PHYSICS CHAPTER 16

1
The study of relationships
involving heat, heat,
mechanical work, and mechanical work, and
other aspects of ener! other aspects of ener!
and ener! transfer and ener! transfer for
the system.
Thermod!namic s!stem Thermod!namic s!stem is
any collection of objects that is
convenient to regard as a unit,
and that ma! ha"e the ma! ha"e the
potential ener! to e#chane potential ener! to e#chane
ener! with its s$rro$ndins ener! with its s$rro$ndins.
CHAPTER 16%
CHAPTER 16%
Thermod!namics
Thermod!namics
&' Ho$rs(
&' Ho$rs(
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
2
At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to% At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to%

*istin$ish *istin$ish )etween thermod!namic work done on the )etween thermod!namic work done on the
s!stem and work done )! the s!stem+ s!stem and work done )! the s!stem+

*eri"e *eri"e e#pression for work, e#pression for work,

and and determine determine work from the area $nder the work from the area $nder the p-V p-V raph+ raph+

State and $se State and $se first law of thermod!namics, first law of thermod!namics,
,earnin -$tcome%
16+1 .irst law of thermod!namics &/ ho$rs(
W U Q + =

= PdV W
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
3
At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to% At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to%

*istin$ish *istin$ish )etween thermod!namic work done on the )etween thermod!namic work done on the
s!stem and work done )! the s!stem+ s!stem and work done )! the s!stem+

*eri"e *eri"e e#pression for work, e#pression for work,

and and determine determine work from the area $nder the work from the area $nder the p-V p-V raph+ raph+

State and $se State and $se first law of thermod!namics, first law of thermod!namics,
,earnin -$tcome%
16+1 .irst law of thermod!namics &/ ho$rs(
W U Q + =

= PdV W
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
4
16+1 .irst law of thermod!namics
16+1+1 Sins for heat, Q and work, W

Sign convention for heat, Q :

Q = positi"e positi"e value
Q = neati"e neati"e value

Sign convention for work, W:

W = positi"e positi"e value
W = neati"e neati"e value

Figures !. show a thermodynamic system may e"change

energy with its surroundings #environment$.
Heat flow into the s!stem Heat flow into the s!stem
Heat flow o$t of the s!stem Heat flow o$t of the s!stem
0ork done )! the s!stem 0ork done )! the s!stem
0ork done on the s!stem 0ork done on the s!stem
Surroundings
#environment$
System
0 > Q
0 = W
#a$
Surroundings
#environment$
System
0 < Q
0 = W
#b$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
5
Surroundings
#environment$
System
0 = Q 0 > W
Surroundings
#environment$
System
0 = Q
0 < W
Surroundings
#environment$
System
0 > Q
0 > W
Surroundings
#environment$
System
0 < Q
0 < W
.i$re 16+1 .i$re 16+1
#c$
#d$
#e$ #f$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
6

%"ample for work done by the system and work done on the
system are shown in Figure !.&.

'hen the air is e#panded e#panded, the molecule loses kinetic loses kinetic
ener! ener! and does positi"e work positi"e work on piston.

'hen the air is compressed compressed, the molecule ains kinetic ains kinetic
ener! ener! and does neati"e work neati"e work on piston.
(ir
)ompression
(ir
%"pansion
(ir
*nitially
.i$re 16+/ .i$re 16+/
+otion of
piston
+otion of
piston
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
7
,as
A
A
dx
*nitial
Final

)onsider the infinitesimal work done by the gas #system$ during

the small e"pansion, dx in a cylinder with a movable piston as
shown in Figure !.-.

Suppose that the cylinder has a cross sectional area, A and the
pressure e"erted by the gas #system$ at the piston face is P.
16+1+/ 0ork done in the thermod!namics s!stem
.i$re 16+1 .i$re 16+1
F

PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
8

The work, dW done by the gas is given by

*n a finite change of volume from V

1
to V
2
,
PA F =

0 = cos Fdx dW = where

and
PAdx dW = and
dV Adx =
PdV dW =

=
2
1
V
V
PdV W
done work : W
where

=
2
1
V
V
PdV dW
pressure gas : P
gas the of volume initial :
1
V
gas the of volume final :
2
V
#!.$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
9

For a change in volume at constant pressure, P

For any process in the system which the volume is constant #no
change in volume$, the work done is

Figures !.. show the pressure, P against volume, V graph

#PV diagram$ where
( )
1 2
V V P W =
V P W =
0ork done at constant 0ork done at constant
press$re press$re
0 = W
0ork done at constant 0ork done at constant
"ol$me "ol$me
Area $nder the
Area $nder the
P
P

V
V
raph 2 0ork done
raph 2 0ork done
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
10
.i$re 16+3 .i$re 16+3
#a$
#b$
1
V
2
V
1
P
2
P
P
V
0
1
2
0 > W
2
V
1
V
2
P
1
P
P
V
0
2
1
0 < W
#c$
#d$
1
V
2
V
1
P
P
V
0
1
2
( ) 0
1 2 1
> = V V P W
P
V
0
2
P
1
P
1
V
1
2
0 = W
Stimulation !.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
11

states : /The heat & The heat &Q Q( s$pplied to a s!stem is e4$al to the ( s$pplied to a s!stem is e4$al to the
increase in the internal ener! & increase in the internal ener! &

U U( of the s!stem ( of the s!stem

pl$s the work done & pl$s the work done &W W( )! the s!stem on its ( )! the s!stem on its
s$rro$ndins s$rro$ndins.0
12

For infinitesimal change in the energy,

16+1+1 .irst law of thermod!namics
W U Q + =
supplied heat of quantity : Q
energy internal initial :
1
U
where
energy internal final :
2
U
done work : W
and
1 2
U U U =
energy internal in the change : U
dW dU dQ + =
#!.&$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
12
2
P

The first law of thermodynamics is a enerali5ation of the enerali5ation of the

principle of conser"ation of ener! principle of conser"ation of ener! to include energy transfer
through heat as well as mechanical work.

The chane in the internal ener! chane in the internal ener! & &

U U( ( of a system during
any thermodynamic process is independent of path independent of path. For
e"ample a thermodynamics system goes from state to state &
as shown in Figure !.3.
2 3 1 2 4 1 2 1
= = U U U
1
V
3
4
1
P
2
V .i$re 16+' .i$re 16+'
2
1
P
V
0
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
13

The internal ener! depends internal ener! depends only on temperat$re temperat$re of the
system. *f the initial and final temperat$re &state( initial and final temperat$re &state( of the
system is the same same, hence
because
thus

The chane in the internal ener! chane in the internal ener! also 5ero in the c!clic 5ero in the c!clic
thermod!namic process &repeated process( thermod!namic process &repeated process( because the
initial and final state of the system is the same.

The internal ener! internal ener! is not depend not depend on the "ol$me "ol$me of the
system.
nRT
2
f
U =
0
1 2
= = U U U
1 2
U U =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
14
( vessel contains an ideal gas at pressure 34 k5a. 'hen the gas
is heated it e"pands at constant pressure until the temperature
increases by 44 6. The amount of heat absorbed by the
gas is
..-! k7. 8owever, if the gas at its initial condition is heated at
constant volume until the temperature increases by 44 6, the
amount of heat absorbed is -. k7. 9etermine
a. the value of ,
b. the work done by the gas when it e"pands at constant
pressure,
c. the change in volume of the gas when the gas is heated at
constant pressure and the temperature rises by 44 6.
E#ample 1 %
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
15
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. :y applying the e;uation for molar heat capacities,
For constant pressure:
For constant volume:
#&$ #$:
P P P
T nC Q =
K; 100 a; 10 1!0
3
= = = =
V P V P
T T P P
"; 10 11 # 3 "; 10 3$ # 4
3 3
= =
V P
Q Q
( ) 100
P P
nC Q =
#$
V V V
T nC Q =
( ) 100
V V
nC Q =
#&$
V
P
V
P
C
C
Q
Q
=
3
3
10 11 # 3
10 3$ # 4

= =
V
P
C
C

40 # 1 =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
16
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
b. :y using the
st
law of thermodynamics,
For constant pressure:
For constant volume:
#&$ % #$:
c. The change in the volume of the constant pressure process is
K; 100 a; 10 1!0
3
= = = =
V P V P
T T P P
"; 10 11 # 3 "; 10 3$ # 4
3 3
= =
V P
Q Q
V V
W U Q + =
V
Q U =
#&$
and 0 =
V
W
P P V
W Q Q =
P
W =
3 3
10 3$ # 4 10 11 # 3
" 10 2! # 1
3
=
P
W
P P P
V P W =
( )
P
V =
3 3
10 1!0 10 2! # 1
3 3
m 10 33 # &

=
P
V
P P
W U Q + =
P P
W Q U =
#$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
17
( vessel contains an ideal gas in condition (, as shown in Figure
!.!. 'hen the condition of the gas changes from ( to that of :,
the gas system undergoes a heat transfer of 4.3 k7. 'hen the gas
in condition : changes to condition ), there is a heat transfer of
-.& k7. )alculate
a. the work done in the process (:),
b. the change in the internal energy of the gas in the process (:),
c. the work done in the process (9),
d. the total amount of heat transferred in the process (9).
E#ample / %
0 # 2
' ka ( P
' m 10 (
3 2
V
0 # 4
300
0
)
*
+
,
1!0
.i$re 16+6 .i$re 16+6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
18
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. The work done in the process (:) is given by
b. :y applying the
st
law of thermodynamics for (:), thus
)* ,) ,)*
W W W + =
a; 10 300 a; 10 1!0
3
+ *
3
) ,
= = = = P P P P
3 2
* )
3 2
+ ,
m 10 0 # 4 ; m 10 0 # 2

= = = = V V V V
" 10 2 # 3 "; 10 ! # 10
3
)*
3
,)
+ = + = Q Q
but
0
)*
= W
( )
, ) , ,)*
V V P W =
( )
2 2 3
,)*
10 0 # 2 10 0 # 4 10 1!0

= W
" 3000
,)*
= W
,)* ,)* ,)*
W U Q + =
( )
,)* )* ,) ,)*
W Q Q U + =
" 10 0- # 1
4
,)*
= U
( ) 3000 10 2 # 3 10 ! # 10
3 3
,)*
+ = U
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
19
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
c. The work done in the process (9) is given by
d. :y applying the
st
law of thermodynamics for (9), thus
+* ,+ ,+*
W W W + =
a; 10 300 a; 10 1!0
3
+ *
3
) ,
= = = = P P P P
3 2
* )
3 2
+ ,
m 10 0 # 4 ; m 10 0 # 2

= = = = V V V V
" 10 2 # 3 "; 10 ! # 10
3
)*
3
,)
+ = + = Q Q
but
0
,+
= W
( )
+ * + ,+*
V V P W =
( )
2 2 3
,+*
10 0 # 2 10 0 # 4 10 300

= W
" $000
,+*
= W
,+* ,+* ,+*
W U Q + =
,+* ,)* ,+*
W U Q + =
" 10 $- # 1
4
,+*
= Q
$000 10 0- # 1
4
,+*
+ = Q
and
,)* ,+*
U U =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
20
E#ercise 16+1 %
,iven R = <.- 7 mol

. The density of nitrogen gas at ST5 is .&3 kg m

-
. 9etermine
the specific heat capacity at constant pressure of nitrogen gas
if the specific heat capacity at constant volume is
=.- 7 kg

. #,iven atm = .44

3
5a$
A6S+ % A6S+ % 1737 8 k 1737 8 k
1 1
9 9
1 1
&. ,as within a chamber passes through the cycle shown in
Figure !.=.
9etermine the energy transferred by the
system as heat during process )( if the
energy added as heat >
(:
during process
(: is &4.4 7, no energy is transferred as
heat during process :), and the nett work
done during the cycle is 3.4 7.
A6S+ % A6S+ % '+7 8 '+7 8
.i$re 16+: .i$re 16+:
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
21
At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to% At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to%

State and e#plain State and e#plain thermod!namics processes% thermod!namics processes%

Isothermal, Isothermal, U U= 0 = 0

Adia)atic, Adia)atic, Q Q = 0 = 0

Iso"ol$metric, Iso"ol$metric, W W = 0 = 0

Iso)aric, Iso)aric, P P = 0 = 0

Sketch Sketch P P V V raph to raph to distin$ish distin$ish )etween isothermal )etween isothermal
process and adia)atic process+ process and adia)atic process+

*etermine *etermine the initial and final state of thermod!namic the initial and final state of thermod!namic
processes )! $sin the followin form$la% processes )! $sin the followin form$la%
,earnin -$tcome%
16+/ Thermod!namics processes &/ ho$rs(
constant = PV
.or isothermal process% .or isothermal process%
.or adia)atic process % .or adia)atic process % constant =

PV
and and constant
1
=

TV
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
22
16+/ Thermod!namics processes

There are four specific kinds of thermodynamic processes. *t is

*sothermal process

(diabatic process

*sochoric #isovolumetric$ process

*sobaric process
16+/+1 Isothermal process

is defined as a process that occ$rs at constant temperat$re a process that occ$rs at constant temperat$re.
i.e.
Thus
Isothermal chanes Isothermal chanes

'hen a gas e"pands or compresses isothermally #constant

temperature$ thus
0 = U
W Q =
W U Q + =
constant = PV
#!.-$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
23

%;uation #!.-$ can be e"pressed as

*f the gas e#pand isothermall! e#pand isothermall!, thus V

2
.V
1

*f the gas compress isothermall! compress isothermall!, thus V

2
/V
1
16+/+/ Adia)atic process

is defined as a process that occ$rs witho$t heat transfer into a process that occ$rs witho$t heat transfer into
or o$t of a s!stem or o$t of a s!stem i.e.

For e"ample, the compression stroke in an internal combustion

engine is an appro"imately adiabatic process.
2 2 1 1
V P V P =
W W 2 positi"e 2 positi"e
W W 2 neati"e 2 neati"e
(nimation !.
W U U U = =
1 2
0 = Q W U Q + =
thus
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
24

?ote :

For (diabatic e"pansion #V

2
.V
1
$, W 2 positi"e "al$e 2 positi"e "al$e but
U 2neati"e "al$e 2neati"e "al$e hence the internal ener! internal ener! of the
system decreases decreases.

For (diabatic compression #V

2
/V
1
$, W 2 neati"e "al$e neati"e "al$e but
U 2positi"e "al$e positi"e "al$e hence the internal ener! internal ener! of the
system increases increases.
Adia)atic chanes Adia)atic chanes

)onsider the
st
law of thermodynamics written in differential
#infinitesimal$ form:

Since that the internal ener! internal ener! is independent of the "ol$me independent of the "ol$me
and is related to the temperat$re )! the molar heat capacit! related to the temperat$re )! the molar heat capacit!
at constant "ol$me at constant "ol$me, therefore
dW dU dQ + =
dT nC dQ dU
V V
= =
#!..$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
25

Then e;uation #!..$ can be e"pressed as

E4$ation of adia)atic chanes in temperat$re and "ol$me E4$ation of adia)atic chanes in temperat$re and "ol$me

From the e;uation of state for an ideal gas,

Therefore
dW dT nC dQ
V
+ = PdV dW =
#!.3$
where and
0 = dQ
0 = + PdV dT nC
V
nRT PV = then
V
nRT
P =
substitute in e;. #!.3$
0 =

+ dV
V
nRT
dT nC
V
0 =

+
V
dV
C
R
T
dT
V
dV
V
RT
dT C
V

=
V P
C C R =
and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
26

For finite changes in temperature and volume, integrate e;.

#!.!$, hence
0 =

+
V
dV
C
C C
T
dT
V
V P
and
0 1 =

+
V
dV
C
C
T
dT
V
P
=
V
P
C
C
( ) 0 1 = +
V
dV
T
dT

#!.!$
( )

= + 0 1
V
dV
T
dT

( ) constant ln ln
1
= +

V T
( ) constant ln 1 ln = + V T
( ) constant ln
1
=

TV
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
27

?ote :

Adia)atic e#pansion & Adia)atic e#pansion &dV dV > 0 > 0( ( always occurs with a
drop in temperat$re & drop in temperat$re &dT dT < 0 < 0( (.

Adia)atic compression & Adia)atic compression &dV dV < 0 < 0( ( always occurs with a
rise in temperat$re & rise in temperat$re &dT dT > 0 > 0( (.
constant
1
=

TV
12
1
2 2
1
1 1

=

V T V T
#!.=$
where
re temperatu a0solute initial :
1
T
re temperatu a0solute final :
2
T
volume initial :
1
V
volume final :
2
V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
28

E4$ation of adia)atic chanes in press$re and "ol$me E4$ation of adia)atic chanes in press$re and "ol$me

2earrange the e;uation of state for an ideal gas,

Therefore
nRT PV = then
nR
PV
T =
substitute in e;. #!.=$
constant
1
=

V
nR
PV
constant =

PV
12

2 2 1 1
V P V P =
where
pressure initial :
1
P
pressure final :
2
P
#!.<$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
29

is defined as a process that occ$rs at constant "ol$me a process that occ$rs at constant "ol$me i.e.

*n an isochoric process, all the ener! added ener! added as heat remains
in the system as an increase increase in the internal ener! internal ener! thus the
temperat$re temperat$re of the system increases increases.

For e"ample, heating a gas in a closed constant volume

container is an isochoric process.
16+/+3 Iso)ar )aric

is defined as a process that occ$rs at constant press$re a process that occ$rs at constant press$re i.e.

For e"ample, boiling water at constant pressure is an isobaric

process.
16+/+1 Isochoric &Iso"ol$metric "ol$metric(
W U Q + = 0 = W
thus
1 2
U U U Q = =
W U Q + =
V P W =
thus
V P U Q + =
(nimation !.&
(nimation !.-
0 = P
and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
30
1
V
2
P
3
P
3
V

Figure !.< shows a PV diagram for each thermodynamic

process for a constant amount of an ideal gas.
16+/+3 Press$re;<ol$me diaram &raph( for
thermod!namic processes
P
V
0
1
P
5ath (: Isothermal process & Isothermal process &T T
B B
= =T T
A A
( (
5ath ()
5ath (9
5ath (%
Adia)atic process & Adia)atic process &T T
C C
< <T T
A A
( (
Isochoric process & Isochoric process &T T
D D
< <T T
A A
( (
Iso)aric process & Iso)aric process &T T
E E
> >T T
A A
( (
4
T
3
T
1
T
2
T
)
+
2
V
1
1 2 3 4
T T T T > > >
,
.i$re 16+= .i$re 16+=
*
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
31

From the Figure !.<,

For comparison between the isothermal #A A > >$ and

adiabatic e"pansions #A A C C$:

The temperat$re fall temperat$re fall & &T T

C C
< <T T
B B
( ( which accompanies the
adia)atic adia)atic e"pansion results in a lower final press$re lower final press$re
than that produced by the isothermal e#pansion isothermal e#pansion
& &P P
C C
< <P P
B B
( (.

The area $nder the isothermal area $nder the isothermal is reater than reater than that
under the adia)atic adia)atic, i.e. more work more work is done by the
isothermal isothermal e"pansion than by the adia)atic adia)atic e"pansion.

The adia)atic adia)atic through any point is steeper steeper than the
isothermal isothermal through that point.
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
32
(ir is contained in a cylinder by a frictionless gas@tight piston.
a. )alculate the work done by the air as it e"pands from a volume of
4.43 m
-
to a volume of 4.4&= m
-
at a constant pressure of
&.4 4
3
5a.
b. 9etermine the final pressure of the air if it starts from the same
initial conditions as in #a$ and e"panding by the same amount, the
change occurs
i. isothermally,
ii. adiabatically.
#,iven for air is ..4$
E#ample 1 %
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
33
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. ,iven
The work done by the air is
b. i. The final pressure for the isothermal process is
ii. The final pressure for the adiabatic process is given by
a 10 0 # 2 ; m 02- # 0 ; m 01! # 0
!
1
3
2
3
1
= = = P V V
( )
1 2 1
V V P W =
( ) 01! # 0 02- # 0 10 0 # 2
!
= W
" 2400 = W
2 2 1 1
V P V P =
( )( ) ( ) 02- # 0 01! # 0 10 0 # 2
2
!
P =
a 10 11 # 1
!
2
= P

2 2 1 1
V P V P =
( )( ) ( )
40 # 1
2
40 # 1
!
02- # 0 01! # 0 10 0 # 2 P =
a 10 -& # &
4
2
= P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
34
( vessel contains an ideal gas of volume &.4 cm
-
at pressure
44 k5a and temperature &3 ). The gas e"pands adiabatically
until the volume becomes ..4 cm
-
. (fter that, it is compressed
isothermally until the volume becomes -.4 cm
-
.
a. )alculate
i. the pressure and
ii. the temperature of the gas in the final condition.
b. Sketch and label a graph of gas pressure #P$ against gas volume
#V$ to show how the pressure and volume changes when the
condition of the gas changes from the initial condition to final
condition.
#,iven for gas is .!=$
E#ample 3 %
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
35
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. i. For the adiabatic e"pansion,
For the isothermal compression,
K 1! # 22& a; 10 100 ; m 10 0 # 2
1
3
1
3 $
1
= = =

T P V
$- # 1 ; m 10 0 # 3 ; m 10 0 # 4
3 $
3
3 $
2
= = =

V V
2
V
2
T
2
P
Adia)atic Adia)atic
e#pansion e#pansion
Isothermal Isothermal
compression compression
1
V
1
T
1
P
Initial Initial
3
V
2 3
T T =
3
P
.inal .inal

2 2 1 1
V P V P =
a 10 14 # 3
4
2
= P
( )( ) ( )
$- # 1
$
2
$- # 1
$ 3
10 0 # 4 10 0 # 2 10 100

= P
3 3 2 2
V P V P =
a 10 12 # 4
4
3
= P
( )( ) ( )
$
3
$ 4
10 0 # 3 10 0 # 4 10 14 # 3

= P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
36
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. ii. For the adiabatic e"pansion,
For the isothermal compression, the temperature along the
process remains $nchaned $nchaned hence
K 1! # 22& a; 10 100 ; m 10 0 # 2
1
3
1
3 $
1
= = =

T P V
$- # 1 ; m 10 0 # 3 ; m 10 0 # 4
3 $
3
3 $
2
= = =

V V
1
2 2
1
1 1

=

V T V T
K 1&-
2
= T
( ) ( ) ( )
1 $- # 1
$
2
1 $- # 1
$
10 0 # 4 10 0 # 2 1! # 22&

= T
K 1&-
2 3
= = T T
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
37
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
b. The graph of gas pressure #P$ against gas volume #V$ is shown
in Figure !.A.
K 1! # 22& a; 10 100 ; m 10 0 # 2
1
3
1
3 $
1
= = =

T P V
$- # 1 ; m 10 0 # 3 ; m 10 0 # 4
3 $
3
3 $
2
= = =

V V
0 # 3
12 # 4
0 # 2
a' 10 (
4
P
' m 10 (
3 $
V
0
00 # 10
1
T
2
T
3
1
14 # 3
0 # 4
2
.i$re 16+? .i$re 16+?
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
38
At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to% At the end of this chapter, st$dents sho$ld )e a)le to%

*eri"e *eri"e the e4$ation of work done in isothermal, the e4$ation of work done in isothermal,
iso"ol$metric and iso)aric processes+ iso"ol$metric and iso)aric processes+

Calc$late Calc$late work done in work done in

isothermal process and $se isothermal process and $se

iso)aric process, $se iso)aric process, $se

iso"ol$metric process, $se iso"ol$metric process, $se

,earnin -$tcome%
16+1 Thermod!namics work &1 ho$r(

=
2
1
1
2
ln ln
P
P
nRT
V
V
nRT W
( )
1 2
V V P PdV W = =

0 = =

PdV W
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
39
16+1 Thermod!namics work
16+1+1 0ork done in Isothermal process

From the e;uation of state for an ideal gas,

Therefore the work done in the isothermal process which

change of volume from V
1
to V
2
, is given by
nRT PV =
V
nRT
P = then

=
2
1
V
V
PdV W

=
2
1
V
V
dV
V
nRT
W

=
2
1
1
V
V
dV
V
nRT W
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
40

For isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains

unchanged, thus

The e;uation #!.A$ can be e"pressed as

=
1
2
ln
V
V
nRT W
( )
1 2
ln ln V V nRT W =
#!.A$
2 2 1 1
V P V P =
2
1
1
2
P
P
V
V
=

=
2
1
ln
P
P
nRT W
#!.4$
[ ]
2
1
ln
V
V
V nRT W =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
41

:y applying the
st
law of thermodynamics, thus
16+1+/ 0ork done in iso)ar )aric process

The work done during the isobaric process which change of

volume from V
1
to V
2
is given by
W U Q + =
0 = U
and
W Q =

=
2
1
1
2
ln ln
P
P
nRT
V
V
nRT Q

=
2
1
V
V
PdV W
and
constant = P

=
2
1
V
V
dV P W
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
42
16+1+1 0ork done in Iso"ol$metric "ol$metric process

Since the volume of the system in isovolumetric process remains

unchanged, thus

Therefore the work done in the isovolumetric process is

( )
1 2
V V P W =
12
V P W =
0 = =

PdV W
0 = dV
#!.4$
#!.$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
43
( ;uantity of ideal gas whose ratio of molar heat capacities is !33
has a temperature of -44 6, volume of !. 4
-
m
-
and pressure of
&.- k5a. *t is made to undergo the following three changes in order:
: adiabatic compression to a volume &= 4
-
m
-
,
& : isothermal e"pansion to !. 4
-
m
-
,
- : a return to its original state.
a. )alculate
i. the pressure on completion of process ,
ii. the temperature at which the process & occurs.
b. 9escribe the process -.
c. Sketch and label a graph of pressure against volume for the
changes described.
E#ample ' %
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
44
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. i. The pressure on completion of the adiabatic compression is
2
V
2
T
2
P
; m 10 $4 K; 300 a; 10 243
3 3
1 1
3
1

= = = V T P
3
!
; m 10 2-
3 3
2
= =

V

2 2 1 1
V P V P =
Adia)atic Adia)atic
compression compression
&Process 1( &Process 1(
Isothermal Isothermal
e#pansion e#pansion
&Process /( &Process /(
1
V
1
T
1
P
Initial Initial
1 3
V V =
2 3
T T =
3
P
.inal .inal
&Process 1( &Process 1(
( )( ) ( )
3
!
3
!
3
2
3 3
10 2- 10 $4 10 243

= P
a 10 02 # 1
$
2
= P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
45
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. ii. :y applying the e;uation of adiabatic changes in temperature

and volume for process ,
b. 5rocess - is a process at constant "ol$me known as process at constant "ol$me known as
iso"ol$metric &isochoric( iso"ol$metric &isochoric(.
; m 10 $4 K; 300 a; 10 243
3 3
1 1
3
1

= = = V T P
3
!
; m 10 2-
3 3
2
= =

V
1
2 2
1
1 1

=

V T V T
( ) ( ) ( )
1
3
2
1
3 3
!
3
!
10 2- 10 $4 300

= T
K !33
2
= T
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
46
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
c. The graph of gas pressure #P$ against gas volume #V$ for the
changes described is shown in Figure !.4.
; m 10 $4 K; 300 a; 10 243
3 3
1 1
3
1

= = = V T P
3
!
; m 10 2-
3 3
2
= =

V
3
P
2-
a' 10 (
4
P
' m 10 (
3 3
V
0
102
K !33
K 300
3 # 24
$4
.i$re 16+17 .i$re 16+17
1
2
3
Process / Process /
Process 1 Process 1
Process 1 Process 1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
47
( vessel of volume <.44 4
-
m
-
contains an ideal gas at a pressure
of .. 4
3
5a. ( stopcock in the vessel is opened and the gas
e"pands adiabatically, e"pelling some of its original mass until its
pressure is e;ual to that outside the vessel #.4 4
3
5a$. The
stopcock is then closed and the vessel is allowed to stand until the
temperature returns to its original value. *n this e;uilibrium state, the
pressure is .4! 4
3
5a.
a. %"plain why there was a temperature change as a result of the
adiabatic e"pansionB
b. )alculate the volume which the mass of the gas finally left in the
vessel occupied under the original conditions.
c. 'hat is the value of B
d. 'hat can you deduce about the molecules of the gasB
E#ample 6 %
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
48
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. 'hen the gas e"pands adiabatically, it does positi"e work positi"e work.
Thus
The internal ener! internal ener! of the gas is red$ced red$ced to provide the
necessary energy to do work. Since the internal ener! internal ener! is
proportional proportional to the a)sol$te temperat$re a)sol$te temperat$re hence the
temperat$re decreases temperat$re decreases and resulting a temperature change.

W U Q + =
Adia)atic Adia)atic
e#pansion e#pansion
Isochoric Isochoric
process process
1
V
1
T
1
P
Initial Initial
2 3
V V =
1 3
T T =
3
P
.inal .inal
W U =
2
V
2
T
2
P
; m 10 00 # & a; 10 14 # 1
3 3
1
!
1

= = V P
a 10 0$ # 1 a; 10 01 # 1
!
3
!
2
= = P P
0 = Q
and
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
49
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
b. From the adiabatic e"pansion:
From the isochoric #constant volume$ process:
:y substituting e;. #-$ into e;. #&$,

2 2 1 1
V P V P =
; m 10 00 # & a; 10 14 # 1
3 3
1
!
1

= = V P
a 10 0$ # 1 a; 10 01 # 1
!
3
!
2
= = P P

=
2
1
1
2
V
V
P
P
#$
1
2 2
1
1 1

=

V T V T
1
2
1
1
2

V
V
T
T
#&$
3
3
2
2
T
P
T
P
=
3
2
1
2
P
P
T
T
=
1 3
T T =
and #-$
1
2
1
3
2

V
V
P
P
#.$
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
50
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
b. #$ #.$ :
1
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
2

V
V
V
V
P
P
P
P
; m 10 00 # & a; 10 14 # 1
3 3
1
!
1

= = V P
a 10 0$ # 1 a; 10 01 # 1
!
3
!
2
= = P P
2
1
1
3
V
V
P
P
=
2
3
!
!
10 00 # &
10 14 # 1
10 0$ # 1
V

3 3
2
m 10 $0 # &

= V
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
51
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
c. :y substituting the value of V
2
into the e;. #$, therefore the
value is
d. The gas is monatomic monatomic.
; m 10 00 # & a; 10 14 # 1
3 3
1
!
1

= = V P
a 10 0$ # 1 a; 10 01 # 1
!
3
!
2
= = P P

=
2
1
1
2
ln
ln
V
V
P
P

=
2
1
1
2
ln ln
V
V
P
P

3
3
!
!
10 $0 # &
10 00 # &
ln
10 14 # 1
10 01 # 1
ln

$- # 1 =
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
52
a. 'rite an e"pression representing
i. the
st
law of thermodynamics and state the meaning of all the
symbols.
ii. the work done by an ideal gas at variable pressure. C- marksD
b. Sketch a graph of pressure P versus volume V of mole of ideal
gas. Eabel and show clearly the four thermodynamics process.
C3
marksD
c. ( monatomic ideal gas at pressure P and volume V is compressed
isothermally until its new pressure is -P. The gas is then allowed
to e"pand adiabatically until its new volume is AV. *f P, V and for
the gas is .& 4
3
5a,.4 4
&
m
-
and 3F- respectively, calculate
i. the final pressure of the gas.
ii. the work done on the gas during isothermal compression.
#%"amG>uesGintake &44-F&44.$ C= marksD
E#ample : %
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
53
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
a. i.
st
law of thermodynamics:
ii. 'ork done at variable pressure:
b. 5H diagram below represents four thermodynamic processes:
W U Q + =
ferred heat trans of quantity : Q
energy internal in change : U
where where
done work : W

=
1
2
ln
V
V
nRT W

=
2
1
V
V
PdV W -R -R
3
T
1
T
P
V
A
P
0
A
V
4
T
2
T
B
E
D
C
A
*sobaric process *sobaric process
*sochoric *sochoric
process process
*sothermal process *sothermal process
adiabatic adiabatic
process process
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
54
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
c. ,iven
From the isothermal compression process:
i. :y using the e;uation of adiabatic changes in pressure and
volume, hence
Isothermal Isothermal
compression compression
Adia)atic Adia)atic
e#pansion e#pansion
V
T
P
Initial Initial
V V 2
2
=
2
T
2
P
.inal .inal
1
V
T T =
1
P P 3
1
=
$- # 1
3
!
; m 10 0 # 1 a; 10 2 # 1
3 2 !
= = = =

V P
1 1
V P PV =
( )
1
3 V P PV =
3
1
V
V =

2 2 1 1
V P V P =
( )

=
2
1
1 2
V
V
P P
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
55
Sol$tion % Sol$tion %
c. i.
ii. The work done during the isothermal compression is
a 10 4- # 1
3
2
= P
( )

=
V
V
P P
2
3
3
2
( )
$- # 1
!
2
2-
1
10 2 # 1 3

= P

=
V
V
nRT W
1
ln
" 10 32 # 1
3
= W

=
V
V
PV W
3
ln
PV nRT = and
( )( )

=

3
1
ln 10 0 # 1 10 2 # 1
2 !
W
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
56
E#ercise 16+/ %
,iven R = <.- 7 mol

. ( vessel contains .&4 moles of an ideal gas of volume

..4 4
&
m
-
at pressure 44 k5a. The gas is compressed
adiabatically until the gas temperature becomes .34 6. 9etermine
a. the new volume of the gas,
b. the new pressure of the gas,
#C
P
/C
V
for gas is ..4$
A6S+ % A6S+ % 1+77 1+77 17 17
/ /
m m
1 1
@ @1'7 kPa 1'7 kPa
&. a. (n ideal gas at .44 6 is e"panded adiabatically to ..& times its
original volume. 9etermine its resulting temperature if the gas is
i. monatomic,
ii. diatomic.
b. (n ideal monatomic gas, consisting of &.! moles of volume
4.4<. m
-
, e"pands adiabatically. The initial and final temperatures

are &3 ) and !< ). )alculate the final volume of the gas.
A6S+ % A6S+ % 1'1 9, //' 9@ 7+13: m 1'1 9, //' 9@ 7+13: m
1 1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 16
57
THE END
Good luck
For

st
semester e"amination