Pavement Engineering

What is a Pavement?
A structure built on existing ground to facilitate
rapid, safe, reliable & comfortable traffic movement
Pavement engineering involve the study of:
Pavement Materials
Pavement Structural Analysis
Pavement Design
Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation
Pavement Management Systems
Pavements are designed based on
serviceability
Serviceability is an indication of how
good a ride the traveling public gets!
Pavement Structure
Types of Pavements
Flexible Pavements
Rigid Pavements

Flexible Pavement Surfaces
Hot Mix Asphalt Surface
Hot Mix Asphalt Binder Course
Stabilized Base
Granular Subbase
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Prime Coat
Tack Coat
Typical Flexible Pavement Configuration
- High Traffic Volume
Hot Mix Asphalt Surface
Granular Base
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Typical Flexible Pavement Configuration
- Low Traffic Volume
Typical Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete
(HMAC) Paving Operation
Asphalt Concrete Paving
Seal Coat Pavement
(a.k.a. Chip Seal, Surface Treatment)
Surface Treatment (or Seal Coat or Chip Seal)
Granular Base
Natural Subgrade
Typical Flexible Pavement Configuration
- Low Traffic Volume
Seal Coat Construction Asphalt Spray
Seal Coat Construction Aggregate Spread
Seal Coat Construction Rolling
Rigid Pavement Surfaces
Portland Cement Concrete Surface Slab
Stabilized Base
Granular Subbase
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Prime Coat
Typical Rigid Pavement Configuration
- High Traffic Volume
Portland Cement Concrete Surface Slab
Granular Base
Natural Subgrade
Prime Coat
Typical Rigid Pavement Configuration
- Low Traffic Volume
Paving of a Concrete Pavement
Types of Rigid Pavements

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)

Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)

Pre-stressed Concrete Pavements (PCP)
Types of Rigid Pavements
J ointed Plain Concrete Pavement (J PCP)


Types of Rigid Pavements
J ointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (J RCP)


Types of Rigid Pavements
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)


Types of Rigid Pavements
Prestressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)


Use of Aggregates in
Pavement Construction
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC)
Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
Granular Base and Subbase Layers
Seal Coats
Classification of Aggregates
Based on Origin (Natural & Artificial)
Based on Density of Particles
Normal Weight (SG 2.5-2.8); Lightweight (SG 1.5-2.0)
Based on Method of Processing (Crushed/uncrushed)
Based on Affinity to Water
Hydrophilic (siliceous); Hydrophobic (Carbonaceous)
Based on Particle Size
Coarse Aggregate (Larger than #4 sieve)
Fine Aggregate: #4(4.75mm) to #200 sieves (75 m)
Mineral filler (finer than #200 sieve)

Natural & Artificial Aggregate Types
Natural aggregates from:
Igneous Rocks (Granite)
Metamorphic Rocks (Marble, Gneiss, Quartzite)
Sedimentary Rocks (Limestone, Dolomite,
Sandstone, Caliche)
Artificial aggregates from:
Byproducts of Industrial Processes (Blast-furnace
slag; Iron-ore gravel)
Manufactured Aggregates (Lightweight aggregate,
Hydrated fly ash)
Coarse & Fine Crystals - Igneous Rocks
Microstructure of Limestone & Marble
- Sedimentary vs. Metamorphic
Excavation
Crushing
Transportation
Sizing
Stockpiling
Some Distinct Aggregates
Concrete
Sand
Screenings
Crushed
Limestone
1 Crushed
Gravel
3/8 Pea Gravel
3/8 Crushed
Trap Rock
Criteria for Selection of Aggregates
Stabilized (Bound) Materials
Compatibility with binder
Durability -Resistance to freeze-thaw,
degradation
Stability (or strength) of the Mix
Unstabilized Materials
Strength
Durability
Drainability
Low frost susceptibility
Important Aggregate Properties
Gradation (ASTM C-33)
Specific Gravity & Absorption (ASTM C-127, C-128)
Hardness or Resistance to Wear (ASTM C-131)
Durability (Resistance to wet-dry, freeze-thaw, heat-cool)
Shape and Surface Texture
Deleterious Substances (ASTM C-40, C-142)
Surface Chemistry
Particle Crushing Strength
Standard Tests by ASTM, AASHTO, State DOTs
Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Before
After
Soundness Test
Before
After
5 Cycles of Soaking and Oven Drying
Magnesium Sulfate or Sodium Sulfate Solution
Aggregate Gradations
Continuous Gap Uniform
* Uniformly graded
- Few points of contact
- Poor interlock (shape dependent)
- High permeability
* Well graded
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
* Gap graded
- Only limited sizes
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
Types of Gradations
Aggregate Size Definitions
Nominal Maximum Aggregate
Size
one size larger than the first sieve to
retain more than 10%
Maximum Aggregate Size
one size larger than nominal
maximum size
100
100
90
72
65
48
36
22
15
9
4
100
99
89
72
65
48
36
22
15
9
4
Aggregate Moisture States
Asphalt Concrete Mixes
Asphalt Concrete
3-phase system (aggregate, asphalt cement, air)
Mix design to achieve maximum stability
Aggregate type & gradation
Asphalt content (% by weight of total mix)
% Air voids
Mix design methods
Marshall Method
Hveem Method
Superpave Method
Marshall Mix Design
Method
Compaction
Testing
SHRP (Superpave

) Gyratory
Compactor
Design Parameters
Six Mix Design Parameters
Stability
Flow
Unit weight of compacted mix
Voids in mineral aggregate (VMA)
Percent voids in mix
Voids filled with asphalt (VFA)
Mix Design Method
Calculate asphalt content for maximum
stability, maximum unit weight and median air
voids (4%)
Average the three asphalt contents above
Check 6 parameters for compliance with design
criteria
Asphalt Concrete Phase
Diagram
Aggregate Solids
Absorbed Asphalt
Effective(free) Asphalt
Air Voids V
AV
V
EA
V
AGG
V
T
M
AGG
M
AA
M
EA
M
T
M
TA
Distresses in Flexible Pavements
Pothole
Rutting
Alligator Cracking
Longitudinal Cracking
Transverse Cracking
Block Cracking & Edge Cracking
Flushing & Bleeding
Raveling in HMAC & Seal Coats
Failures
Airfield Pavement Failure
Airfield Pavement Failure
Distresses in Rigid Pavements
Longitudinal & Transverse Cracking
Corner Crack & Diagonal Crack
Spalling
Faulting
Punchout
Failures
Failed Crack
Shattered Slab
Pumping from Slab Edge
Polished Aggregate & Scaling
Blow-Ups (Buckling & Shattering)
Condition
Assesement
PhotoLog Van
CT Photolog
Pavement Profiling
Laser
and
Acceler-
ometer
in here
Pavement Profile
US24 Pavement Profile
WB High Freq.
The high frequency roughness
does not have a significant
affect on truck dynamics
US24 Pavement Profile
WB Low Freq.

Low frequency variations
are long bumps that can
get trucks bouncing
US24 Pavement Profile
EB Low Freq.