TERMS

WORD DEFINITION
Technology Application of science to improve the quality of life
The branch of science that deals with matter, its properties,
Chemistry
changes ,composition and laws or principles governing the changes
Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass
Volume Other word for space
Amount of matter present in an object
Mass
(kg, g, mg, lb, oz)
Gravitational pull acting on an object
Weight
(N, dyne)
Properties Characteristics/ qualities
Structure Arrangement of matter
Laws/ Principles Explanation to the changes

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
• We need to study Chemistry because we and the environment are matter ant
to familiarize the matter around us

BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

BRANCH OF DEFINITION
CHEMISTRY
Study of organic compounds where humans are made
Biochemistry
of
Analytical Chemistry Analysis of the composition of substances/ materials
Organic Chemistry Study of carbon and its compounds
Inorganic Chemistry Study of non carbon containing compounds
Deals with the energy changes happening in chemical
Physical Chemistry
reactions
General Chemistry Basic concepts of chemistry

STATES OF MATTER

Solid Molecules are compress Has definite shape

Molecules are slightly
Liquid
apart Only occupies the shape of
Molecules are far from the container
Gas
each other
Composed of energy
Plasma A form of gas
charged particles
Produced only in a
Bose-Enstein Condensate A form of liquid temperature near absolute
zero
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Systematic way of finding answers in a problem

STEPS
1. Know the problem
2. Making observation
3. Making hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis through experimentation
5. Analyze the data gathered
6. Make a conclusion
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES
1. Keen observer/ Curiosity
2. Open-mindness/ Objectivity
3. Resourcefulness
4. Intellectual Honesty
5. Patience/ Perseverance
6. Humility
7. Acceptance of failure
8. Healthy skepticism

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

PROPERTY DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Can be observed/ measured only
Chemical Properties after a matter underwent a
change in composition
Can be observed/ measured even
Physical Properties without the matter undergoing a
change in composition
• combustibility
• chemical reactivity
• rusting formation
• 5 senses

TYPES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Mass
Extensive/ Properties that depend on the • Volume
extrinsic amount of matter present • Taste
• Odor
• Density
Properties that depend on the kind
Intensive/ intrinsic • Boiling point
of matter present
• Elasticity

CHANGES IN MATTER

CHANGE DEFINITION EXAMPLE

• Breaking
Changes that do not alter the • Melting
Physical Change
composition of substance • Freezing
• Grinding
• Rusting
Changes in the composition of
• Decomposition
Chemical Change substances to form a new
substance • Cooking
• Digestion

PHASE CHANGES
Melting Solid to liquid
Evaporation Liquid to gas Heat is absorbed by the matter
Sublimation Solid to gas
Liquid to solid
Freezing
(solidification)
Heat is released by the matter
Condensation Gas to solid
Deposition

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 (Classified according to composition)

• Pure substance
o A matter that is composed of only one king of particle

KINDS OF PARTICLES
o Atoms
o Molecules
o Ions

KINDS OF PURE SUBSTANCES

o Elements – Periodic Table
 Simplest form of matter
 Made up of only one kind of atom or molecule

KINDS OF ELEMENTS
 Metals
• Good conductors of heat and electricity, dense, high
melting point, shiny surfaces, malleable, ductile,
sonorous
 Non Metals
• Brittle, good insulators, dull, not sonorous, low densities,
low tensile strenghts
 Metalloids
• Show the characteristics of metal and non metal

o Compounds
 Formed when 2 or more elements combined chemically in fixed
proportions

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
 According to Composition
• Organic – C6H12O6 , CH4
o with carbon
• Inorganic – NaCl , H2O , H2 , SO4
o without carbon
 According to Chemical Bond
• Ionic – M + NM , ENaCI
o Ionic bond is present
• Covalent – NM + NM , H2O
o Covalent bond is present

• Mixture
o Composed of 2 or more substances that combined physically in
variable proportions

CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE
(According to number of phases)
o Homogenous/ Solutions – sea water, air
 Single-phased mixtures
 All the parts are identical
o Heterogeneous – Salad, soup, garbage
 Mixtures consisting of 2 or more phases
 With parts that are dissimilar

KINDS OF HETEROGENEOUS
 Suspension
• The suspended particles can be seen and are large to be
trapped in a filter
 Colloid
• Mixture with particles bigger than the particles of a
solution but smaller than those of a suspension
 Coarse Mixture
• The particles can be separated mechanically
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUND AND MIXTURE
COMPOUND MIXTURE
• Fixed proportion • Variable proportion
• Cant be separated by ordinary • Cant be separated by ordinary
physical means physical means
• Chemically combined • Physically combined
• Can be expressed in formulas • Cant be express in formulas

METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

• Filtration
o The pouring of the mixture through a piece of paper (filter paper)
which lets the liquid (filtrate) pass through but catches the solid
(residue)
• Flotation
o The removal of suspended particles either by sedimentation or
coagulation
o Used in mining to separate precious metals/ minerals from impurities
• Distillation
o Makes use of the differences in boiling points (evaporation and
condensation). The gas is then condensed back to a liquid (distillate)
• Decantation
o The pouring of the liquid from a mixture to separate the liquid
(decante) from the solid particles
• Crystallization
o Occurs when simple sea water is allowed to evaporate
• Centrifugation
o The settling of tiny suspended particles using a centrifuge. Tis hastens
the settling of the precipitate in a suspension.
 Centrifugate
• The liquid that comes from centrifugation
• Chromatography
o A solution ca nbe separated by allowing it to flow along a stationary
substance
o Uses the different degrees of adsorption of the components to a
stationary substance

KINDS OF CHROMATOGRAPHY
 Paper Chromatography
 Column Chromatography
• Magnetism
o Used to separate a metal from a non metal
• Mechanical Spearation
o Use machines to separate mixtures

EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE

1. Change in color, taste, odor

2. formation of a new substance
3. evolution of gas
4. production of heat and light
5. formation of precipitate
6. production of sound and mechanical energy