Uppkra in the Migration and Merovingian Periods Birgitta Hrdh Abstract A special characteristic of Uppkra is the long period, the entire first millennium AD, during which the place seems to have functioned as some kind of a centre. However, the expressions of centrality probably changed fundamentally during its existence. It is worth noticing the contrast between the record from the Migration and the Merovingian Periods. The Migration Period is characterized by a varied record including precious metals and exotic objects, whereas the Migration Period primarily shows extensive indigenous metal handicraft. These are probably two different ways to express centrality, also reflecting fundamental variations in the organization of society. Birgitta Hrdh, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Sandgatan 1, SE-223 50 LUND Introduction A distinguishing quality of the Uppkra settle- ment is the long continuity, as a matter of fact 2000 years from the Birth of Christ till the present day, and the long period, almost the entire first millennium, when the place shows characteristics which make it appro- priate to refer to it as a centre. It is a well-known fact that Skne is poor in import finds from the Roman Iron Age, com- pared to surrounding areas, especially Zealand (Lund Hansen 1987). There could be several reasons for this. The contact routes might have touched Skne to a lesser extent, or the patterns of deposition could have been different. So far the few graves from the Roman Iron Age that have been found at and close to the Uppkra settlement are not spectacular. In spite of this, however, there are several indications that Uppkra, right from the first centuries AD, should be regarded as a place of special dignity. Glass with cut and polished decoration has been found, probably indicating an aristo- cratic presence (Stjernquist 1999:68 p.). Gold pendants of various types are also consistent with this. About 150 brooches give the place a special character (Helgesson & Stjernquist 2001), and production of brooches on the site cannot be ruled out (cf. Srensen 2000: 49). Waste from bone and antler craft is more substantial here than at any other known place in Scandinavia from this period (Lindell 2001). Finally, some 5 denars indicate wealth as well as contacts with the surrounding world (Silvegren 1999). As they are scattered over most of the settlement area it is not unlikely that they partly functioned as means of payment. This is the background to the period that this article concerns, that is, the Migration Central Places in the Migration and the Merovingian Periods, s. 41-54. 42 BIRGITTA HRDH and Vendel (Merovingian) Periods. Ever since the first detector finds appeared in Uppkra in 1996, my colleagues and I have noticed apparent differences in the record from the two periods (cf. Branca et al. 1999). The question is whether this corresponds to funda- mental differences in society between the 5th 6th centuries and the 7th8th centuries or if it is due solely to bias in the finds. As the theme of the symposium is central places, I will also discuss whether the record expresses centrality in Uppkra. As the concept of centrality is manifold, my purpose is also to see whether different kinds of centrality are expressed in the record. The Migration Period The objects generally dated to the Migration Period are highly varied, show far-reaching connections and a general aristocratic character. There are also several indications that the place might have been some kind of a religious centre. The impression of Uppkra as a place out of the ordinary is strengthened. A group of ornaments of gold, silver or gilded, show the high standard of local handicraft skill. During the excavations in 1999 a big gilded relief brooch of high quality and of Nydam style was found. According to Bente Magnus it belongs to an early group of relief brooches from Skne with strong connections to Denmark (Magnus 2001). There are no clear traces of structures connected to it, so no explanation as to why and how it was deposited has yet been arrived at. Decoration knobs and agraffes in gold or gilded bronze also belong to an aristocratic sphere (Fig. 1). There are decoration knobs with filigree ornamentation or decoration in style I, and an agraffe has clear connections to similar items from Bornholm. Gold bracteates and gold foil figures belong to the picture of a central place, and both have been found. There are two gold bracteates of C-type, one with a runic inscription. The first found has been published by Morten Axboe (2001), who states that it belongs to a group with a clear concentration in Skne. Six gold foil figures have so far been found. One is a single figure, a woman, with good parallels mainly from Bornholm. The second is a double figure with its best parallels on Zealand and Funen (Watt 1999). The third one is a fragment, and during excavations in 2001 another four figures, of which three are single men, have been found (Fig. 2). A sword pommel of silver with spiral deco- ration and parallels in the Sjrup hoard and a silver pendant with gilded ornamentation, which in its shape and not least in its stamped ornamentation shows parallels to the Ssdala hoard (Hrdh 1999a:Fig. 2, 2001a:Figs. 4, 5), give connections to central Skne and the spectacular hoards from that area. Three patrices for gold foil figures make Fig. 1. Decoration knobs, U3035, U3568, U845. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 43 UPPKRA IN THE MIGRATION AND MEROVINGIAN PERIODS Fig. 2. Gold foil figures, found in a house structure in 2001. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. up direct evidence for metalwork in Uppkra during the Migration Period. Patrices for gold foil figures are not a common type of finds, the total number of them now being eight. Thus it is striking that no less than three of them have been found at Uppkra, two complete and one fragment. The two complete ones both show single figures, one of a man and the other of a woman, types which are well known on Bornholm. It is especially inte- resting that Margarethe Watt has stated that one of the Uppkra patrices was used to make four of the finest gold foil figures from Sorte Muld. So, we have here a direct link between Bornholm and Uppkra as regards metal craft (Watt 1999). A large share of the objects are fragmented (Fig. 3). It has further been stated that the fragmentation was often done deliberately and in prehistoric times (Hjrthner-Holdar, pers. com.). Thus it is appropriate to consider scrap metal as important evidence for metalwork. The fragments are of mixed origin, with Scandi- navian types together with more or less exotic types. There are fragments of fibulae from various parts of the Continent together with some items from the British Isles. Some fragments also derive from types known from the Baltic islands. An important question concerning the foreign fragments is whether they were imported as complete objects or as fragments and thus should be seen as raw material. A typical feature of finds from the plough layer, for example, collected by metal detector, is that the original context is lost. The objects can only be dated through typology and if it is recycled material we can of course never be sure what period the fragments represent. It could of course be very old objects which have been transformed into scrap metal. Cruciform brooches are typical of the Migra- tion Period, at least in this region. The type has its main distribution in the western parts of Scandinavia and thus also connects this area to Western Europe, i.e. the western parts of the Continent and England (Reichstein 1975). It is worth noticing that the type is rare on Bornholm while in many other respects there is a manifest connection between Uppkra/Skne and Bornholm. In this respect Uppkra seems to be orientated westwards. During the excavations in the 1930s three complete brooches and some fragments of another three brooches, which obviously had been kept in a wooden box in a house, were found (Vifot 1936:Fig. 10:1; Stjernquist 1996:Fig. 12). The brooches are simple, cruciform with flat knobs cast together with the head plate and a triangular foot. Some brooches of the same type and several frag- ments have been found in Uppkra in the last few years (Fig. 4). Similar brooches are also known from other parts of Skne (Strmberg 1961:Taf. 53:2, 4, 6) and the type might be a Scanian variant, possibly produced in Uppkra. Some related simple cruciform brooches are known from western Sweden, Norway and England (Reichstein 1975:Taf. 25:1; 101:2,3; 107:3). Contacts with the Continent are indicated by a couple of coins, some glass and a number of ornaments. Two Roman bronze coins from the 4th and 5th centuries, the latter struck for Valentinianus III, have been found and are 44 BIRGITTA HRDH worth mentioning as Roman bronze coins are rare in this area. Glass has so far been found only inci- dentally, but there are some sherds, identified by Berta Stjernquist as deriving from Snartemo beakers (1999:70 pp.). A group of small brooches and mountings in gold or gilded bronze have inlaid garnets (Fig. 5). Some of them have close connections to, or are almost identical to, brooches on the Continent. One (U 2660) belongs to a wide- spread group of items so similar to one an- other that some kind of serial production must have existed. The type is known from northern France to northern Italy and Hungary. Its origin is supposed to be among the Langobards in Hungary and Italy or in the Gallo-Roman area in northern France. Another brooch (U3494) has been found in an area from Italy to south Germany. Apart from the Uppkra item, no brooches of the type are known north of the Main area. The Uppkra brooches are, as far as I know, isolated in Scandinavia. Their presence in Uppkra probably indicates contacts with present-day south Germany. 1) Other garnet-decorated ornaments are also indications of long-distance contacts. An oval brooch has a parallel in Gudme and is supposed to be of South Euro- pean origin. A pendant has parallels in the Ostrogothic hoard from San Marino, from the late 5th century or the beginning of the 6th century (Germanen, Hunnen und Awaren 1987:426 p.) or in the well-known tomb from the Cologne cathedral (Mller-Wille 1996: Abb. 153). A group of five Dreirundelfibeln, complete and fragments, are also worth noticing (Fig. 6). The group is isolated in Scandinavia; no parallels are known here. The shape is connected to Thuringia with a spread west- wards to Frisia and south-west England (Behm- Blancke 1973:Abb. 110; Wieczorek 1996:Abb. 289), but no exact parallels to the Uppkra items except for one have been found there. The exception, which is very like U2277, is referred to by Schmidt as a Sonder-form, while Behm-Blancke calls it Scandinavian, even though no Scandinavian examples were known when his book was written (Schmidt 1961: Fig. 3. Fragmented brooches U10862, U4468, U2267, U2243, U3950, U299, U934. 1:1 Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 45 UPPKRA IN THE MIGRATION AND MEROVINGIAN PERIODS Fig. 5. Garnet decorated ornaments, U 2660, 3494, 4476, 4943, 9778. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. Fig. 4. Cruciform brooches, detector and excavation finds: U 10885, 2 fibulas found in excavation in the 1930s, 1 fibula found in excavation 2001 and U29003. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. Fig. 6. Dreirundelfibeln, U 4454, 679, 6747, 2277, 3208. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 46 BIRGITTA HRDH 130; Behm-Blancke 1973:71 p., Abb. 100). As they deviate in details from the continental brooches, they might be local creations inspired by the Continent. Helgesson has suggested that the Uppkra brooches are the result of an amalgamation of south Scandinavian and foreign traditions (pers. com.). Technical elements, such as double attachment pegs for fastening the needle, which all the Uppkra brooches possess are, however, a clearly continental trait. How then are the Uppkra brooches to be explained? I think it is not too far-fetched to maintain that they show close connections to present-day central Germany. The question is whether they were brought here as personal belongings or if foreign crafts- men worked in Uppkra. In this respect another exotic item, known as a Paragraphenfibel, is of interest (Fig. 7). It has close parallels in Langobardian contexts and also in Thuringian (cf. Germanen, Hunnen und Awaren 1987:Taf. 93; Behm-Blanke 1973:Abb. 111). The Uppkra brooch, however, does not seem to have been com- pleted. The needle fastening pegs are not perforated and the needle catch has not been bent. The brooch also seems to have been burnt. How can this unfinished continental brooch in Uppkra be explained? Could it have come as scrap metal or does it show that foreign craftsmen worked here? In 2001 a house was found, situated cent- rally in the settlement. It is 12 metres long, has three entrances and four unusually big postholes. The excavation of the house is not finished at the time of writing, but the record so far is striking. Close to the fireplace, in the centre of the house, a big blue and amber coloured glass bowl was deposited together with a metal beaker. The beaker is made probably of a copper/silver alloy, its foot and rim of silver. Around it there are six gold bands with pressed decoration, showing human figures with heads resembling those on gold bracteates (Fig. 8). In September 2001, when this article was written, the matrix was being excavated in the conservation department of the LUHM. Gold foil figures and other gold fragments as well as a huge door-knocker of iron have been found in the post-holes and in the wall trench (see further Larsson in this vol.) A group of some 40 spearheads and lance- heads, several of them severely damaged, have been found concentrated south of the house. The weapons show obvious similarities to the well-known weapon sacrifices and might be regarded in connection with the gold brac- teates and gold foil figures as some kind of religious expression (cf. Bergqvist 1999; Hrdh 1999a). An explanation for the south Scan- dinavian weapon offerings, recently put for- ward by Jrgensen, is that they might be a barbarian interpretation of the Roman em- perors triumph (Jrgensen 2001:16). With this large concentration of weapons at the Uppkra settlement, I think it is well worth considering this hypothesis here too. Religious or prestigious, the weapons augment the im- pression of centrality of the site. Fig. 7. Paragraphenfibel, U 7122. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 47 UPPKRA IN THE MIGRATION AND MEROVINGIAN PERIODS The Vendel Period The Vendel Period in south Scandinavia and especially the 6th century has been regarded as a problem with declining material and thus difficult to grasp. In Uppkra the cultural layers from the Vendel Period and Viking Age are severely damaged by agricultural activities and we should not expect more than slight traces of houses etc. However, in terms of detector-found objects, this is one of the richest periods at the same time as the record is very homogeneous. It consists mainly of brooches together with some mountings, all in bronze and of local production. We now have about 780 items, mountings, ornamented fragments etc., dated to the Vendel Period, including some 630 Vendel Period brooches. The cruci- form brooches of the late Migration Period represent a south Scandinavian production with indigenous, characteristic shapes, and also the first traces of a kind of serial production. This tendency is pursued and strengthened during the subsequent period. The Vendel Period brooches consist of a num- ber of well-defined types, often in substantial numbers, such as beak-shaped brooches over 200, equal armed approx. 120, bird shaped approx. 110, oval 43, round 42 and S-shaped brooches 37 items. The majority of them have their best parallels in south Scandinavia, mainly on Bornholm, and the group as a whole bears witness to the high standard of south Scandi- navian metal handicraft in the 7th8th centuries. The most common type of Vendel Period brooches in south Scandinavia is the beak- shaped brooch. It is present on most of the new detector sites in Skne and Denmark and is common in graves. It was obviously part of the costume, worn as a pair or in combination Fig. 8. The glass bowl and the beaker under excavation. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 48 BIRGITTA HRDH with some other type of brooch. The type is clearly south Scandinavian with a distribution from Jutland to Bornholm. Through analysis of technical details it is also obvious that we have a western and an eastern tradition, the latter comprising Skne and Bornholm. It has further been possible to define local groupings within Skne and to demonstrate traits which are typical of a Scanian tradition as well as traits which occur only on Bornholm. It is possible to demonstrate connections between Uppkra and various settlements in Skne. Through finds of moulds and in one case even a stock of not quite finished brooches, it has been possible to prove production in Uppkra and also at a few other places in Skne (Hrdh 1999b, 2001b). The number of weights from Uppkra is large, about 330. The largest groups are spherical, cubo-octahedral and cylindrical shapes. The first two groups are dated to the Viking Age or later while the cylindrical weights are difficult to date. They may belong to the Migration, Vendel or Viking Periods. Cylindrical weights of lead or bronze are known from some preViking Age contexts and some- times in connection with metalwork (Gustin 1999:247 pp.). With regard to the manifest traces of metalwork it is quite probable that a number of the weights belong to this period. So far it is mainly the glass that indicates contacts with the world outside south Scandi- Fig. 9. A collection of Vendel Period brooches. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 49 UPPKRA IN THE MIGRATION AND MEROVINGIAN PERIODS navia. There are several sherds of mainly West European origin and types that we also en- counter at central places and trading places such as Dorestad, Hedeby, Dankirke/Ribe, Helg and Birka (Stjernquist 1999:75 pp.). The Uppkra brooches show extensive local craft and regional connections. The glass is a clear indication of continued, strong and regular contacts with the Continent, primarily with Western Europe. A roof-shaped mounting with a human head at each end has been analysed by Bertil Helgesson. He states that the heads can be compared to faces on relief brooches, gold foil figures and gold bracteates. The mounting might derive from a small reliquary of which there are many examples in West European contexts. The mounting could have been made as early as the 7th century (Helgesson 2001:207 p.). During the excavations in 2001 a similar, although not identical mounting was found (Fig. 11). The mountings might be connected to a group of objects from the late Vendel Period and early Viking Age with their origin in Ireland or the western parts of the Continent, i.e. in Christian areas. It is not unlikely that they represent an early Chris- tian mission directed towards present southern Sweden (Helgesson 2001:209 pp.). In view of the wealth of finds and the regular and systematic search, it is of course important to notice not only what has been found but also what is missing. It is therefore appropriate to ask why no solidi and no sceattas have been found. Does this mean that certain functions were not of central importance at Uppkra? Whether solidi were used as means of payment in Scandinavia during the Migration Period is questionable, but is the absence of sceattas an indication that the place did not take part in the long- distance trading connections across the North Sea? Sceattas, however, as is well known, are very rare compared to denars or dirhams. As for the dirhams, there has been intense debate about when the first Arabic coins reached the Baltic area. Numismatists main- tain, unanimously if I understand correctly, that they did not arrive until shortly before 800 AD. and that all older coins came in together with the younger ones (cf. e.g. Noonan 1986:341). In any case, there are over 80 dirhams, abbasids and umayyads struck before 800 from Uppkra, a rather large share early in the 8th century or even in the late 7th. There are also a few Sassanian coins which might have been struck during the 6th century. Fig. 10. Five beak-shaped brooches. 1:1. Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 50 BIRGITTA HRDH Discussion The record from the Migration and the Vendel Periods shows manifest contrasts but also in some respect continuity between the two periods. The overall impression corresponds well to what is usually proposed for the two periods. The record from the Migration Period is highly varied, has an aristocratic appearance and gives the impression of wide-ranging contacts. We find glass, garnet brooches, silver and gold. Exotic objects indicate far-reaching contacts with the west, south and east of Europe. The following period, the Vendel Period, is primarily characterized by local, although very extensive metal handicraft in copper alloys. It is worth noticing that the brooches, mountings etc. from this period display high skill, artistic as well as technical. From Uppkra there are manifest traces of metal handicraft, and a vast number of intentionally fragmented brooches, together with moulds, show that work in non-ferrous metals was extensive in Merovingian Period Uppkra. Alloys and the like also indicate the high technological standard of the craft, also in comparison with other sites (Hjrthner- Holdar 2001). There are several reasons for the differences between the two periods. Precious metals on average become scarce after the 6th century, which is probably due to the interruption of external supplies. Changed political condi- tions, local and continental, had an impact on variations in the contacts between south Scandinavia and the continental realms. During the 6th century there are many indications of contacts between Scandinavia and the Continent, chiefly with the Mero- vingians and the Thuringians. Jrgensen describes how Bornholm shows close contacts mainly with the Merovingian realm in the 5th6th centuries. The same is visible also, for example, in the Mlaren region and Got- land from the 6th century (Jrgensen 1991: 122 p.). The contacts seem to have had an individual character, but military alliances and also marriage alliances have been suggested (Arrhenius 1985; Nrgrd Jrgensen 1997: 113). The contacts also seem to have been mutual, with continental impact on Scandi- navia as well as Scandinavian elements in continental contexts. Scandinavian objects are known from grave finds in south Germany (Koch 1999). In the 7th century the situation seems to have been different. The indications of long-distance contacts and alliances become scarcer and disappear eventually. Instead the Scandinavian record, according to several colleagues, might be interpreted in terms of Fig. 11. Two mountings, U 5980 and one found in excavation 2001. 1:1 Photo B. Almgren, LUHM. 51 UPPKRA IN THE MIGRATION AND MEROVINGIAN PERIODS an inner consolidation, and for south Scandi- navia the interest seems to have been directed rather towards the north (Nsman 1991:175; Hilund Nielsen 1991; Nrgrd Jrgensen 1997:115). The glass, on the other hand, together with some other imported items, clearly shows that the external contacts were not interrupted but maintained. Perhaps the glass shows more regular and continuous trading relations instead of the fluctuating personal contacts which the ornaments imply, and Christian missions are suggested for some of the imports of the Vendel Period. In the non-ferrous metal handicraft there is a pronounced distinction between the two periods, which certainly reflects important societal differences and also tells us something about variations in centrality. The brooches from the Migration Period are, as mentioned, highly varied. They show affinity to vast areas of western, eastern and southern Europe and a single brooch often shows an amalgam of traits from various directions. It is also sometimes difficult to state whether a brooch or a group of brooches are imports or local products. The craftsmen seem to have had extensive contact networks where they borrowed and copied elements from one another and combined them in an individualistic and in- dependent way. In the Vendel Period the situation is diffe- rent. The types are usually regionally defined and it is possible to analyse their distribution and to obtain indications about production regions and patterns of contacts. For south Scandinavia it is possible to maintain that there was creative and innovative handicraft, often to a high qualitative standard. The handicraft seems to be much more organized and the number of craftsmen was surely also higher than before. The tendencies to serial production indicate workshops and possibly cooperation between various specialists. Where the record from the Migration Period gives the impression of supraregional connections in art and craft at the same time as there are great individual variations, craft in the Vendel Period, on the other hand, is characterized by regionalization and standar- dization at a high qualitative level and on a larger scale than ever before. Von Carnap- Bornheim has discussed the social conditions of the Germanic goldsmith. He assumes a high personal mobility, probably as an expression of a privileged social position. However, the craftsman was also dependent on precious raw materials (von Carnap- Bornheim 2001:276). The differences in metal craft seen in the brooches from Uppkra might reflect a high mobility in society and among craftsmen during the Migration Period and later more sedentary conditions for the craftsmen attached to regional workshops where a more regular supply of raw material could be secured. The differences in society between the Migration and the Merovingian Periods have been emphasized by several scholars. Migra- tion Period society has been characterized as dominated by a warrior elite independent of old kinship systems. The development should mean a professionalization of the military sys- tem whereby the old kinship society was replaced by a militarized society (cf. Hedeager & Tvrn 2001:144 p.; Jrgensen 2001:18). Steuer emphasizes that the Merovingian Period is characterized by new territorial structures expressed by an aristocracy with birthright, landed property and permanent residence (Steuer 1982:517 p., 1989:120). For south Scandinavia the political situa- tion has been described by various scholars as a development from smaller tribal organi- 52 BIRGITTA HRDH zations towards larger confederations. Nsman maintains that the Danes gained hegemony over south Scandinavia in the 6th to 7th centuries (1999:8). Axboe sees a Migration Period where wealth was expressed in precious objects, which often were sacrificed as well. South Scandinavian central places like Gudme, Stentinget, Bejsebakken and Uppkra might represent realms with kings or magnates. The 7th century entailed consolidation after the turmoil and display of prestige in the previous period (Axboe 1999:114). As for Uppkra, centrality in the Migra- tion Period seems to be expressed in personal, far-reaching alliances and a pronounced aristo- cratic aspect. Several traits also indicate that Uppkra was some kind of religious centre. In the Vendel Period, the extensive handicraft of local character gives another message. The same type of ornaments that have been found at Uppkra also occur in graves and at settle- ments in the region. In 2000 and 2001 a sub- stantial number of new finds of bronze ornaments have been discovered on settle- ment sites around Uppkra. The ornaments are primarily of Vendel Period types and of types well known from Uppkra. The Vendel Period record seems to show how a central place is integrated with its surroundings, a development which has parallels on the Conti- nent as well. In the following centuries, the Viking Age, Uppkra shows all the elements which are usually connected with a central place: trade, handicraft, long-distance connections, religious and aristocratic expressions. At the end of the 10th century Uppkra probably was at the centre of the political events when Lund was founded by the Danish king, five kilometres to the north of Uppkra. Land in Uppkra, which obviously was in the possession of King Knut, was transferred in 1085 to the bishopric of Lund. After this Uppkra became an ordi- nary agricultural settlement. English revised by Alan Crozier Note 1) For the information on these brooches I am indebted to Dr Uta von Freeden, Rmisch- Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt a. M. (letter 8 December 1998). References Arrhenius, B. 1985, Merovingian garnet jewellery. Emergence and social implications. Stockholm. Axboe, M. 1999. Towards the Kingdom of Den- mark. Dickinson, T. & Griffiths, D. (eds.), The Making of Kingdoms. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 10. Oxford, pp. 109-118. 2001. En C-brakteat fra Uppkra. Hrdh, B. (ed.), Uppkra. Centrum och sammanhang. Uppkrastudier 3. Lund, pp. 169-174. Behm-Blancke, G. 1973. Gesellschaft und Kunst der Germanen. Die Thringer und ihre Welt. Dresten. Bergqvist, J. 1999. Spr av religion i Uppkra under 1000 r. Hrdh, B. (ed.), Fynden i cent- rum. Keramik, glas och metall frn Uppkra. Uppkrastudier 2. Lund, pp. 113-126. Branca, A., Helgesson, B., Hrdh, B. & Tegnr, M 1999. 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