EED 307 POWER ENGINEERING

2011
Ybus matrix with
regulating transformers in
the power system network


S HI V NA DA R UNI V E R S I T Y
1. Kamalanchali A AAA0201
2. Sankaralingam M AAA0217
3. R K Varadaraj Reddy AAA0231
4. N Swetcha AAA0242
5. Varsha K AAA0244
INTRODUCTION:
Electric power transmission needs optimization in order to determine the necessary real
and reactive power flows in a system for a given set of loads, as well as the voltages and
currents in the system. Power flow studies are not only used to analyze current power
flow situations, but also to plan ahead for anticipated disturbances to the system, such as
the loss of a transmission line to maintenance and repairs. The power flow study would
determine whether or not the system could continue functioning properly without the
transmission line. Only computer simulation allows the complex handling required in
power flow analysis because in most realistic situations the system is very complex and
extensive and would be impractical to solve by hand. The admittance matrix or the Y
Matrix is a tool in that domain. It provides a method of systematically reducing a
complex system to a matrix than can be solved by a computer program. The equations
used to construct the Y matrix come from the application of Kirchhoffs current law and
Kirchhoffs voltage law to a circuit with steady-state sinusoidal operation. These laws
give us that the sum of currents entering a node in the circuit is zero, and the sum of
voltages around a closed loop starting and ending at a node is also zero. These principles
are applied to all the nodes in a power flow system and thereby determine the elements of
the admittance matrix, which represents the admittance relationships between nodes,
which then determine the voltages, currents and power flows in the system.
First step in solving the power flow is to create what is known as the bus
admittance matrix, often call the Y
bus
.


The Y
bus
gives the relationships between all the bus current injections, I, and all the
bus voltages, V,
I = Y
bus
V
The Y
bus
is developed by applying KCL at each bus in the system to relate the bus
current injections, the bus voltages, and the branch impedances and admittances.




Y bus Derivation:

To determine the voltage-current relationships of the network, it is to be noted that this
relation can be written in terms of the node (bus) voltages V1 to V4 and injected currents
I1 and I2 as follows:
. . . . . . (1)
Or
. . . . . . (2)
Consider node (bus) 1 that is connected to the nodes 2 and 3. Then applying KCL at this
node we get,
I
1
=Y
11
V
1
+ Y
12
(V
1
-V
2
) + Y
13
(V
1
-V
3
)
=(Y
11
+Y
12
+Y
13
)V
1
- Y
12
V
2
- Y
13
V
3
. . . . . . (3)
In a similar way application of KCL at nodes 2, 3 and 4 results in the following equations
I
2
= Y
22
V
2
+ Y
12
(V
2
-V
1
) + Y
23
(V
2
-V
3
) + Y
24
(V2-V
4
)
= -Y
12
V
1
+ (Y
22
+Y
12
+Y
23
+Y
24
)V
2
Y
23
V
3
Y
24
V
4
. . . . . . (4)
0 = Y
13
(V
3
-V
1
) + Y
23
(V
3
-V
2
) + Y
34
(V
3
-V
4
)
= -Y
13
V
1
Y
23
V
2
+ (Y
13
+Y
23
+Y
34
)V
3
- Y
34
V
4
. . . . . . (5)
0 = Y
24
(V
4
-V
2
) + Y
34
(V
4
-V
3
)
= -Y
24
V
2
Y
34
V
3
+ (Y
24
+Y
34
)V
4
. . . . . . (6)
From (3) and (6)
. . . . . . (7)
From (1) and (7)
. . . . . . (8)
In general the format of the Ybus matrix for an n-bus power system is as follows


EXAMPLE:
Consider the same diagram as above, calculate the Ybus Matrix.

Sol:

Where,
Y
11 =
y
13
+ y
12

Y
12 =
-y
12
= Y
21
Y
13
= - y
13 =
Y
31
Y
14
= 0= Y
41
Y
22
= y
23
+y
24
+y
12
Y
23
= -y
23
= Y
32
Y
24
= -y
24
= Y
42
Y
33
= y
31
+y
32
+ y
34

Y
34
= -y
34 =
Y
43
Y
44
= y
43
+ y
42
Thus the Ybus Matrix is:


REGULATI ON OF A TRANSFORMER
#Voltage regulation in a transformer is defined as The change in secondary voltage
when rated load at a specified power is removed
Let E2 = secondary terminal voltage at no load
V2 = secondary terminal voltage at full load
Then % regulation =

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A TRANSFORMER


Recall

Secondary voltage on no-load

V
2
is a secondary terminal voltage on full load
Substitute we have


The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage of
voltage drop between no load and full load.
Voltage Regulation can be determine based on 3 methods:
voltage load - no
voltage load - full voltage load - no
regulation Voltage

=
p
s
p
s
N
N
V
V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1 2
N
N
V V
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
regulation Voltage
N
N
V
V
N
N
V
100
V
V E
2
2 2

a) Basic Defination
b) Short circuit Test
c) Equivalent Circuit
In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary side.
Can be represented in either
Down voltage Regulation

Up Voltage Regulation


Tap Changer
A transformer tap is a connection point along a transformer winding that allows a
certain number of turns to be selected.
By this means, a transformer with a variable turns ratio is produced, enabling voltage
regulation of the output. The tap selection is made via a tap changer mechanism.
The output voltage of a transformer varies with the load even if the input voltage remains
constant. This is because a real transformer has series impedance within it. Full load
Voltage Regulation is a quantity that compares the output voltage at no load with the
output voltage at full load, defined by this equation:






% 100 .

=
NL
FL NL
V
V V
R V
% 100 .

=
FL
FL NL
V
V V
R V
% 100 down Regulation
% 100 up Regulation
,
, ,
,
, ,

=
nl S
fl S nl S
fl S
fl S nl S
V
V V
V
V V






To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer, it is necessary understand the
voltage drops within it.
Transformer Voltage Regulation

Fact: As the load current is increased, the voltage (usually) drops.
Transformer voltage regulation is defined as:

( )
( )
% 100
/
down Regulation
% 100
/
up Regulation
V
V
k noload At
,
,
,
,
p
s
x
V
V k V
x
V
V k V
nl S
fl S P
fl S
fl S P

=
=
fl s
fl s nl s
V
V V
VR
,
, ,

=


Ignoring the excitation of the branch (since the current flow through the branch is
considered to be small), more consideration is given to the series impedances (R
eq
+jX
eq
).
Voltage Regulation depends on magnitude of the series impedance and the phase angle
of the current flowing through the transformer.
Phasor diagrams will determine the effects of these factors on the voltage regulation. A
phasor diagram consist of current and voltage vectors.
Assume that the reference phasor is the secondary voltage, V
S
. Therefore the reference
phasor will have 0 degrees in terms of angle.
Based upon the equivalent circuit, apply Kirchoff Voltage Law





S eq S eq S
P
I jX I R V
k
V
+ + =
TRANSFORMER PHASOR DI AGRAMS
For lagging loads, V
P
/ a >V
S
so the voltage regulation with lagging loads is >0.



When the power factor is unity, V
S
is lower than V
P
so VR >0.

With a leading power factor, V
S
is higher than the referred V
P
so VR <0



Formation of a Y Bus of a system with regulating transformer between two
buses.

Firstly, we should consider per unit transformer admittances (the series and shunt using
model).

Some Assumptions:
1. We assume the regulating transformer to be situated at the j-th bus of the line when the
pi model is included at the left side of the transformer.
2. We assume the regulating transformer to be situated at the i-th bus of the line when the
pi model is included at the right side of the transformer. (case A)
3. We assume the transformer to be placed at the ends of the line and nearest to the buses.
(case B)

Case A: When the regulating transformer is placed between two buses and the line model
is placed on the left hand side of the transformer (a:1).

Let a be the complex transformation ratio of the regulating transformer where it is given
by |a|<.

Figure. 1 - Equivalent circuit of a line containing a regulating transformer between two
buses and placed at j-th bus.

S
i
and S
j
are injected complex powers at the i-th and j-th bus receptively and V
i
and V
j

are the respective bus voltages.

The complex transformation ratio a:1 corresponds to V
pri
:V
sec
.

Therefore,

Also, we take input power to be equal to output power.


Thus,


Applying KCL - Refer to Fig.1

[assuming y
i0
= y
j0
= y
0
]


and


Thus,



Rewriting the above equations,



In a matrix from they can be represented as:


It should be noted that a is complex and [Y] is not symmetric.
If a is a real quantity [(KV)
base
/ (KV)
tap
] then the matrix [Y] becomes symmetric.




Case B: When the regulating transformer is placed between two buses and the line model
is placed on the right hand side of the transformer (1: a).


Figure. 2 - Equivalent circuit of a line containing a regulating transformer between two
buses and placed at i-th bus.

Like in case A, we follow the similar steps.



In this case also, we take input and output power to be equal while I
j
as the secondary
current of the transformer.



Applying KCL - Refer to Fig.2

[Assuming y
i0
= y
j0
= y
0
]

At bus i:



At bus j:



We can represent this in a matrix form as:



In case a is a real quantity then the matrix [Y] becomes symmetric.








EXAMPLES:
Case A: Transformer at the receiving end
Example: A three-bus system is shown in the figure below. Assume an ideal transformer
to be connected between buses 2 and 3 in series with a line reactance of j0.5 p.u. If off-
nominal tap ratio of the transformer is 1:1.02, fine [Y
bus
].


Line no. From bus To bus R (in p.u.) X (in p.u.) Off-nominal tap ratio
of Xmer
1 1 2 0.05 0.15
2 1 3 0.05 0.15
3 2 3 0 0.5 1:1.02

Soln: The given system is a three bus system. Hence, the Y
bus
matrix obtained will be a
3 x 3 matrix. Y
bus
matrix for the given without considering the line with transformer is
calculated as explained earlier.

Figure. The system before considering the line with transformer
Impedance values:

Admittance values:

Y
bus
matrix values are obtained as,

When the bus is considered, the line admittance is modified according to the figure given.

Figure. model of the line with transformer

Now,

Y
bus
matrix values are,

The modified Y
bus
matrix due to the effect of transformers is given as,

p.u.


Case B: Consider for the same system, the transformer is connected between buses
1 and 2, at the sending end. Then for this case the Y
bus
matrix is calculated as
follows.


Impedance values:

Admittance values:

Y
bus
matrix values are obtained as,

When the bus is considered, the line admittance is modified according to the figure given.

Now,

Y
bus
matrix values are,

The modified Y
bus
matrix due to the effect of transformers is given as,

References:
1. Abhijit Chakrabarti, Sunita Halder, Power System Analysis Operation and
Control, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, pp. 57-64. September, 2006.
2. http://www.powershow.com/view1/2732be-
ZDc1Z/Transformer_Voltage_Regulation_powerpoint_ppt_presentation
3. http://www.docstoc.com/myoffice/recommendations?docId=34351482&downl
oad=1
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodal_admittance_matrix
5. http://www.sari-
energy.org/PageFiles/What_We_Do/activities/CEB_Power_Systems_Simulatio
n_Training,_Colombo,_Sri_Lanka/Course_ppts/Y_Bus_chap3.pdf