Ch.

11 The Triumph and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy

Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
the most damaging blow to the Federalist was the refusal of atoms to give them a
rousing fight with France as their feverish war preparations had swelled the public debt
military preparation now not only unnecessary but extravagant
thrown on the defense, the Federalist concentrated their fire on Jefferson himself who
became one of the victims of Americas earliest whispering campaigns
Jefferson was accused of having robbed the widow and children of a trust fund and
having father numerous mulatto children by his own slave women
preachers throughout New England, stronghold of federalism, thundered against his
alleged atheism although Jefferson did in fact believe in God

Jeffersonian Revolution of 1800
Jefferson won the election against Adams
Jeffersons success was largely because of Aaron Burr a master wire puller turn New
York Jefferson at the narrowest margin
their election ended in a unexpected deadlock Jefferson and his vice presidential
running mate Burr received the same number of electoral votes and under the
constitution, the tie could only be broken by the House of Representatives
Federalists voted for Burr as they hated Jefferson and the situation remained in
deadlock but finally a few Federalists yielded and refrained from voting and the election
went to Jefferson
This was revolutionary because of the peaceful transfer of power on the basis of an
election whose results all parties accepted.

The Federalist Finale
John Adams, was the last Federalist president of the United States
the Federalist boasts a high concentration of brains, talent, and abilities
their political and financial leaders had built enduring foundations for the new
government
dear diplomats with strong helping hand from Europes distresses,@Avent pages
treaties with England, Spain, and friends
their statesmen have kept peace in a crucial time when peace is needed
in the 1800s, the Federalist cannot adapt so like dinosaurs they died

Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Jefferson was inaugurated president on March 4, 1801
Jefferson believed that customary pomp did not befit his democratic ideals, he spurned
a horse-drawn coach and strolled by foot to the capital from his boarding house
with its rustic setting, Washington lent itself admirably to the simplicity and frugality of
Jefferson Republicans. It contrasted sharply with the elegant atmosphere of Federalist
Philadelphia, the former temporary capital
extending democratic principles to etiquette, attendees at Jeffersons official dinners
did not seat by rank
Jefferson improve the to be an able politician, he was especially effective in the informal
atmosphere of a dinner party where he wooed congregational representatives while
personally pouring and pouring wine and serving tasty dishes of his French cook
Jefferson had to rely on his personal charm
denied the power to dispense patronage, the Democratic Republicans cannot build a
boreal political following group and relied on opposition to the Federalist hold them
together
with the Federalists gone this indeed proved to be a problem

Jefferson Restraint Helps to Further a Revolution
Jefferson was determined to undo the Federalist abuse be gotten by the anti-French
hysteria
the alien and sedition acts has already expired and the president pardon all the best
serve sentences under the sedition act
Albert Gallatin proved to be as able as a secretary of treasure as Hamilton
Gallatin agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was obeying rather than a blessing
and succeeded in reducing it substantially while balancing budgets
by shrewdly absorbing major Federalist programs, Jefferson showed better change the
regime need not to be disastrous for the theater group

The Dead Clutch of the Judiciary
the Federalist Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial
offices. Pres. Adams remained at his desk until 9 oclock in the evening of his last day
supposedly signing the commissions of Federalist judges these judges are known as the
midnight judges
packing these lifetime posts with anti-Jeffersonian partisans was in Republican eyes a
brazen attempt by the ousted party to secure itself in one of the three powerful
branches of government
Chief Justice John Marshall was appointed by Adams to Supreme Court
although Marshalls formal legal schooling only lasted six weeks, he dominated the
Supreme Court with his powerful intellect and commanding personality
Marshall served that Valley Forge during the revolution suffering from cold and hunger.
This made him realize the drawbacks of a feeble central authority and made him a
lifelong Federalist committed above all else to strengthen the power of the federal
government
Marshall decision regarding Marbury spurred the Jeffersonian to seek revenge.
Jefferson urged the impeachment of an arrogant supreme court justice, Samuel Chase
Impeachment charges against Chase were voted by the House of Representative but the
Senate failed to gather enough votes to remove Chase
Jeffersons ill advised attempt at judge breaking was a reassuring victory for the
independence of the judiciary and for the separation of powers among the three
branches of the federal government

The Pacifist Jefferson Turns Warrior
Jefferson distrusted large standing armies, he viewed them as an invitation to
dictatorship
Jefferson thereby reduce the military to a mere police force of 2500 officers
the Navy was also shrunk significantly
however harsh realities dealing with pirates raiding merchant ships forced Jefferson to
change his policies
it turns out it is more expensive to pay for protection rather than enforcing the safety of
merchant ships within standing Navy
Tripoli became aggressive and Jefferson retaliated
Jefferson constructed many hundred tiny gunboats which he believed although frail
their speed will prove valuable in guarding the American shores
Jeffersons Pinch Penny economy thing backfire badly won the war of 1812 broke out on
the whole swarm of gunboats proved virtually stainless. The money could have been
much more wisely invested in a few of the constitutional class warships

The Louisiana Godsend
a secret treaty signed in the 1800 gave Frace the immense trans-Mississippi region
Thomas Jefferson, both the pacifist and anti-entanglement, was again on the griddle
Louisiana in the grip of Spain posed no real threat, America could see the territory when
the time is ripe, the currently Louisiana is no higher Frist of Napoleons army is very
strong
hoping the acquired the clamor of the West, Jefferson moved decisively
1803: James Monroe and regular minister were sent to Paris to join forces with the
regular minister Robert R Livingston. They were instructed to buy New Orleans and as
much land to its east as they could for maximum of $10 million
if the proposals shall fail and the situation becomes critical, negotiations were to be
opened with England for an alliance
at this critical juncture, Napoleon suddenly decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon
his dream of a new world umpire
Napoleons decision was influenced by two factors: he is failed effort to Concord the
sugar rich island of Santa Domingo, because the British controlled the seas, he feared
that he might be forced to make them a gift of Louisiana. Rather than letting America
into arms of England by attempting the holding area, he decided to sell the huge
wilderness to the Americans pocket the money for skiing near home
Napoleon hope that the United States, strengthened by Louisiana, will one day be a
military and naval power that can afford the ambition of Lordy British in the New World
Louisiana was sold to the United States for $15 million
Jefferson privately proposed that a constitutional amendment to be passed after
hearing the news of Louisiana
Jefferson shamefacedly is submitted the treaties to the Senate while omitting his
associates that the purchase was unconstitutional
the Senators were less think lead then Jefferson. Reflecting an enthusiastic public
support, they registered their prompt approval of the transaction
land hungry Americans are not eager to split constitutional hairs when confronted with
perhaps the most magnificent real estate margin

Louisiana in the Long View
Jeffersons margin would Napoleon was magnificent, overnight he had avoided a
possible rupture with France
1804: Jefferson sent his personal secretary Meriwether Lewis and a young Army officer
named William Clark T explored northern part of the Louisiana purchase
Lewis and Clarks 2 year expedition yielded a rich harvest of scientific observations,
maps, knowledge of the Indians in the region
the explorers also demonstrated the viability of Overland Trail to the Pacific
the Louisiana godsend also boosted national unity. Once proud Federalist, now merely
sectional list sync even lower in the public esteem
a few of their more extreme members attempted the plot with scheming Aaron Burr for
the secession of New England and New York but Alexander Hamilton found out
Hamilton provoked Burr to a duel but Hamilton was killed
Burr was arrested and tried but found innocent

America: A Nutcracker Neutral
Jefferson was triumphantly reelected in 1804
for two years of maritime United States the number one neutral carrier since 1723
enjoy juicy commercial pickings
a setback came 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar where Horatio Lord Nelson smashed
combined Spanish and French fleets ensuring Britain superiority on the sea
Britain and France tried to cripple each others economy by blockading ports and
America was caught in the cross fire
Captured American seamen were also forced to serve on the British navy

Jeffersons Backfiring Embargo
national honor will not permit a slavish submission to the British and the French
mistreatment
the Army of the United States was very weak and a defeat will not be good
since the warring nations in Europe depended heavily upon United States for raw
material, Jefferson reason that America should voluntarily cut off its exports
embargo act was passed in 1807: this rigorous law forbade the exporter of all goods
from the United States whether in America or in foreign ships
the embargo act whether was a compromise between submission and shooting
the embargo acts hurt America more than hurt Britain and France
Embargo also called Ograbme
an alarmed Congress, yielding to the storm of public anger, finally repealed embargo
and was replaced by a half loaf substitute called the nonintercourse act
the nonintercourse act formally reopen trade with all nations of the world except for
the two most important, England and France
a crestfallen Jefferson himself admitted that the embargo was three times more costly
than more
he could have built a fairly strong Navy and such a fighting force would have one more
respect for American rights on the high seas and might well have prevented war of 1812

Madison: Dupe of Napoleon
James Madison put the presidential oath on March 4, 1809
despite a distinguished career as a legislator, as president he fell tragically short of
providing vigorous executive leadership
she was unable to dominate his party and crippled by factions within his cabinet
the nonintercourse act would expire in about a year
Macons Bill No. 2 permit American trade with all of the world but if either France or
England repeal its commercial restriction American would resume nonimportation
against nonrepealing nations
Napoleon was eager to resume non-importation against British because it would serve
as a partial blockade which he will not have to raise a finger to enforce
Napoleon, Prince Elias, had no intention whatever of repealing his damaging to increase
but Madison, frantically seeking to wrest the recognition of American rise from England,
accepted French bad faith that the good faith
once Madison had aligned his nation against England commercially, he found himself
gravitating towards France politically and edging towards a whirlpool of war

War Whoops Arouse the War Hawks
recent election had a swept away many of the odorous submission method and replace
them with young hotheads
the war Hawks won a free-trade ancillary rights as well as free land
the proud, nationalistic Westerners were outraged by that man handling of American
sailors
if America cannot fight to protect itself, its experiment and republicanism will be
discredited in the eyes of a scoping world
Western war Hawks were especially eager to white palette dangerously renewed in gift
threat to pioneer settlers who were streaming steadily into West
Two remarkable Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh an the Porphet concluded that if this
onrush of white people were ever to be stopped, the time was now
their action was on last, desperate attempt to realize the dream of a large-scale pan
Indian alliance against the wife who had repeatedly eluded their ancestors
they urged followers to give of textile clothing in exchange for traditional buckskin
garments
white frontiers people and there were Hawks spokesman in Congress were convinced
that the British skull buyers in Canada were nourishing Indias growing strength

Mr. Madisons War
the tempting prize of Canada also beckon from the north. American fondly, but wrongly,
believe that in Canada will be up certainly simple
Federalist condemned the war of 1812 because they oppose acquisition of Canada
which will merely add more states on the wound Northwest. This, in turn, would
increase the voting strength of the Jeffersonian Republicans
The confidence spike after the war in the west is causing Americans to seek war in
Florida and Canada