operation at lower switching frequency results in higher
ripple voltage and total harmonic content has increased.
To get a better picture we will find the output voltage for a range of frequency from 50 Khz
to 200 KHz and we will plot a graph output voltage versus variable switching frequency.

Fig.4.10 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with lower switching frequency showing ripples in
output voltage
4.4.3 EFFECT OF VARIATION OF LOAD
To observe the effect of variation of output voltage with change of load we analyze the output
voltage waveforms of converter at one higher and a lower load. For the simulation we have
design our buck converter for 20Watt rated load. First we find the output voltage response at
at 50% reduced load than rated load i.e. 10Watt and 200% of rated load i.e. at 40Watt. The
graph for variation of output voltage with time is drawn with the help of MATLAB simulink
model.
Table 4.2
COMPARISONS OF VARIOUS PID TUNING METHODS













4.4.3.1 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Vi = 24 Volts and Rated Load
The below graph Figure 4.12, is the output model in open loop at rated input voltage
S. No. Load (%) at
Rated Voltage
Output Voltage
(Volt)
Transient
Time
(milli-sec)
Steady
state error
(%)
1 50 14.25 5 -18.25
2 80 13.8 4.7 -15
4 90 13.1 1.8 -9.167
5 100 (rated
load)
12.5 1.6 -4.17
6 120 13 2.5 -8.33
7 140 12.25 3 -2.08
8 160 12.2 3.1 -1.67
9 180 12.2 3.6 -1.67
10 200 12.4 4 -3.33

Fig. 4.12 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter with standard rated switching frequency at rated load.
4.4.3.2 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Vi = 24 Volts and 50% of Rated Load
The below graph Figure 4.13, is the output of the model in open loop at 50% of rated load

Fig. 4.13 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter at half rated load.
4.4.3.3 Simulation Result without Disturbance at Vi = 24 Volts and 200% of Rated Load
The below graph Figure 4.13, is the output of the model in open loop at 200% of rated load

Fig. 4.14 Simulation Response open loop Buck converter at double the rated load
From the graph shown above variation of output voltage at rated, reduced and double load the
rated load, we can draw following conclusions:
For the load lower than the rated load response of the system is fast, transient time is small,
but the steady state error is large, in our particular case we find it is 15% approx., and our
specification is only 1%. Output voltage is higher than the specified rated voltage.
At higher load system become slow and transient time is more, further steady state error
increases, as in our case it is 18% approx. also at higher load than rated, harmonics content in
output voltage has increased.