Title

Circulatory Pathway
- Heart structures
- Heart valves
- Veins vs. Arteries

Cardiac Muscle
- Action potentials
- Contractile
- Autorhythmic
- Conduction pathway

Hemodynamics
- Force-Flow Coupling
Q = P/R
R 1/r
4

- Cardiac output (CO)
CO = (HR)(SV)
- Blood pressure (BP)
BP = (CO)(SVR)

Hematology
- Plasma
Water, PRO, LYTES
Jv = P - P - C
- RBCs
HbO2 Binding curve
Acid/base balance
- H/K shift
- Cl/HCO3
- PLTs
Activated via clotting cascade
Clinical correlation w/ASA











Title

- WBCs
Tissue residents
- Dendritic cell Migrating M, APC
- Macrophage Recruiting phagocyte, APC
- Mast cell Histamine, leukotrienes
- Plasma cell B-cell precursor

Granulocytes
- Neutrophil Circulating phagocyte, recruited to tissue
- Eosinophil Parasite killers, assoc. w/allergies
(Anti-inflamm via arylsulfatase-B & histaminase)
- Basophil Histamine & leukotrienes

Lymphocytes
- B cells Humoral immunity; antibody response
- T cells CMI immunity; MHC-mediated responses



























Title

IMMUNOLOGY

Innate Immunity
- Physical barriers
Mechanical Epithelial tight junctions, fluids (e.g., mucus, saliva, etc.)
Chemical Lysozyme, defensins (antimicrobials), etc.
Microbial Commensal bacteria/normal flora
- Complement
1. Activated by bacteria, zymogen fragments
2. Fragments bind/tag bacteria or recruit phagocytes
3. N/M recognize, phagocytize, and destroy bacteria
- Inflammation
1. Tissue M/DCs recognize bacteria, phagocytize & release cytokines
2. Cytokines promote inflammation, recruit WBCs (N, E, B, etc.)
3. Calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, and function laesa (loss of fxn)

Humoral Immunity (B-cell responses)
Antibody isotypes
- IgM First responder, complement fixation,
- IgG Long-lasting, neutralization & opsonization
- IgA Mucosal protection
- IgE Anti-parasitic, assoc. w/allergies
- IgD NOT ON MCAT...(BCR regulator)

Antibody Structure

Fab:
- Ag-binding fragment
- Determines idiotype
- ONE unique antigen

Fc:
- Constant fragment
- Determines isotype (e.g., IgG)

Heavy chain
- Fab & Fc

Light chain
- Fab only


Title

Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-cell responses)

MHC proteins
- Present Ag fragments
- Bind T-cell receptors (TCRs)
- Class I (MHC-I)
Binds CD8+/TCR
ALL nucleated cells
- Class II (MHC-II)
Binds CD4+/TCR
Ag-presenting cells

Cytotoxic T-cells
- Express TCR & CD8
- TCR binds MHC-I
- Kills intracellular pathogens
- Viruses, neoplastic, graft cells

Helper T-cells
- Express TCR & CD4
- TCR binds MHC-II
- Activates immunity
Th1 M & CD8
Th2 Plasma cells