POLY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Lecture Notes 2006 E.C Second semester By Hailay Z.

1

CHAPTER-ONE: WATER SUPPLY
1.1 Introduction
In the design of any water works projects it is necessary to estimate the amount of water
that is required. This involves:
The determination of people who will be served
The per capita water consumption
Analysis of the factors that may operate to affect consumption
It is usual to express water consumption in liters (gallons) per capita per day, obtaining
their figure by dividing the total number of people in the city in to the total daily water
consumption.

For many purposes the average daily consumption is convenient. It is obtained by
dividing the population in to the total daily consumption averaged over one year.

It must be realized, however, that using the total population may in some cases, result in
serious in accuracy, since a large proportion of the population may be solved by privately
owned wells. Amore accurate figure would be the daily consumption per person served.

1.2. Types of demands
The water furnished to a city can be classified according to its ultimate use or end. The
uses are:
Domestic demand
Commercial and Industrial demand
Public use
Fire demand
Loss and waste

1.2.1 Domestic
This includes water furnished to houses, hotels, etc, for sanitary, culinary, drinking,
washing, batching, and other purposes. It varies according to the living conditions of
consumers, the range usually being considered as 75 to 380 liters per capita per day,
averaging 190 to 340 per capita for developed countries and 30-120 per capital for
developing countries. These figures include:
Air conditioning of residences
Irrigation or sprinkling of privately owned gardens and lawns
The domestic consumption may be expected to be about 50% of the total in the average
city, but where the total consumption in small, the proportion will be much greater.

1.2.2 Commercial and Industrial
Water so classified is that furnished to industrial and commercial plants. Its importance
will depend up on local conditions, such as the existence of large industries and whether
or not the industries patronize (utilize) the public water works. Self supplied industrial
water requirements are estimated to be more than 200 percent of municipal water supply
demand.
1.2.3 Public Use
Public Buildings, such as:
POLY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Lecture Notes 2006 E.C Second semester By Hailay Z.

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City halls
Jails
Schools
As well as public services:
Flushing streets &
Fire protection
Require much water for which, usually, the city is not paid. Such water amounts to 50 to
75 liters per capita. The actual amount of water used for extinguishing fires does not
figure greatly in the average consumption, but very large fires will cause the rate of use to
be higher for short periods.
1.2.4 Fire demand
Although the actual amount of water in a year for fire fighting is small thane rate of use
is large. The insurance service office uses the formula
F=18c(A)
0.5

Where f=the required fire flow in gpm(lit/min/3.78)
C= a coefficient related to the type of construction
A= total floor area ff
2
(m
2
x10.76) excluding the basement of the building
C ranges from a max of 1.5 for wood frame to a minimum of 0.60for fire
resistive construction. The fire flow calculated from the formula is not to exceed 30,
240 lit /min in geared nor 22,680 lit/min for one stray construction .the minim fire flow
is not tube less than 1890 lit/min. additional flow may be required to protect nearly by
buildings . the total for all purposes for a single fire is not to exceed 45,360 lit/min nor
be less than 1990 lit/min.
For grouping of single and two-family residences, the following table may be used to
determine the required flow.
The fire flow must be maintained for a minimum of 4 hours as shown in table x .most
communities will require duration of 10 hours.
In order to detmine the max water demand during a fire , the fire flow must be added to
the max daily consumption .it is assumed that a community with a population of 22,000
has an average consumption of 600 lit per capita /day and flow directed by a building
of orderly construction with a floor area of 1000m
2
and a height of 6 stories , the
calculation is as follows:
Average domestic demand=22,000x600=18.2x10
6
lit/day
Maximum daily demand= 1.8x13.2x10
6
=23.76x10
6
lit/day
F=18(1) (1000x10.76x6)
0.5
=17,288 lit/min =24.89x10
6
lit/day
Max rate= 23.76x10
6
+24.89x10
6

=48.65x10
6
lit/day
=2211 lit per capita/day for two hours
the total flow required during this day would be
23.76+24.89x10/24=34.13x10
6
liters
1551 lit per capital/day
The difference between the maximum domestic rate and the values is frequently
provides from elevated storage tanks.
1.2.5 Losses and Waste
This water is sometimes classified as un accounted for, although some of the loss and
waste may be accounted for in the sense that its cause and amount are approximately
known. Un-accounted for water is due to:
meter and pump slippage
POLY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Lecture Notes 2006 E.C Second semester By Hailay Z.

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Unauthorized water connections and
Leaks in mains
The total consumption will be the sum of the foregoing uses and the loss and waste. The
probable division of this consumption is shown in table 2.

1.3. Factors Affecting Consumption
The average daily per capita water consumption varies. The variation depends up on a
number of important factors, including:
Size of city
Presence of Industries And Commerce
Quantity of the water
Its price
Climatic Condition
Characteristics of the Population
Whether supplies are metered or
Efficiency of the water works administration
Metering
Variations in rate of Consumption
Fire Demand
Density of Population
Zoning
1.4 Variation in rate of consumption

The per capita daily water consumption (demand) figures discussed above have been
based upon annual and it indicates the average consumption. The annual average daily
consumption, while useful, does not tell the full story.
In practice it has been seen that this demand does not remain uniform throughout the
year. Climatic conditions, the working day, etc tends to cause wide variations in water
use. The variation may be categorized into two broad classes
i. Seasonal fluctuation
ii. Daily and hourly fluctuation.

1.5 Methods of Forecasting Population
Prior to design of a water works one must establish the length of time the improvement
will serve the community before it is abandoned or enlarged. For example, an
impounding reservoir may be constructed of such a capacity that it will furnish a
sufficient amount of water for 30 years, or the capacity of a water purification plant may
be adequate for 10 years. These periods are known as periods of design, and they have
an important bearing up on the amount of funds that may be invested in construction of
both water works and sewage works.
Since most cities are growing in population, the period of design depends mainly up on
the rate of population growth, i.e. the water purification plant mentioned above will just
sense the population expected 10 years hence. The problem must consider forecasting as
accurately as possible the population 10, 20, or 30 years in the future.

It is more difficult to estimate the population in some future year. Several methods are
used but it should be pointed out that judgment must be exercised by the engineer as to
which method is most applicable. Acknowledge of
POLY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Lecture Notes 2006 E.C Second semester By Hailay Z.

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The city and its environs
Its trade territory
Whether or not its industries are expanding
The state of development in the surrounding country
Location with regard to rail or water shipment of raw materials and
manufactured goods

1.5.1 Arithmetic Increase Method
This method is based up on the hypothesis that the rate of growth is constant. The
hypothesis may be tested by examining the growth of the community to determine if
approximate equal incremental increases have occurred between recent censuses.
Mathematically their hypothesis may be expressed as

k
dt
dp
=
Where =
dt
dp
the rate of change of population with time K = constant.
K is determined graphically or from consideration of actual populations in successive
census as
=

=
t
p
K
The population in the future is then estimated from

P
t
= P
o
+ K
t

Where P
t
= the population at some time in the future
P
o
= the present population
t = the period of the projection

1.5.2 Geometric increase method
The hypothesis of geometric or uniform percentage growth assumes a rate of increase
which is proportional to population.
p k
d
d
t
p
' =
Integration of their equation yields
In
p
= In
Po
+ kt
This hypothesis is best tested by plotting recorded population growth on semi log paper.
If a straight line can be fitted to the data, the value of k can be determined from its slope.
Alternatively K may be estimated from recorded population using


t
In In
K
o
p p

= '
In which P and Po are recorded populations separated by a time interval t


1.5.3 Method of varying increment
POLY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Lecture Notes 2006 E.C Second semester By Hailay Z.

5
In this method, the per decade growth rate is not assumed to be constant as in the
arithmetic or geometric progression methods; but is progressively increasing or
decreasing, depending upon whether the average of the incremental increase in the past
data is positive or negative.
The population for a future decade is worked out by adding the mean arithmetic increase
(say x) to the last known population as in arithmetic increase method, to this is added the
average of the incremental increases y, once for the first decade, twice for the second
decade, thrice for the third decade and so on.
The method, thus, assumes that the growth rate in the first decade is @ (x+y), in the
second decade @ (x+2y) and in the n
th
decade @ (x+n.y). Thus the growth rate is
assumed to be varying.
As per the above discussion, we can mathematically write as:
P
1
=population after one decade from the present (i.e. last known census )
=P
o
+(x+1*y)
P
2
=Population after 2 decades
=P1+(x+2*y)
= P
o
+(2*x+3*y)
= P
o
+2*x+2*[2+1]/2[y]
Similarly, P
4
= P
3
+(x+4*y) = P
o
+4*x+10*y = P
o
+4*x+4*[4+1]/2[y]

P
n
= P
n-1
+(x+n*y) = P
o
+3*x+6*y = P
o
+n*x+n*[n+1]/2[y]

1.5.4 Logistic Method
The logistic curve used in modeling population trends has an S shape. The hypothesis of
logistic growth may be tested by plotting recorded population data on logistic paper on
which it will appear as a straight line if the hypothesis valid. In the short term, logistic
projection can be made based up on the equation.


t b
a
sat
P
p
+
+
=
l 1

where P
sate
= the situation population of the community a and b = are constants

P
sat
, a and b may be determined from three successive census populations and the
equations:


( )
( )
( )
o sat
s sat o
o
o sat
o
o o
sat
P P P
P P P
n b
P
P P
In a
P P P
P P P P P P
P

+
=
1
2
1 2
2
2
1 2 1
/
2
1
2

Where n = the time interval b/n successive census. Substitution of there values in if *
permits the estimation of population for any period t beyone the base year
corresponding to P
o
.