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    Known minor planets 60,06 -as of.+ 4+4 5 / 94: Identified rounded satellites = r!it a!out "alactic #enter In$aria!le-to-galactic plane inclination 6+.

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    Known minor planets 60,06 -as of.+ 4+4 5 / 94: Identified rounded satellites = r!it a!out "alactic #enter In$aria!le-to-galactic plane inclination 6+.

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    20 Ansichten44 Seiten

    Solar System

    Hochgeladen von

    gbaludb
    Known minor planets 60,06 -as of.+ 4+4 5 / 94: Identified rounded satellites = r!it a!out "alactic #enter In$aria!le-to-galactic plane inclination 6+.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Solar System

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    This article is about the Sun and its planetary system. For other similar systems, see Star
    system and Planetary system.
    Solar System
    The Sun and planets of the Solar System. Sizes but
    not distances are to scale.
    Age 4.56 billion years
    Location
    !ocal "nterstellar
    #loud, !ocal $ubble,
    %rion&#y'nus (rm ,
    )ilky Way
    System mass *.++*4 Solar masses
    Nearest star
    Pro,ima
    #entauri -4... ly/
    (lpha #entauri
    system -4.01 ly/
    Nearest known
    planetary system
    (lpha #entauri system -4.01
    ly/
    Planetary system
    Semi-major axis of
    outer planet -2eptune/
    0+.*+ (3 -4.5+0 billion km/
    Distance to Kuiper cliff 5+ (3
    Populations
    Stars * -Sun/
    Planets
    -)ercury
    4enus
    5arth
    )ars

    6upiter
    Saturn
    3ranus
    2eptune /
    Known dwarf planets
    Possibly se7eral hundred8
    9*:
    fi7e currently reco'nized by
    the "(3
    -#eres
    Pluto
    ;aumea
    )akemake
    5ris /
    Known natural
    satellites
    4.1
    -*1+ planetary
    9.:
    .51 minor planetary
    90:
    /
    Known minor planets 60,06 -as of .+*4<+4<*5/
    94:
    Known comets 0,.60 -as of .+*4<+4<*5/
    94:
    Identified rounded
    satellites
    *=
    r!it a!out "alactic #enter
    In$aria!le-to-galactic
    plane inclination
    6+.*=> -ecliptic/
    Distance to "alactic
    #enter
    .1,+++ ? *,+++ ly
    r!ital speed ..+ km@s
    r!ital period ..5&.5+ )yr
    Star-related properties
    Spectral type A.4
    %rost line B5 (3
    95:
    Distance to &eliopause B*.+ (3
    'ill sp&ere radius B*&. ly
    The Solar System
    9a:
    consists of the Sun and the obCects that orbit it, Dhether they orbit it
    directly or by orbitin' other obCects that orbit it directly.
    9b:
    %f those obCects that orbit the
    Sun directly, the lar'est ei'ht are the planets
    9c:
    that form the planetary system around it,
    Dhile the remainder are si'nificantly smaller obCects, such as dDarf planets and small
    Solar System bodies -SSS$s/ such as comets and asteroids.
    9d:
    The Solar System formed 4.6 billion years a'o from the 'ra7itational collapse of a 'iant
    molecular cloud. The 7ast maCority of the systemEs mass is in the Sun, Dith most of the
    remainin' mass contained in 6upiter. The four smaller inner planets, )ercury, 4enus,
    5arth and )ars, also called the terrestrial planets, are primarily composed of rock and
    metal. The four outer planets, called the 'as 'iants, are substantially more massi7e than
    the terrestrials. The tDo lar'est, 6upiter and Saturn, are composed mainly of hydro'en
    and helium8 the tDo outermost planets, 3ranus and 2eptune, are composed lar'ely of
    substances Dith relati7ely hi'h meltin' points -compared Dith hydro'en and helium/,
    called ices, such as Dater, ammonia and methane, and are often referred to separately as
    Fice 'iantsF. (ll planets ha7e almost circular orbits that lie Dithin a nearly flat disc called
    the ecliptic plane.
    The Solar System also contains re'ions populated by smaller obCects.
    9d:
    The asteroid belt,
    Dhich lies betDeen )ars and 6upiter, mostly contains obCects composed, like the
    terrestrial planets, of rock and metal. $eyond 2eptuneEs orbit lie the Guiper belt and
    scattered disc, linked populations of trans<2eptunian obCects composed mostly of ices.
    Within these populations are se7eral dozen to more than ten thousand obCects that may be
    lar'e enou'h to ha7e been rounded by their oDn 'ra7ity.
    9*+:
    Such obCects are referred to as
    dDarf planets. "dentified dDarf planets include the asteroid #eres and the trans<2eptunian
    obCects Pluto and 5ris.
    9d:
    "n addition to these tDo re'ions, 7arious other small<body
    populations, includin' comets, centaurs and interplanetary dust, freely tra7el betDeen
    re'ions. Si, of the planets, at least three of the dDarf planets, and many of the smaller
    bodies are orbited by natural satellites,
    9e:
    usually termed FmoonsF after 5arthEs )oon.
    5ach of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rin's of dust and other small obCects.
    The solar Dind, a floD of plasma from the Sun, creates a bubble in the interstellar
    medium knoDn as the heliosphere, Dhich e,tends out to the ed'e of the scattered disc.
    The %ort cloud, Dhich is belie7ed to be the source for lon'<period comets, may also e,ist
    at a distance rou'hly a thousand times further than the heliosphere. The heliopause is the
    point at Dhich pressure from the solar Dind is eHual to the opposin' pressure of
    interstellar Dind. The Solar System is located in the %rion (rm, .6,+++ li'ht years from
    the center of the )ilky Way.
    #ontents
    * Iisco7ery and e,ploration
    . Structure and composition
    o ..* Iistances and scales
    0 Formation and e7olution
    4 Sun
    5 "nterplanetary medium
    6 "nner Solar System
    o 6.* "nner planets
    6.*.* )ercury
    6.*.. 4enus
    6.*.0 5arth
    6.*.4 )ars
    o 6.. (steroid belt
    6...* #eres
    6.... (steroid 'roups
    1 %uter Solar System
    o 1.* %uter planets
    1.*.* 6upiter
    1.*.. Saturn
    1.*.0 3ranus
    1.*.4 2eptune
    o 1.. #entaurs
    #omets
    = Trans<2eptunian re'ion
    o =.* Guiper belt
    =.*.* Pluto and #haron
    =.*.. )akemake and ;aumea
    o =.. Scattered disc
    =...* 5ris
    *+ Farthest re'ions
    o *+.* ;eliopause
    o *+.. Ietached obCects
    o *+.0 %ort cloud
    o *+.4 $oundaries
    ** Aalactic conte,t
    o **.* 2ei'hbourhood
    *. 4isual summary
    *0 See also
    *4 2otes
    *5 Jeferences
    *6 5,ternal links
    Disco$ery and exploration
    (ndreas #ellariusEs illustration of the #opernican system, from the ;armonia
    )acrocosmica -*66+/
    )ain articleK Iisco7ery and e,ploration of the Solar System
    For many thousands of years, humanity, Dith a feD notable e,ceptions, did not reco'nize
    the e,istence of the Solar System. People belie7ed 5arth to be stationary at the centre of
    the uni7erse and cate'orically different from the di7ine or ethereal obCects that mo7ed
    throu'h the sky. (lthou'h the Areek philosopher (ristarchus of Samos had speculated on
    a heliocentric reorderin' of the cosmos,
    9**:
    2icolaus #opernicus Das the first to de7elop a
    mathematically predicti7e heliocentric system.
    9*.:
    ;is *1th<century successors, Aalileo
    Aalilei, 6ohannes Gepler and "saac 2eDton, de7eloped an understandin' of physics that
    led to the 'radual acceptance of the idea that 5arth mo7es around the Sun and that the
    planets are 'o7erned by the same physical laDs that 'o7erned 5arth. (dditionally, the
    in7ention of the telescope led to the disco7ery of further planets and moons. "n more
    recent times, impro7ements in the telescope and the use of unmanned spacecraft ha7e
    enabled the in7esti'ation of 'eolo'ical phenomena, such as mountains and craters, and
    seasonal meteorolo'ical phenomena, such as clouds, dust storms, and ice caps on the
    other planets.
    Structure and composition
    The orbits of the bodies in the Solar System to scale -clockDise from top left/
    The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a A. main<seHuence star that
    contains ==.6L of the systemEs knoDn mass and dominates it 'ra7itationally.
    9*0:
    The
    SunEs four lar'est orbitin' bodies, the 'as 'iants, account for ==L of the remainin' mass,
    Dith 6upiter and Saturn to'ether comprisin' more than =+L.
    9f:
    )ost lar'e obCects in orbit around the Sun lie near the plane of 5arthEs orbit, knoDn as the
    ecliptic. The planets are 7ery close to the ecliptic, Dhereas comets and Guiper belt obCects
    are freHuently at si'nificantly 'reater an'les to it.
    9*1:9*:
    (ll the planets and most other
    obCects orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotatin' -counter<clockDise, as
    7ieDed from a lon' Day abo7e 5arthEs north pole/.
    9*=:
    There are e,ceptions, such as
    ;alleyEs #omet.
    The o7erall structure of the charted re'ions of the Solar System consists of the Sun, four
    relati7ely small inner planets surrounded by a belt of rocky asteroids, and four 'as 'iants
    surrounded by the Guiper belt of icy obCects. (stronomers sometimes informally di7ide
    this structure into separate re'ions. The inner Solar System includes the four terrestrial
    planets and the asteroid belt. The outer Solar System is beyond the asteroids, includin'
    the four 'as 'iants.
    9.+:
    Since the disco7ery of the Guiper belt, the outermost parts of the
    Solar System are considered a distinct re'ion consistin' of the obCects beyond 2eptune.
    9.*:
    )ost of the planets in the Solar System possess secondary systems of their oDn, bein'
    orbited by planetary obCects called natural satellites, or moons -tDo of Dhich are lar'er
    than the planet )ercury/, and, in the case of the four 'as 'iants, by planetary rin's, thin
    bands of tiny particles that orbit them in unison. )ost of the lar'est natural satellites are
    in synchronous rotation, Dith one face permanently turned toDard their parent.
    GeplerEs laDs of planetary motion describe the orbits of obCects about the Sun. FolloDin'
    GeplerEs laDs, each obCect tra7els alon' an ellipse Dith the Sun at one focus. %bCects
    closer to the Sun -Dith smaller semi<maCor a,es/ tra7el more Huickly because they are
    more affected by the SunEs 'ra7ity. %n an elliptical orbit, a bodyEs distance from the Sun
    7aries o7er the course of its year. ( bodyEs closest approach to the Sun is called its
    perihelion, Dhereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion. The orbits
    of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Guiper belt obCects
    folloD hi'hly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be
    predicted usin' numerical models.
    Solar System shoDin' the plane of 5arthEs orbit around the Sun in 0I. )ercury, 4enus,
    5arth, and )ars are shoDn in both panels8 the ri'ht panel also shoDs 6upiter makin' one
    full re7olution Dith Saturn and 3ranus makin' less than one full re7olution.
    (lthou'h the Sun dominates the system by mass, it accounts for only about .L of the
    an'ular momentum
    9..:
    due to the differential rotation Dithin the 'aseous Sun.
    9.0:
    The
    planets, dominated by 6upiter, account for most of the rest of the an'ular momentum due
    to the combination of their mass, orbit, and distance from the Sun, Dith a possibly
    si'nificant contribution from comets.
    9..:
    The Sun, Dhich comprises nearly all the matter in the Solar System, is composed of
    rou'hly =L hydro'en and helium.
    9.4:
    6upiter and Saturn, Dhich comprise nearly all the
    remainin' matter, possess atmospheres composed of rou'hly ==L of these elements.
    9.5:9.6:
    ( composition 'radient e,ists in the Solar System, created by heat and li'ht pressure
    from the Sun8 those obCects closer to the Sun, Dhich are more affected by heat and li'ht
    pressure, are composed of elements Dith hi'h meltin' points. %bCects farther from the
    Sun are composed lar'ely of materials Dith loDer meltin' points.
    9.1:
    The boundary in the
    Solar System beyond Dhich those 7olatile substances could condense is knoDn as the
    frost line, and it lies at rou'hly 5 (3 from the Sun.
    95:
    The obCects of the inner Solar System are composed mostly of rock,
    9.:
    the collecti7e
    name for compounds Dith hi'h meltin' points, such as silicates, iron or nickel, that
    remained solid under almost all conditions in the protoplanetary nebula.
    9.=:
    6upiter and
    Saturn are composed mainly of 'ases, the astronomical term for materials Dith e,tremely
    loD meltin' points and hi'h 7apour pressure, such as molecular hydro'en, helium, and
    neon, Dhich Dere alDays in the 'aseous phase in the nebula.
    9.=:
    "ces, like Dater, methane,
    ammonia, hydro'en sulfide and carbon dio,ide,
    9.:
    ha7e meltin' points up to a feD
    hundred kel7ins.
    9.=:
    They can be found as ices, liHuids, or 'ases in 7arious places in the
    Solar System, Dhereas in the nebula they Dere either in the solid or 'aseous phase.
    9.=:
    "cy
    substances comprise the maCority of the satellites of the 'iant planets, as Dell as most of
    3ranus and 2eptune -the so<called Fice 'iantsF/ and the numerous small obCects that lie
    beyond 2eptuneEs orbit.
    9.:90+:
    To'ether, 'ases and ices are referred to as volatiles.
    90*:
    Distances and scales
    Planets of the Solar System to scale. 6upiter and Saturn -top roD/, 3ranus and 2eptune
    -top middle/, 5arth and 4enus -bottom middle/, )ars and )ercury.
    The distance from 5arth to the Sun is * astronomical unit -*5+,+++,+++ km/. For
    comparison, the radius of the Sun is .++41 (3 -1++,+++ km/. Thus, the Sun occupies
    +.++++*L -*+
    M5
    L/ of the 7olume of a sphere Dith a radius the size of 5arthEs orbit,
    Dhereas 5arthEs 7olume is rou'hly one millionth -*+
    M6
    / that of the Sun. 6upiter, the lar'est
    planet, is 5.. astronomical units -1+,+++,+++ km/ from the Sun and has a radius of
    1*,+++ km -+.+++41 (3/, Dhereas the most distant planet, 2eptune, is 0+ (3
    -4.5N*+
    =
    km/ from the Sun.
    With a feD e,ceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the lar'er the distance
    betDeen its orbit and the orbit of the ne,t nearer obCect to the Sun. For e,ample, 4enus is
    appro,imately +.00 (3 farther out from the Sun than )ercury, Dhereas Saturn is 4.0 (3
    out from 6upiter, and 2eptune lies *+.5 (3 out from 3ranus. (ttempts ha7e been made
    to determine a relationship betDeen these orbital distances -for e,ample, the Titius&$ode
    laD/,
    90.:
    but no such theory has been accepted. The ima'es at the be'innin' of this section
    shoD the orbits of the 7arious constituents of the Solar System on different scales.
    Some Solar System models attempt to con7ey the relati7e scales in7ol7ed in the Solar
    System on human terms. Some are small in scale -and may be mechanicalOcalled
    orreries/ODhereas others e,tend across cities or re'ional areas.
    900:
    The lar'est such scale
    model, the SDeden Solar System, uses the **+<metre -06*<ft/ 5ricsson Alobe in
    Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, folloDin' the scale, 6upiter is a 1.5<metre -.5<foot/
    sphere at (rlanda "nternational (irport, 4+ km -.5 mi/ aDay, Dhereas the farthest current
    obCect, Sedna, is a *+<cm -4<in/ sphere in !uleP, =*. km -561 mi/ aDay.
    904:905:
    "f the Sun&2eptune distance is scaled to *++ metres, then the Sun is about 0 cm in
    diameter -rou'hly tDo<thirds the diameter of a 'olf ball/, the 'as 'iants all smaller than
    about 0 mm. 5arthEs diameter alon' Dith the other terrestrial planets Dould be smaller
    than a flea -+.0 mm/ at this scale.
    906:
    Iistances of selected bodies of the Solar System from the Sun. The left and ri'ht ed'es
    of each bar correspond to the perihelion and aphelion of the body, respecti7ely. !on' bars
    denote hi'h orbital eccentricity. The radius of the Sun is +.1 million km, and the radius of
    6upiter -the lar'est planet/ is +.+1 million km, both too small to resol7e on this ima'e.
    %ormation and e$olution
    )ain articleK Formation and e7olution of the Solar System
    (rtistEs concept of the early Solar System
    The Solar System formed 4.56 billion years a'o from the 'ra7itational collapse of a
    re'ion Dithin a lar'e molecular cloud.
    901:
    This initial cloud Das likely se7eral li'ht<years
    across and probably birthed se7eral stars.
    90:
    (s is typical of molecular clouds, this one
    consisted mostly of hydro'en, Dith some helium, and small amounts of hea7ier elements
    fused by pre7ious 'enerations of stars. (s the re'ion that Dould become the Solar
    System, knoDn as the pre<solar nebula,
    90=:
    collapsed, conser7ation of an'ular momentum
    caused it to rotate faster. The centre, Dhere most of the mass collected, became
    increasin'ly hotter than the surroundin' disc.
    90:
    (s the contractin' nebula rotated faster,
    it be'an to flatten into a protoplanetary disc Dith a diameter of rou'hly .++ (3
    90:
    and a
    hot, dense protostar at the centre.
    94+:94*:
    The planets formed by accretion from this disc,
    94.:

    in Dhich dust and 'as 'ra7itationally attracted each other, coalescin' to form e7er lar'er
    bodies. ;undreds of protoplanets may ha7e e,isted in the early Solar System, but they
    either mer'ed or Dere destroyed, lea7in' the planets, dDarf planets, and lefto7er minor
    bodies.
    Iue to their hi'her boilin' points, only metals and silicates could e,ist in solid form in
    the Darm inner Solar System close to the Sun, and these Dould e7entually form the rocky
    planets of )ercury, 4enus, 5arth, and )ars. $ecause metallic elements only comprised a
    7ery small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not 'roD 7ery lar'e.
    The 'iant planets -6upiter, Saturn, 3ranus, and 2eptune/ formed further out, beyond the
    frost line, the point betDeen the orbits of )ars and 6upiter Dhere material is cool enou'h
    for 7olatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets Dere more
    plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial inner planets, alloDin'
    them to 'roD massi7e enou'h to capture lar'e atmospheres of hydro'en and helium, the
    li'htest and most abundant elements. !efto7er debris that ne7er became planets
    con're'ated in re'ions such as the asteroid belt, Guiper belt, and %ort cloud. The 2ice
    model is an e,planation for the creation of these re'ions and hoD the outer planets could
    ha7e formed in different positions and mi'rated to their current orbits throu'h 7arious
    'ra7itational interactions.
    Within 5+ million years, the pressure and density of hydro'en in the centre of the
    protostar became 'reat enou'h for it to be'in thermonuclear fusion.
    940:
    The temperature,
    reaction rate, pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic eHuilibrium Das achie7edK
    the thermal pressure eHualled the force of 'ra7ity. (t this point, the Sun became a main<
    seHuence star.
    944:
    Solar Dind from the Sun created the heliosphere and sDept aDay the
    remainin' 'as and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space, endin' the
    planetary formation process.
    The Solar System Dill remain rou'hly as De knoD it today until the hydro'en in the core
    of the Sun has been entirely con7erted to helium, Dhich Dill occur rou'hly 5.4 billion
    years from noD. This Dill mark the end of the SunEs main<seHuence life. (t this time, the
    core of the Sun Dill collapse, and the ener'y output Dill be much 'reater than at present.
    The outer layers of the Sun Dill e,pand to rou'hly .6+ times its current diameter, and the
    Sun Dill become a red 'iant. $ecause of its 7astly increased surface area, the surface of
    the Sun Dill be considerably cooler -.,6++ G at its coolest/ than it is on the main
    seHuence.
    945:
    The e,pandin' Sun is e,pected to 7aporize )ercury and 4enus and render
    5arth uninhabitable as the habitable zone mo7es out to the orbit of )ars. 57entually, the
    core Dill be hot enou'h for helium fusion8 the Sun Dill burn helium for a fraction of the
    time it burned hydro'en in the core. The Sun is not massi7e enou'h to commence the
    fusion of hea7ier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core Dill dDindle. "ts outer layers
    Dill mo7e aDay into space, lea7in' a Dhite dDarf, an e,traordinarily dense obCect, half
    the ori'inal mass of the Sun but only the size of5arth.
    946:
    The eCected outer layers Dill
    form Dhat is knoDn as a planetary nebula, returnin' some of the material that formed the
    SunObut noD enriched Dith hea7ier elements like carbonOto the interstellar medium.
    Sun
    )ain articleK Sun
    The Sun compared to the planets
    The Sun is the Solar SystemEs star, and by far its chief component. "ts lar'e mass
    -00.,=++ 5arth masses/
    941:
    produces temperatures and densities in its core hi'h enou'h to
    sustain nuclear fusion,
    94:
    Dhich releases enormous amounts of ener'y, mostly radiated
    into space as electroma'netic radiation, peakin' in the 4++&1++ nm band of 7isible li'ht.
    94=:
    The Sun is a type A. main<seHuence star. #ompared to the maCority of stars in the )ilky
    Way, the Sun is rather lar'e and bri'ht.
    95+:
    Stars are classified by the ;ertzsprun'&Jussell
    dia'ram, a 'raph that plots the bri'htness of stars Dith their surface temperatures.
    Aenerally, hotter stars are bri'hter. Stars folloDin' this pattern are said to be on the main
    seHuence, and the Sun lies ri'ht in the middle of it. Stars bri'hter and hotter than the Sun
    are rare, Dhereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, knoDn as red dDarfs, are
    common, makin' up 5L of the stars in the 'ala,y.
    95+:95*:
    57idence su''ests that the SunEs position on the main seHuence puts it in the Fprime of
    lifeF for a star, not yet ha7in' e,hausted its store of hydro'en for nuclear fusion. The Sun
    is 'roDin' bri'hter8 early in its history its bri'htness Das 1+L that of Dhat it is today.
    95.:
    The Sun is a population " star8 it Das born in the later sta'es of the uni7erseEs e7olution
    and thus contains more elements hea7ier than hydro'en and helium -FmetalsF in
    astronomical parlance/ than the older population "" stars.
    950:
    5lements hea7ier than
    hydro'en and helium Dere formed in the cores of ancient and e,plodin' stars, so the first
    'eneration of stars had to die before the uni7erse could be enriched Dith these atoms. The
    oldest stars contain feD metals, Dhereas stars born later ha7e more. This hi'h metallicity
    is thou'ht to ha7e been crucial to the SunEs de7elopment of a planetary system because
    the planets form from the accretion of FmetalsF.
    954:
    Interplanetary medium
    The heliospheric current sheet
    )ain articlesK "nterplanetary medium and ;eliosphere
    The 7ast maCority of the Solar System consists of a near<7acuum knoDn as the
    interplanetary medium. (lon' Dith li'ht, the Sun radiates a continuous stream of char'ed
    particles -a plasma/ knoDn as the solar Dind. This stream of particles spreads outDards at
    rou'hly *.5 million kilometres -=0. thousand miles/ per hour,
    955:
    creatin' a tenuous
    atmosphere -the heliosphere/ that permeates the interplanetary medium out to at least
    *++ (3 -see heliopause/.
    956:
    (cti7ity on the SunEs surface, such as solar flares and coronal
    mass eCections, disturb the heliosphere, creatin' space Deather and causin' 'eoma'netic
    storms.
    951:
    The lar'est structure Dithin the heliosphere is the heliospheric current sheet, a
    spiral form created by the actions of the SunEs rotatin' ma'netic field on the
    interplanetary medium.
    95:95=:
    5arthEs ma'netic field stops its atmosphere from bein' stripped aDay by the solar Dind.
    96+:
    4enus and )ars do not ha7e ma'netic fields, and as a result the solar Dind is causin'
    their atmospheres to 'radually bleed aDay into space.
    96*:
    #oronal mass eCections and
    similar e7ents bloD a ma'netic field and hu'e Huantities of material from the surface of
    the Sun. The interaction of this ma'netic field and material Dith 5arthEs ma'netic field
    funnels char'ed particles into 5arthEs upper atmosphere, Dhere its interactions create
    aurorae seen near the ma'netic poles.
    The heliosphere and planetary ma'netic fields -for those planets that ha7e them/ partially
    shield the Solar System from hi'h<ener'y interstellar particles called cosmic rays. The
    density of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium and the stren'th of the SunEs ma'netic
    field chan'e on 7ery lon' timescales, so the le7el of cosmic<ray penetration in the Solar
    System 7aries, thou'h by hoD much is unknoDn.
    96.:
    The interplanetary medium is home to at least tDo disc<like re'ions of cosmic dust. The
    first, the zodiacal dust cloud, lies in the inner Solar System and causes the zodiacal li'ht.
    "t Das likely formed by collisions Dithin the asteroid belt brou'ht on by interactions Dith
    the planets.
    960:
    The second dust cloud e,tends from about *+ (3 to about 4+ (3, and Das
    probably created by similar collisions Dithin the Guiper belt.
    964:965:
    Inner Solar System
    The inner Solar System is the traditional name for the re'ion comprisin' the terrestrial
    planets and asteroids.
    966:
    #omposed mainly of silicates and metals, the obCects of the inner
    Solar System are relati7ely close to the Sun8 the radius of this entire re'ion is shorter than
    the distance betDeen the orbits of 6upiter and Saturn.
    Inner planets
    )ain articleK Terrestrial planet
    The inner planets. From left to ri'htK 5arth, )ars, 4enus, and )ercury -sizes to scale,
    interplanetary distances not/
    The four inner or terrestrial planets ha7e dense, rocky compositions, feD or no moons,
    and no rin' systems. They are composed lar'ely of refractory minerals, such as the
    silicates, Dhich form their crusts and mantles, and metals, such as iron and nickel, Dhich
    form their cores. Three of the four inner planets -4enus, 5arth and )ars/ ha7e
    atmospheres substantial enou'h to 'enerate Deather8 all ha7e impact craters and tectonic
    surface features, such as rift 7alleys and 7olcanoes. The term inner planet should not be
    confused Dith inferior planet, Dhich desi'nates those planets that are closer to the Sun
    than 5arth is -i.e. )ercury and 4enus/.
    (ercury
    )ercury -+.4 (3 from the Sun/ is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest
    planet in the Solar System -+.+55 5arth masses/. )ercury has no natural satellites8
    besides impact craters, its only knoDn 'eolo'ical features are lobed rid'es or
    rupes, probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history.
    961:

    )ercuryEs almost ne'li'ible atmosphere consists of atoms blasted off its surface
    by the solar Dind.
    96:
    "ts relati7ely lar'e iron core and thin mantle ha7e not yet
    been adeHuately e,plained. ;ypotheses include that its outer layers Dere stripped
    off by a 'iant impact8 or, that it Das pre7ented from fully accretin' by the youn'
    SunEs ener'y.
    96=:91+:
    )enus
    4enus -+.1 (3 from the Sun/ is close in size to 5arth -+.*5 5arth masses/ and,
    like 5arth, has a thick silicate mantle around an iron core, a substantial
    atmosphere, and e7idence of internal 'eolo'ical acti7ity. "t is much drier than
    5arth, and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense. 4enus has no natural satellites.
    "t is the hottest planet, Dith surface temperatures o7er 4++ ># -15.>F/, most likely
    due to the amount of 'reenhouse 'ases in the atmosphere.
    91*:
    2o definiti7e
    e7idence of current 'eolo'ical acti7ity has been detected on 4enus, but it has no
    ma'netic field that Dould pre7ent depletion of its substantial atmosphere, Dhich
    su''ests that its atmosphere is freHuently replenished by 7olcanic eruptions.
    91.:
    *art&
    5arth -* (3 from the Sun/ is the lar'est and densest of the inner planets, the only
    one knoDn to ha7e current 'eolo'ical acti7ity, and the only place Dhere life is
    knoDn to e,ist.
    910:
    "ts liHuid hydrosphere is uniHue amon' the terrestrial planets,
    and it is the only planet Dhere plate tectonics has been obser7ed. 5arthEs
    atmosphere is radically different from those of the other planets, ha7in' been
    altered by the presence of life to contain .*L free o,y'en.
    914:
    "t has one natural
    satellite, the )oon, the only lar'e satellite of a terrestrial planet in the Solar
    System.
    (ars
    )ars -*.5 (3 from the Sun/ is smaller than 5arth and 4enus -+.*+1 5arth
    masses/. "t possesses an atmosphere of mostly carbon dio,ide Dith a surface
    pressure of 6.* millibars -rou'hly +.6L of that of 5arth/.
    915:
    "ts surface, peppered
    Dith 7ast 7olcanoes, such as %lympus )ons, and rift 7alleys, such as 4alles
    )arineris, shoDs 'eolo'ical acti7ity that may ha7e persisted until as recently as .
    million years a'o.
    916:
    "ts red colour comes from iron o,ide -rust/ in its soil.
    911:
    )ars
    has tDo tiny natural satellites -Ieimos and Phobos/ thou'ht to be captured
    asteroids.
    91:
    Asteroid !elt
    )ain articleK (steroid belt
    "ma'e of the asteroid belt -Dhite/, the 6upiter troCans -'reen/, the ;ildas -oran'e/, and
    near<5arth asteroids.
    (steroids are small Solar System bodies
    9d:
    composed mainly of refractory rocky and
    metallic minerals, Dith some ice.
    91=:
    The asteroid belt occupies the orbit betDeen )ars and 6upiter, betDeen ..0 and 0.0 (3
    from the Sun. "t is thou'ht to be remnants from the Solar SystemEs formation that failed to
    coalesce because of the 'ra7itational interference of 6upiter.
    9+:
    (steroids ran'e in size from hundreds of kilometres across to microscopic. (ll asteroids
    e,cept the lar'est, #eres, are classified as small Solar System bodies.
    9*:
    The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions, of obCects o7er one
    kilometre in diameter.
    9.:
    Iespite this, the total mass of the asteroid belt is unlikely to be
    more than a thousandth of that of 5arth.
    9*6:
    The asteroid belt is 7ery sparsely populated8
    spacecraft routinely pass throu'h Dithout incident. (steroids Dith diameters betDeen *+
    and *+
    M4
    m are called meteoroids.
    90:
    #eres
    #eres -..11 (3/ is the lar'est asteroid, a protoplanet, and a dDarf planet.
    9d:
    "t has a
    diameter of sli'htly under *,+++ km, and a mass lar'e enou'h for its oDn 'ra7ity to pull
    it into a spherical shape. #eres Das considered a planet Dhen it Das disco7ered in *+*,
    and Das reclassified to asteroid in the *5+s as further obser7ations re7ealed additional
    asteroids.
    94:
    "t Das classified as a dDarf planet in .++6.
    Asteroid groups
    (steroids in the asteroid belt are di7ided into asteroid 'roups and families based on their
    orbital characteristics. (steroid moons are asteroids that orbit lar'er asteroids. They are
    not as clearly distin'uished as planetary moons, sometimes bein' almost as lar'e as their
    partners. The asteroid belt also contains main<belt comets, Dhich may ha7e been the
    source of 5arthEs Dater.
    95:
    6upiter troCans are located in either of 6upiterEs !
    4
    or !
    5
    points -'ra7itationally stable
    re'ions leadin' and trailin' a planet in its orbit/8 the term FtroCanF is also used for small
    bodies in any other planetary or satellite !a'ran'e point. ;ilda asteroids are in a .K0
    resonance Dith 6upiter8 that is, they 'o around the Sun three times for e7ery tDo 6upiter
    orbits.
    96:
    The inner Solar System is also dusted Dith ro'ue asteroids, many of Dhich cross the
    orbits of the inner planets.
    91:
    uter Solar System
    The outer re'ion of the Solar System is home to the 'as 'iants and their lar'e moons.
    )any short<period comets, includin' the centaurs, also orbit in this re'ion. Iue to their
    'reater distance from the Sun, the solid obCects in the outer Solar System contain a hi'her
    proportion of 7olatiles, such as Dater, ammonia and methane, than the rocky denizens of
    the inner Solar System because the colder temperatures alloD these compounds to remain
    solid.
    uter planets
    )ain articlesK %uter planets and Aas 'iant
    From top to bottomK 2eptune, 3ranus, Saturn, and 6upiter -)onta'e Dith appro,imate
    colour and size/
    The four outer planets, or 'as 'iants -sometimes called 6o7ian planets/, collecti7ely make
    up ==L of the mass knoDn to orbit the Sun.
    9f:
    6upiter and Saturn are each many tens of
    times the mass of 5arth and consist o7erDhelmin'ly of hydro'en and helium8 3ranus and
    2eptune are far less massi7e -Q.+ 5arth masses/ and possess more ices in their makeup.
    For these reasons, some astronomers su''est they belon' in their oDn cate'ory, Fice
    'iantsF.
    9:
    (ll four 'as 'iants ha7e rin's, althou'h only SaturnEs rin' system is easily
    obser7ed from 5arth. The term superior planet desi'nates planets outside 5arthEs orbit
    and thus includes both the outer planets and )ars.
    +upiter
    6upiter -5.. (3/, at 0* 5arth masses, is ..5 times the mass of all the other
    planets put to'ether. "t is composed lar'ely of hydro'en and helium. 6upiterEs
    stron' internal heat creates semi<permanent features in its atmosphere, such as
    cloud bands and the Areat Jed Spot.
    6upiter has 61 knoDn satellites. The four lar'est, Aanymede, #allisto, "o, and
    5uropa, shoD similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as 7olcanism and internal
    heatin'.
    9=:
    Aanymede, the lar'est satellite in the Solar System, is lar'er than
    )ercury.
    Saturn
    Saturn -=.5 (3/, distin'uished by its e,tensi7e rin' system, has se7eral
    similarities to 6upiter, such as its atmospheric composition and ma'netosphere.
    (lthou'h Saturn has 6+L of 6upiterEs 7olume, it is less than a third as massi7e, at
    =5 5arth masses, makin' it the least dense planet in the Solar System.
    9=+:
    The rin's
    of Saturn are made up of small ice and rock particles.
    Saturn has 6. confirmed satellites8 tDo of Dhich, Titan and 5nceladus, shoD si'ns
    of 'eolo'ical acti7ity, thou'h they are lar'ely made of ice.
    9=*:
    Titan, the second<
    lar'est moon in the Solar System, is lar'er than )ercury and the only satellite in
    the Solar System Dith a substantial atmosphere.
    ,ranus
    3ranus -*=.. (3/, at *4 5arth masses, is the li'htest of the outer planets.
    3niHuely amon' the planets, it orbits the Sun on its side8 its a,ial tilt is o7er
    ninety de'rees to the ecliptic. "t has a much colder core than the other 'as 'iants
    and radiates 7ery little heat into space.
    9=.:
    3ranus has .1 knoDn satellites, the lar'est ones bein' Titania, %beron, 3mbriel,
    (riel, and )iranda.
    Neptune
    2eptune -0+ (3/, thou'h sli'htly smaller than 3ranus, is more massi7e
    -eHui7alent to *1 5arths/ and therefore more dense. "t radiates more internal heat,
    but not as much as 6upiter or Saturn.
    9=0:
    2eptune has *4 knoDn satellites. The lar'est, Triton, is 'eolo'ically acti7e, Dith
    'eysers of liHuid nitro'en.
    9=4:
    Triton is the only lar'e satellite Dith a retro'rade
    orbit. 2eptune is accompanied in its orbit by se7eral minor planets, termed
    2eptune troCans, that are in *K* resonance Dith it.
    #entaurs
    )ain articleK #entaur -minor planet/
    The centaurs are icy comet<like bodies Dhose orbits ha7e semi<maCor a,es 'reater than
    6upiterEs -5.5 (3/ and less than 2eptuneEs -0+ (3/. The lar'est knoDn centaur, *+*==
    #hariklo, has a diameter of about .5+ km.
    9=5:
    The first centaur disco7ered, .+6+ #hiron,
    has also been classified as comet -=5P/ because it de7elops a coma Cust as comets do
    Dhen they approach the Sun.
    9=6:
    #omets
    )ain articleK #omet
    #omet ;ale&$opp
    #omets are small Solar System bodies,
    9d:
    typically only a feD kilometres across,
    composed lar'ely of 7olatile ices. They ha7e hi'hly eccentric orbits, 'enerally a
    perihelion Dithin the orbits of the inner planets and an aphelion far beyond Pluto. When a
    comet enters the inner Solar System, its pro,imity to the Sun causes its icy surface to
    sublimate and ionise, creatin' a comaK a lon' tail of 'as and dust often 7isible to the
    naked eye.
    Short<period comets ha7e orbits lastin' less than tDo hundred years. !on'<period comets
    ha7e orbits lastin' thousands of years. Short<period comets are belie7ed to ori'inate in
    the Guiper belt, Dhereas lon'<period comets, such as ;ale&$opp, are belie7ed to
    ori'inate in the %ort cloud. )any comet 'roups, such as the Greutz Sun'razers, formed
    from the breakup of a sin'le parent.
    9=1:
    Some comets Dith hyperbolic orbits may ori'inate
    outside the Solar System, but determinin' their precise orbits is difficult.
    9=:
    %ld comets
    that ha7e had most of their 7olatiles dri7en out by solar Darmin' are often cate'orised as
    asteroids.
    9==:
    -rans-Neptunian region
    The area beyond 2eptune, or the Ftrans<2eptunian re'ionF, is still lar'ely une,plored. "t
    appears to consist o7erDhelmin'ly of small Dorlds -the lar'est ha7in' a diameter only a
    fifth that of 5arth and a mass far smaller than that of the )oon/ composed mainly of rock
    and ice. This re'ion is sometimes knoDn as the Fouter Solar SystemF, thou'h others use
    that term to mean the re'ion beyond the asteroid belt.
    Kuiper !elt
    )ain articleK Guiper belt
    Plot of all Guiper belt obCects knoDn in .++1, set a'ainst the four outer planets
    The Guiper belt is a 'reat rin' of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consistin' mainly
    of obCects composed primarily of ice.
    9*++:
    "t e,tends betDeen 0+ and 5+ (3 from the Sun.
    Thou'h it is estimated to contain anythin' from dozens to thousands of dDarf planets, it
    is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies. )any of the lar'er Guiper belt obCects,
    such as Ruaoar, 4aruna, and %rcus, may pro7e to be dDarf planets Dith further data.
    There are estimated to be o7er *++,+++ Guiper belt obCects Dith a diameter 'reater than
    5+ km, but the total mass of the Guiper belt is thou'ht to be only a tenth or e7en a
    hundredth the mass of 5arth.
    9*5:
    )any Guiper belt obCects ha7e multiple satellites,
    9*+*:
    and
    most ha7e orbits that take them outside the plane of the ecliptic.
    9*+.:
    The Guiper belt can be rou'hly di7ided into the FclassicalF belt and the resonances.
    9*++:

    Jesonances are orbits linked to that of 2eptune -e.'. tDice for e7ery three 2eptune orbits,
    or once for e7ery tDo/. The first resonance be'ins Dithin the orbit of 2eptune itself. The
    classical belt consists of obCects ha7in' no resonance Dith 2eptune, and e,tends from
    rou'hly 0=.4 (3 to 41.1 (3.
    9*+0:
    )embers of the classical Guiper belt are classified as
    cubeDanos, after the first of their kind to be disco7ered, -*516+/ *==. R$ * , and are still
    in near primordial, loD<eccentricity orbits.
    9*+4:
    Pluto and #&aron
    (rtistic comparison of 5ris, Pluto, )akemake, ;aumea, Sedna, .++1 %J
    *+
    , Ruaoar,
    %rcus, and 5arth. -
    This bo,K
    7ieD
    talk
    edit
    /
    The dDarf planet Pluto -0= (3 a7era'e/ is the lar'est knoDn obCect in the Guiper belt.
    When disco7ered in *=0+, it Das considered to be the ninth planet8 this chan'ed in .++6
    Dith the adoption of a formal definition of planet. Pluto has a relati7ely eccentric orbit
    inclined *1 de'rees to the ecliptic plane and ran'in' from .=.1 (3 from the Sun at
    perihelion -Dithin the orbit of 2eptune/ to 4=.5 (3 at aphelion.
    #haron, PlutoEs lar'est moon, is sometimes described as part of a binary system Dith
    Pluto, as the tDo bodies orbit a barycentre of 'ra7ity abo7e their surfaces -i.e. they appear
    to Forbit each otherF/. $eyond #haron, four much smaller moons, Sty,, 2i,, Gerberos,
    and ;ydra, are knoDn to orbit Dithin the system.
    Pluto has a 0K. resonance Dith 2eptune, meanin' that Pluto orbits tDice round the Sun
    for e7ery three 2eptunian orbits. Guiper belt obCects Dhose orbits share this resonance
    are called plutinos.
    9*+5:
    (akemake and 'aumea
    )akemake -45.1= (3 a7era'e/, althou'h smaller than Pluto, is the lar'est knoDn obCect
    in the classical Guiper belt -that is, it is not in a confirmed resonance Dith 2eptune/.
    )akemake is the bri'htest obCect in the Guiper belt after Pluto. "t Das named and
    desi'nated a dDarf planet in .++.
    91:
    "ts orbit is far more inclined than PlutoEs, at .=>.
    9*+6:
    ;aumea -40.*0 (3 a7era'e/ is in an orbit similar to )akemake e,cept that it is cau'ht in
    a 1K*. orbital resonance Dith 2eptune.
    9*+1:
    "t is about the same size as )akemake and has
    tDo natural satellites. ( rapid, 0.=<hour rotation 'i7es it a flattened and elon'ated shape.
    "t Das named and desi'nated a dDarf planet in .++.
    9*+:
    Scattered disc
    )ain articleK Scattered disc
    The scattered disc, Dhich o7erlaps the Guiper belt but e,tends much further outDards, is
    thou'ht to be the source of short<period comets. Scattered disc obCects are belie7ed to
    ha7e been eCected into erratic orbits by the 'ra7itational influence of 2eptuneEs early
    outDard mi'ration. )ost scattered disc obCects -SI%s/ ha7e perihelia Dithin the Guiper
    belt but aphelia far beyond it -some more than *5+ (3 from the Sun/. SI%sE orbits are
    also hi'hly inclined to the ecliptic plane and are often almost perpendicular to it. Some
    astronomers consider the scattered disc to be merely another re'ion of the Guiper belt and
    describe scattered disc obCects as Fscattered Guiper belt obCectsF.
    9*+=:
    Some astronomers
    also classify centaurs as inDard<scattered Guiper belt obCects alon' Dith the outDard<
    scattered residents of the scattered disc.
    9**+:
    *ris
    5ris -6 (3 a7era'e/ is the lar'est knoDn scattered disc obCect, and caused a debate
    about Dhat constitutes a planet, because it is .5L more massi7e than Pluto
    9***:
    and about
    the same diameter. "t is the most massi7e of the knoDn dDarf planets. "t has one knoDn
    moon, Iysnomia. !ike Pluto, its orbit is hi'hly eccentric, Dith a perihelion of 0.. (3
    -rou'hly PlutoEs distance from the Sun/ and an aphelion of =1.6 (3, and steeply inclined
    to the ecliptic plane.
    %art&est regions
    The point at Dhich the Solar System ends and interstellar space be'ins is not precisely
    defined because its outer boundaries are shaped by tDo separate forcesK the solar Dind
    and the SunEs 'ra7ity. The outer limit of the solar DindEs influence is rou'hly four times
    PlutoEs distance from the Sun8 this heliopause is considered the be'innin' of the
    interstellar medium.
    956:
    The SunEs ;ill sphere, the effecti7e ran'e of its 'ra7itational
    dominance, is belie7ed to e,tend up to a thousand times farther.
    9**.:
    'eliopause
    5ner'etic neutral atoms map of heliosheath and heliopause by "$5S. #reditK
    2(S(@Aoddard Space Fli'ht #enter Scientific 4isualization Studio.
    The heliosphere is di7ided into tDo separate re'ions. The solar Dind tra7els at rou'hly
    4++ km@s until it collides Dith the interstellar Dind8 the floD of plasma in the interstellar
    medium. The collision occurs at the termination shock, Dhich is rou'hly +&*++ (3
    from the Sun upDind of the interstellar medium and rou'hly .++ (3 from the Sun
    doDnDind.
    9**0:
    ;ere the Dind sloDs dramatically, condenses, and becomes more
    turbulent,
    9**0:
    formin' a 'reat o7al structure knoDn as the heliosheath. This structure is
    belie7ed to look and beha7e 7ery much like a cometEs tail, e,tendin' outDard for a
    further 4+ (3 on the upDind side but tailin' many times that distance doDnDind8
    e7idence from the #assini and "nterstellar $oundary 5,plorer spacecraft has su''ested
    that it is forced into a bubble shape by the constrainin' action of the interstellar ma'netic
    field.
    9**4:
    The outer boundary of the heliosphere, the heliopause, is the point at Dhich the
    solar Dind finally terminates and is the be'innin' of interstellar space.
    956:
    $oth Voyager 1
    and Voyager 2 are reported to ha7e passed the termination shock and entered the
    heliosheath, at =4 and 4 (3 from the Sun, respecti7ely.
    9**5:9**6:
    Voyager 1 is reported to
    ha7e crossed the heliopause in (u'ust, .+*..
    9**1:
    The shape and form of the outer ed'e of the heliosphere is likely affected by the fluid
    dynamics of interactions Dith the interstellar medium
    9**0:
    as Dell as solar ma'netic fields
    pre7ailin' to the south, e.'. it is bluntly shaped Dith the northern hemisphere e,tendin' =
    (3 farther than the southern hemisphere. $eyond the heliopause, at around .0+ (3, lies
    the boD shock, a plasma FDakeF left by the Sun as it tra7els throu'h the )ilky Way.
    9**:
    Iue to a lack of data, the conditions in local interstellar space are not knoDn for certain.
    "t is e,pected that 2(S(Es 4oya'er spacecraft, as they pass the heliopause, Dill transmit
    7aluable data on radiation le7els and solar Dind back to 5arth.
    9**=:
    ;oD Dell the
    heliosphere shields the Solar System from cosmic rays is poorly understood. ( 2(S(<
    funded team has de7eloped a concept of a F4ision )issionF dedicated to sendin' a probe
    to the heliosphere.
    9*.+:9*.*:
    Detac&ed o!jects
    )ain articleK Ietached obCect
    =+011 Sedna -5.+ (3 a7era'e/ is a lar'e, reddish obCect Dith a 'i'antic, hi'hly elliptical
    orbit that takes it from about 16 (3 at perihelion to =4+ (3 at aphelion and takes **,4++
    years to complete. )ike $roDn, Dho disco7ered the obCect in .++0, asserts that it cannot
    be part of the scattered disc or the Guiper belt as its perihelion is too distant to ha7e been
    affected by 2eptuneEs mi'ration. ;e and other astronomers consider it to be the first in an
    entirely neD population, sometimes termed Fdistant detached obCectsF -II%s/, Dhich
    also may include the obCect .+++ #J
    *+5
    , Dhich has a perihelion of 45 (3, an aphelion of
    4*5 (3, and an orbital period of 0,4.+ years.
    9*..:
    $roDn terms this population the Finner
    %ort cloudF because it may ha7e formed throu'h a similar process, althou'h it is far
    closer to the Sun.
    9*.0:
    Sedna is 7ery likely a dDarf planet, thou'h its shape has yet to be
    determined. The second uneHui7ocally detached obCect, Dith a perihelion farther than
    SednaEs at rou'hly * (3, is .+*. 4P **0 , disco7ered in .+*.. "ts aphelion is only half
    that of SednaEs, at 4++&5++ (3.
    9*.4:9*.5:
    ort cloud
    )ain articleK %ort cloud
    (n artistEs renderin' of the %ort cloud, the ;ills cloud, and the Guiper belt -inset/
    The %ort cloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of up to a trillion icy obCects that is
    belie7ed to be the source for all lon'<period comets and to surround the Solar System at
    rou'hly 5+,+++ (3 -around * li'ht<year -ly//, and possibly to as far as *++,+++ (3
    -*.1 ly/. "t is belie7ed to be composed of comets that Dere eCected from the inner Solar
    System by 'ra7itational interactions Dith the outer planets. %ort cloud obCects mo7e 7ery
    sloDly, and can be perturbed by infreHuent e7ents, such as collisions, the 'ra7itational
    effects of a passin' star, or the 'alactic tide, the tidal force e,erted by the )ilky Way.
    9*.6:
    9*.1:
    .oundaries
    See alsoK 4ulcanoid asteroid, Planets beyond 2eptune, 2emesis -hypothetical star/ and
    Tyche -hypothetical planet/
    )uch of the Solar System is still unknoDn. The SunEs 'ra7itational field is estimated to
    dominate the 'ra7itational forces of surroundin' stars out to about tDo li'ht years
    -*.5,+++ (3/. !oDer estimates for the radius of the %ort cloud, by contrast, do not place
    it farther than 5+,+++ (3.
    9*.:
    Iespite disco7eries such as Sedna, the re'ion betDeen the
    Guiper belt and the %ort cloud, an area tens of thousands of (3 in radius, is still 7irtually
    unmapped. There are also on'oin' studies of the re'ion betDeen )ercury and the Sun.
    9*.=:
    %bCects may yet be disco7ered in the Solar SystemEs uncharted re'ions.
    "alactic context
    Position of the Solar System Dithin the )ilky Way
    The Solar System is located in the )ilky Way, a barred spiral 'ala,y Dith a diameter of
    about *++,+++ li'ht<years containin' about .++ billion stars.
    9*0+:
    The Sun resides in one of
    the )ilky WayEs outer spiral arms, knoDn as the %rion&#y'nus (rm or !ocal Spur.
    9*0*:

    The Sun lies betDeen .5,+++ and .,+++ li'ht years from the Aalactic #entre,
    9*0.:
    and its
    speed Dithin the 'ala,y is about ..+ kilometres per second -*4+ mi@s/, so that it
    completes one re7olution e7ery ..5&.5+ million years. This re7olution is knoDn as the
    Solar SystemEs 'alactic year.
    9*00:
    The solar ape,, the direction of the SunEs path throu'h
    interstellar space, is near the constellation ;ercules in the direction of the current location
    of the bri'ht star 4e'a.
    9*04:
    The plane of the ecliptic lies at an an'le of about 6+> to the
    'alactic plane.
    9':
    The Solar SystemEs location in the 'ala,y is a factor in the e7olution of life on 5arth. "ts
    orbit is close to circular, and orbits near the Sun are at rou'hly the same speed as that of
    the spiral arms. Therefore, the Sun passes throu'h arms only rarely. $ecause spiral arms
    are home to a far lar'er concentration of superno7ae, 'ra7itational instabilities, and
    radiation that could disrupt the Solar System, this has 'i7en 5arth lon' periods of
    stability for life to e7ol7e.
    9*06:
    The Solar System also lies Dell outside the star<croDded
    en7irons of the 'alactic centre. 2ear the centre, 'ra7itational tu's from nearby stars could
    perturb bodies in the %ort #loud and send many comets into the inner Solar System,
    producin' collisions Dith potentially catastrophic implications for life on 5arth. The
    intense radiation of the 'alactic centre could also interfere Dith the de7elopment of
    comple, life.
    9*06:
    57en at the Solar SystemEs current location, some scientists ha7e
    hypothesised that recent superno7ae may ha7e ad7ersely affected life in the last 05,+++
    years by flin'in' pieces of e,pelled stellar core toDards the Sun as radioacti7e dust 'rains
    and lar'er, comet<like bodies.
    9*01:
    Neig&!our&ood
    $eyond the heliosphere is the interstellar medium, consistin' of 7arious clouds of 'ases.
    -see !ocal "nterstellar #loud/
    The Solar System is currently located in the !ocal "nterstellar #loud or !ocal Fluff. "t is
    thou'ht to be near the nei'hbourin' A<#loud, but it is unknoDn if the Solar System is
    embedded in the !ocal "nterstellar #loud, or if it is in the re'ion Dhere the !ocal
    "nterstellar #loud and A<#loud are interactin'.
    9*0:9*0=:
    The !ocal "nterstellar #loud is an
    area of denser cloud in an otherDise sparse re'ion knoDn as the !ocal $ubble, an
    hour'lass<shaped ca7ity in the interstellar medium rou'hly 0++ li'ht years across. The
    bubble is suffused Dith hi'h<temperature plasma that su''ests it is the product of se7eral
    recent superno7ae.
    9*4+:
    There are relati7ely feD stars Dithin ten li'ht years -=5 trillion km, or 6+ trillion mi/ of
    the Sun. The closest is the triple star system (lpha #entauri, Dhich is about 4.4 li'ht
    years aDay. (lpha #entauri ( and $ are a closely tied pair of Sun<like stars, Dhereas the
    small red dDarf (lpha #entauri # -also knoDn as Pro,ima #entauri/ orbits the pair at a
    distance of +.. li'ht years. The stars ne,t closest to the Sun are the red dDarfs $arnardEs
    Star -at 5.= li'ht years/, Wolf 05= -1. li'ht years/, and !alande .**5 -.0 li'ht years/.
    The lar'est star Dithin ten li'ht years is Sirius, a bri'ht main<seHuence star rou'hly tDice
    the SunEs mass and orbited by a Dhite dDarf called Sirius $. "t lies .6 li'ht years aDay.
    The nearest broDn dDarfs are the binary !uhman *6 system at 6.6 li'ht years. The
    remainin' systems Dithin ten li'ht years are the binary red<dDarf system !uyten 1.6<
    -.1 li'ht years/ and the solitary red dDarf Joss *54 -=.1 li'ht years/.
    9*4*:
    The Solar
    SystemEs closest solitary Sun<like star is Tau #eti, Dhich lies **.= li'ht years aDay. "t has
    rou'hly +L of the SunEs mass but only 6+L of its luminosity.
    9*4.:
    The closest knoDn
    e,trasolar planet to the Sun lies around (lpha #entauri $. "ts one confirmed planet,
    (lpha #entauri $b, is at least *.* times 5arthEs mass and orbits its star e7ery 0..06 days.
    9*40:
    The closest knoDn free<floatin' planet to the Sun is W"S5 +55&+1*4,
    9*44:
    an obCect
    of less than *+ 6upiter masses located rou'hly 1 li'ht years aDay.
    ( dia'ram of 5arthEs location in the obser7able 3ni7erse. -Click here for an alternate
    image./
    )isual summary
    This section is a samplin' of Solar System bodies, selected for size and Huality of
    ima'ery, and sorted by 7olume. Some omitted obCects are lar'er than the ones included
    here, notably Pluto and 5ris, because these ha7e not been ima'ed in hi'h Huality.
    Solar System
    Sun
    -star/
    6upiter
    -planet/
    Saturn
    -planet/
    3ranus
    -planet/
    2eptune
    -planet/
    5arth
    -planet/
    4enus
    -planet/
    )ars
    -planet/
    Aanymede
    -moon of
    6upiter/
    Titan
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    )ercury
    -planet/
    #allisto
    -moon of
    6upiter/
    "o
    -moon of
    6upiter/
    )oon
    -moon of
    5arth/
    5uropa
    -moon of
    6upiter/
    Triton
    -moon of
    2eptune/
    Titania
    -moon of
    3ranus/
    Jhea
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    %beron
    -moon of
    3ranus/
    "apetus
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    3mbriel
    -moon of
    3ranus/
    (riel
    -moon of
    3ranus/
    Iione
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    Tethys
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    #eres
    -dDarf planet/
    4esta
    -asteroid/
    5nceladus
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    )iranda
    -moon of
    3ranus/
    Proteus
    -moon of
    2eptune/
    )imas
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    ;yperion
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    Phoebe
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    6anus
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    5pimetheus
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    Prometheus
    -moon of
    Saturn/
    This bo,K
    7ieD
    talk
    edit
    See also
    Solar System
    !jects
    by orbit
    by size
    by disco7ery date
    Lists
    Ara7itationally<rounded
    -eHuilibrium/ obCects
    Possible dDarf planets
    )oons -natural satellites/
    )inor planets
    #omets
    (steroids
    Solar System portal
    Star portal
    7
    t
    e
    (stronomical symbols
    !ist of 'ra7itationally rounded obCects of the Solar System
    !ist of 'eolo'ical features of the Solar System
    Planetary mnemonic
    Solar System in fiction
    Solar System at Wikipedia books
    Notes
    *. #apitalization of the name 7aries. The "(3, the authoritati7e body
    re'ardin' astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizin' the names of all
    indi7idual astronomical obCects -FSolar SystemF/. ;oDe7er, the name is
    commonly rendered in loDer case -Fsolar systemF/, as, for e,ample, in the
    Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam!e"ster#s 11th Collegiate Dictionary.
    .. The moons orbitin' the Solar SystemEs planets are an e,ample of the latter.
    0. ;istorically, se7eral other bodies Dere once considered planets, includin',
    from its disco7ery in *=0+ until .++6, Pluto. See Former planets.
    4. (ccordin' to current definitions, obCects in orbit around the Sun are
    classified dynamically and physically into three cate'oriesK planets, d$arf
    planets, and small %olar %ystem "odies.
    ( planet is any body in orbit around the Sun Dhose mass is sufficient for 'ra7ity
    to ha7e pulled it into a -near</spherical shape and Dhich has cleared its immediate
    nei'hbourhood of all smaller obCects. $y this definition, the Solar System has
    ei'ht planetsK )ercury, 4enus, 5arth, )ars, 6upiter, Saturn, 3ranus, and 2eptune.
    (s it has not cleared its nei'hbourhood of other Guiper belt obCects, Pluto does
    not fit this definition.
    96:
    "nstead, Pluto is considered to be a dDarf planet, a body orbitin' the Sun that is
    massi7e enou'h to be made near<spherical by its oDn 'ra7ity but Dhich has not
    cleared planetesimals from its nei'hbourhood and is also not a satellite.
    96:
    "n
    addition to Pluto, the "(3 has reco'nized four other dDarf planets in the Solar
    SystemK #eres, ;aumea, )akemake, and 5ris.
    91:
    %ther obCects commonly -but not
    officially/ treated as dDarf planets include .++1 %J *+ , Sedna, %rcus, and Ruaoar.
    9:
    "n a reference to Pluto, other dDarf planets orbitin' in the trans<2eptunian
    re'ion are sometimes called FplutoidsF.
    9=:
    The remainin' obCects in orbit around the Sun are knoDn as small Solar System
    bodies.
    96:
    5. See !ist of natural satellites of the Solar System for the full list of natural
    satellites of the ei'ht planets and first fi7e dDarf planets.
    6. The mass of the Solar System e,cludin' the Sun, 6upiter and Saturn can be
    determined by addin' to'ether all the calculated masses for its lar'est obCects and
    usin' rou'h calculations for the masses of the %ort cloud -estimated at rou'hly 0
    5arth masses/,
    9*4:
    the Guiper belt -estimated at rou'hly +.* 5arth mass/
    9*5:
    and the
    asteroid belt -estimated to be +.+++5 5arth mass/
    9*6:
    for a total, rounded upDards,
    of T01 5arth masses, or .*L of the mass in orbit around the Sun. With the
    combined masses of 3ranus and 2eptune -T0* 5arth masses/ subtracted, the
    remainin' T6 5arth masses of material comprise *.0L of the total.
    1. "f U is the an'le betDeen the north pole of the ecliptic and the north
    'alactic pole thenK
    ,
    Dhere .1> +1V 4..+*W and *.h 5*m .6... are the declination and
    ri'ht ascension of the north 'alactic pole,
    9*05:
    Dhereas 66> 00V 0.6W and
    *h +m ++ are those for the north pole of the ecliptic. -$oth pairs of
    coordinates are for 6.+++ epoch./ The result of the calculation is 6+.*=>.
    /eferences
    *. )ike $roDn -(u'ust .0, .+**/. FFree the dDarf planetsXF. &Mike 'ro$n#s
    (lanets )selfpu"lished*&.
    .. Sheppard, Scott S. FThe Aiant Planet Satellite and )oon Pa'eF.
    Iepartament of Terrestrial )a'netism at #arnie'e "nstitution for science.
    Jetrie7ed .+*0<+1<.0.
    0. Wm. Jobert 6ohnston -.+*0<*.<+6/. F(steroids Dith SatellitesF.
    6ohnstonEs (rchi7e. Jetrie7ed .+*0<*.<*..
    4. F;oD )any Solar System $odiesF . 2(S(@6P! Solar System Iynamics.
    Jetrie7ed .+*0<*.<*..
    5. )umma, ). 6.8 Iisanti, ). (.8 Iello Jusso, 2.8 )a'ee<Sauer, G.8 Aibb,
    5.8 2o7ak, J. -.++0/. FJemote infrared obser7ations of parent 7olatiles in cometsK
    ( DindoD on the early solar systemF. +dvances in %pace ,esearch 01 -*./K .560.
    doiK*+.*+*6@S+.10<**11-+0/++51<1. edit
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    . Jon 5kers. F"(3 Planet Iefinition #ommitteeF. "nternational
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    backDards for first timeF. 2eDScientist. Jetrie7ed *+ %ctober .++=.
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    5,citation and #learin' of the (steroid $eltF -PIF/. 3carus 130 -./K 00&041.
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    0. F%n the Iefinition of the Term )eteoroidF. >uarterly 8ournal of the
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