1

Structural Dynamics and Earthquake

Engineering
Course 9
Seismic-resistant design of structures (1)
Seismic action
Methods of elastic analysis
Course notes are available for download at
http://www.ct.upt.ro/users/AurelStratan/
Seismic-resistant design of structures
P100-1/2013 "Cod de proiectare seismic P100 Partea I -
Prevederi de proiectare pentru cldiri"
Eurocode 8 "Design of structures for earthquake
resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and
rules for buildings"
Fundamental requirements:
Life safety: sufficient safety margin over local or global collapse
of the structure
P100-1/2013: associated earthquake: 225 years return period
Eurocode 8: associated earthquake: 475 years return period
Damage limitation. NO occurrence of damage and the associated
limitations of use, with disproportionately high cost in
comparison with the costs of the structure itself
P100-1/2013: associated earthquake: 40 years return period
Eurocode 8: associated earthquake: 95 years return period
2
Ultimate limit states
Fundamental requirements (life safety and damage
limitation) are verified by checking the structure for two
limit states:
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
associated to collapse and other forms of structural degradation
that may endanger human lives
verification of ULS implies a balance between strength and
ductility
Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
associated to degradations, that lead to limitation of use
limitation of structural and non-structural damage
generally, check for SLS involves limitation of interstorey drifts, in
order to protect non-structural elements, equipments, etc.
Seismic action: elastic response spectrum
National territory: divided in zones of constant seismic
hazard
Seismic hazard for design is expressed by horizontal
peak ground acceleration a
g
(determined for the return
period associated to ULS)
3
Elastic response spectrum
Seismic action on the ground surface expressed by
pseudo-acceleration response spectra
2 horizontal components
1 vertical component
Local site conditions affect:
amplification of acceleration
frequency content of the ground motion
Control periods
T
C
, s 0.7 1.0 1.6
T
B
, s 0.14 0.20 0.32
T
D
, s 3.0 3.0 2.0
Elastic spectrum: control period T
C
P100-1/2006: T
C
specified at a macroseismic scale
4
Elastic spectrum: normalized form |(T)
Elastic response spectrum:
Normalized form of the response spectrum:
( ) T a ) T ( S
g e
| =
Elastic spectrum: normalized form |(T)
5
Local site conditions: Eurocode 8
Behaviour factor q
Most structures are able to survive a major earthquake
without collapse, but with important structural
degradations due to:
ductility of the structure (capacity to deform in the inelastic range)
overstrength
design of structures for a fraction of the strength
necessary for an elastic response
(behaviour factor - q)
Design codes: a single force reduction factor depending
on material and structural typology

D
F
Fe
F
y
De=Dm Dy
D
R
y
1

1
R

F
q R
y
6
Force reduction factors
1
V
V
y
V
o
V
d
V
e
q
q
q

R
Sd
q
S
q
raspunsul real
raspunsul idealizat
raspunsul
infinit elastic
u
o
y
o o
e

o
F
i
V
Force reduction factors
o
u
- ultimate displacement of the system
o
y
- displacement at global yield
V
e
- base shear force corresponding to an infinitely
elastic response
V
y
- yield base shear force
V
1
base shear force at first yield in the structure
V
d
- design base shear force
Global ductility of the structure
u y
o o =
7
Force reduction factors
Ductility-related force reduction factor
Overstrength:
redundancy
design governed by non-seismic loads
limitation of the number of different cross-sections use to
simplify fabrication and erection
a real strength larger than the nominal one
Total reduction factor (behaviour factor):

=
e y
q V V
=
S y d
q V V =
S R Sd
q q q
=
1 R y
q V V
=
1 Sd d
q V V

= =
S Sd R
q q q q q q
Force reduction factors
Force reduction factors: period dependent
To simplify, q can be considered constant
In reality, q depends on:
properties of the ground motion (T
C
), in relation with
period of vibration of the structure
q
T
S

q
q
0
1
8
Design response spectrum for elastic analysis
0sTs T
B
:
0
1
( ) 1
d g
B
q
S T a T
T
| (

(
( = +
(
(


T> T
B
:
( )
( )
d g
T
S T a
q
|
=
0 1 2 3 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T, s
p
s
e
u
d
o
-
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
e
,

g
P100-1/2013, T
C
=1.6 s, a
g
=0.30g


S
e
S
d
, q=6
Elastic design methods
In design: elastic analysis
Alternatives:
lateral force method (equivalent static force method)
modal response spectrum analysis (spectral analysis)
9
The equivalent static force method
Can be used for structures that:
can be modeled using two planar models for each principal
direction and
whose seismic response is not influenced significantly by higher
modes of vibration (structures with T
1
1.5 sec, regular in
elevation, and with height less than 30 m)
A simplified spectral analysis, that considers the
contribution of the fundamental mode only

(V
b1
F
b
; A
1

I,e
S
d
(T
1
); M
1
*
m )
*
bn n n
V M A = ( )
, 1 b I e d
F S T m =
The equivalent static force method
Base shear force (P100-1/2013):
S
d
(T
1
) - ordinate of the design response spectrum
corresponding to fundamental period T
1
m - total mass of the structure

I,e
importance factor of the building
- correction factor (contribution of the fundamental
mode of vibration using the concept of effective modal
mass):
= 0.85 if T
1
s T
C
and the structure is higher than two
levels, and
= 1.0 in all other cases
( )
, 1 b I e d
F S T m =
10
The equivalent static force method
Equivalent static force at storey i in mode n:
where
using the expression
in n i in n
f m A | = I
1
2
1
N
i in
i
n
N
i in
i
m
m
|
|
=
=
I =

2
1 *
2
1
N
i in
i
n N
i in
i
m
M
m
|
|
=
=
| |
|
\ .
=

*
n bn n
A V M =
2
1 1
2
2
1 1
1
N N
i in i in
i i i in
in n i in n i in bn bn
N n
N
i in i in
i in
i i
i
m m
m
f m A m V V
m m
m
| |
|
| |
| |
|
= =
= =
=
= I = =
| |
|
\ .

The equivalent static force method

Equivalent static forces
Lateral force at storey i (P100-1/2013):
F
b
- base shear force in the fundamental mode of vibration
s
i
- displacement of the mass i in the fundamental mode shape
n - number of storeys in the structure
m
i
- storey mass
1
i i
i b N
i i
i
m s
F F
m s
=
=

1
i in
in bn N
i in
i
m
f V
m
|
|
=
=

11
The equivalent static force method
Fundamental mode shape can be approximated by a
horizontal displacements increasing linearly with height
Preliminary design of
structures with height <40m
C
t
= 0.085 moment-resisting steel frames,
C
t
= 0.075 moment resisting reinforced concrete frames or steel
eccentrically braced frames,
C
t
= 0.05 all other structures.
1
i i
i b N
i i
i
m z
F F
m z
=
=

z
i
m
i
F
i
F
b
4 3
1
H C T
t
=
Modal response spectrum analysis
Procedure: see course 8
Spectral analysis is used for structures for which the
lateral force method cannot be applied
Number of modes that need to be considered in analysis:
the sum of effective modal masses for the considered modes
should amount to at least 90% of the total mass of the structure,
all modes with effective modal mass larger than 5% of the total
mass of the structure were considered in analysis
Combination of modal response:
Sum of absolute values (ABS)
Square root of sum of squares (SRSS)
response in two modes k and k+1 can be considered independent
if T
k
and T
k+1
check the following relationship:
Complete quadratic combination (CQC)
1
0.9
k k
T T
+
s