Orthogonal Functions and Fourier Series: Exercises 12.1

Part IV Fourier Series and Partial Differential Equations
12
12
Orthogonal Functions and
Fourier Series
EXERCISES 12.1
Orthogonal Functions
1.
_
2
2
xx
2
dx =
1
4
x
4
2
2
= 0
2.
_
1
1
x
3
(x
2
+ 1)dx =
1
6
x
6
1
1
+
1
4
x
4
1
1
= 0
3.
_
2
0
e
x
(xe
x
e
x
)dx =
_
2
0
(x 1)dx =
_
1
2
x
2
x
_
2
0
= 0
4.
_

0
cos xsin
2
xdx =
1
3
sin
3
x
0
= 0
5.
_
/2
/2
xcos 2xdx =
1
2
_
1
2
cos 2x +xsin 2x
_
/2
/2
= 0
6.
_
5/4
/4
e
x
sin xdx =
_
1
2
e
x
sin x
1
2
e
x
cos x
_
5/4
/4
= 0
7. For m = n
_
/2
0
sin(2n + 1)x sin(2m+ 1)xdx
=
1
2
_
/2
0
_
cos 2(n m)x cos 2(n +m+ 1)x
_
dx
=
1
4(n m)
sin 2(n m)x
/2
0
1
4(n +m+ 1)
sin 2(n +m+ 1)x
/2
0
= 0.
634
12.1 Orthogonal Functions
For m = n
_
/2
0
sin
2
(2n + 1)xdx =
_
/2
0
_
1
2

1
2
cos 2(2n + 1)x
_
dx
=
1
2
x
/2
0
1
4(2n + 1)
sin 2(2n + 1)x
/2
0
=

4
so that
sin(2n + 1)x =
1
2
.
8. For m = n
_
/2
0
cos(2n + 1)x cos(2m+ 1)xdx
=
1
2
_
/2
0
_
cos 2(n m)x + cos 2(n +m+ 1)x
_
dx
=
1
4(n m)
sin 2(n m)x
/2
0
+
1
4(n +m+ 1)
sin 2(n +m+ 1)x
/2
0
= 0.
For m = n
_
/2
0
cos
2
(2n + 1)xdx =
_
/2
0
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2(2n + 1)x
_
dx
=
1
2
x
/2
0
+
1
4(2n + 1)
sin 2(2n + 1)x
/2
0
=

4
so that
cos(2n + 1)x =
1
2
.
9. For m = n
_

0
sin nxsin mxdx =
1
2
_

0
_
cos(n m)x cos(n +m)x
_
dx
=
1
2(n m)
sin(n m)x
1
2(n +m)
sin(n +m)x
0
= 0.
For m = n
_

0
sin
2
nxdx =
_

0
_
1
2

1
2
cos 2nx
_
dx =
1
2
x
1
4n
sin 2nx
0
=

2
so that
sin nx =
_
2
.
10. For m = n
_
p
0
sin
n
p
x sin
m
p
xdx =
1
2
_
p
0
_
cos
(n m)
p
x cos
(n +m)
p
x
_
dx
=
p
2(n m)
sin
(n m)
p
x
p
0
p
2(n +m)
sin
(n +m)
p
x
p
0
= 0.
For m = n
_
p
0
sin
2
n
p
xdx =
_
p
0
_
1
2

1
2
cos
2n
p
x
_
dx =
1
2
x
p
0
p
4n
sin
2n
p
x
p
0
=
p
2
635
so that
_
_
_
_
sin
n
p
x
_
_
_
_
=
_
p
2
.
11. For m = n
_
p
0
cos
n
p
x cos
m
p
xdx =
1
2
_
p
0
_
cos
(n m)
p
x + cos
(n +m)
p
x
_
dx
=
p
2(n m)
sin
(n m)
p
x
p
0
+
p
2(n +m)
sin
(n +m)
p
x
p
0
= 0.
For m = n
_
p
0
cos
2
n
p
xdx =
_
p
0
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos
2n
p
x
_
dx =
1
2
x
p
0
+
p
4n
sin
2n
p
x
p
0
=
p
2
.
Also
_
p
0
1 cos
n
p
xdx =
p
n
sin
n
p
x
p
0
= 0 and
_
p
0
1
2
dx = p
so that
1 =

p and
_
_
_
_
cos
n
p
x
_
_
_
_
=
_
p
2
.
12. For m = n, we use Problems 11 and 10:
_
p
p
cos
n
p
x cos
m
p
xdx = 2
_
p
0
cos
n
p
x cos
m
p
xdx = 0
_
p
p
sin
n
p
x sin
m
p
xdx = 2
_
p
0
sin
n
p
x sin
m
p
xdx = 0.
Also
_
p
p
sin
n
p
x cos
m
p
xdx =
1
2
_
p
p
_
sin
(n m)
p
x + sin
(n +m)
p
x
_
dx = 0,
_
p
p
1 cos
n
p
xdx =
p
n
sin
n
p
x
p
p
= 0,
_
p
p
1 sin
n
p
xdx =
p
n
cos
n
p
x
p
p
= 0,
and
_
p
p
sin
n
p
x cos
n
p
xdx =
_
p
p
1
2
sin
2n
p
xdx =
p
4n
cos
2n
p
x
p
p
= 0.
For m = n
_
p
p
cos
2
n
p
xdx =
_
p
p
_
1
2
+
1
2
cos
2n
p
x
_
dx = p,
_
p
p
sin
2
n
p
xdx =
_
p
p
_
1
2

1
2
cos
2n
p
x
_
dx = p,
and
_
p
p
1
2
dx = 2p
so that
1 =
_
2p ,
_
_
_
_
cos
n
p
x
_
_
_
_
=

p , and
_
_
_
_
sin
n
p
x
_
_
_
_
=

p .
636
13. Since
_

e
x
2
1 2xdx = e
x
2
e
x
2
0
= 0,
_

e
x
2
1 (4x
2
2) dx = 2
_

x
_
2xe
x
2
_
dx 2
_

e
x
2
dx
= 2
_
xe
x
2
+
_

e
x
2
dx
_
2
_

e
x
2
dx
= 2
_
xe
x
2
xe
x
2
0
_
= 0,
and
_

e
x
2
2x (4x
2
2) dx = 4
_

x
2
_
2xe
x
2
_
dx 4
_

xe
x
2
dx
= 4
_
x
2
e
x
2
+ 2
_

xe
x
2
dx
_
4
_

xe
x
2
dx
= 4
_
x
2
e
x
2
x
2
e
x
2
0
_
+ 2
_

2xe
x
2
dx = 0,
the functions are orthogonal.
14. Since
_

0
e
x
1(1 x) dx = (x 1)e
x
_

0
e
x
dx = 0,
_

0
e
x
1
_
1
2
x
2
2x + 1
_
dx =
_
2x 1
1
2
x
2
_
e
x
0
+
_

0
e
x
(x 2) dx
= 1 + (2 x)e
x
0
+
_

0
e
x
dx = 0,
and
_

0
e
x
(1 x)
_
1
2
x
2
2x + 1
_
dx
=
_

0
e
x
_
1
2
x
3
+
5
2
x
2
3x + 1
_
dx
= e
x
_
1
2
x
3
5
2
x
2
+ 3x 1
_
0
+
_

0
e
x
_
3
2
x
2
+ 5x 3
_
dx
= 1 +e
x
_
3
2
x
2
5x + 3
_
0
+
_

0
e
x
(5 3x) dx
= 1 3 +e
x
(3x 5)
0
3
_

0
e
x
dx = 0,
the functions are orthogonal.
15. By orthogonality
_
b
a

0
(x)
n
(x)dx = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; that is,
_
b
a

n
(x)dx = 0 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
637
16. Using the facts that
0
and
1
are orthogonal to
n
for n > 1, we have
_
b
a
(x +)
n
(x) dx =
_
b
a
x
n
(x) dx +
_
b
a
1
n
(x) dx
=
_
b
a
1
(x)
n
(x) dx +
_
b
a
0
(x)
n
(x) dx
= 0 + 0 = 0
for n = 2, 3, 4, . . . .
17. Using the fact that
n
and
m
are orthogonal for n = m we have
m
(x) +
n
(x)
2
=
_
b
a
[
m
(x) +
n
(x)]
2
dx =
_
b
a
_
2
m
(x) + 2
m
(x)
n
(x) +
2
n
(x)
dx
=
_
b
a
2
m
(x)dx + 2
_
b
a
m
(x)
n
(x)dx +
_
b
a
2
n
(x) dx
=
m
(x)
2
+
n
(x)
2
.
18. Setting
0 =
_
2
2
f
3
(x)f
1
(x) dx =
_
2
2
_
x
2
+c
1
x
3
+c
2
x
4
_
dx =
16
3
+
64
5
c
2
and
0 =
_
2
2
f
3
(x)f
2
(x) dx =
_
2
2
_
x
3
+c
1
x
4
+c
2
x
5
_
dx =
64
5
c
1
we obtain c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 5/12.
19. Since sin nx is an odd function on [, ],
(1, sin nx) =
_

sin nxdx = 0
and f(x) = 1 is orthogonal to every member of {sin nx}. Thus {sin nx} is not complete.
20. (f
1
+f
2
, f
3
) =
_
b
a
[f
1
(x) +f
2
(x)]f
3
(x) dx =
_
b
a
f
1
(x)f
3
(x) dx +
_
b
a
f
2
(x)f
3
(x) dx = (f
1
, f
3
) + (f
2
, f
3
)
21. (a) The fundamental period is 2/2 = 1.
(b) The fundamental period is 2/(4/L) =
1
2
L.
(c) The fundamental period of sinx + sin 2x is 2.
(d) The fundamental period of sin 2x + cos 4x is 2/2 = .
(e) The fundamental period of sin 3x+cos 4x is 2 since the smallest integer multiples of 2/3 and 2/4 = /2
that are equal are 3 and 4, respectively.
(f ) The fundamental period of f(x) is 2/(n/p) = 2p/n.
22. (a) Following the pattern established by
1
(x) and
2
(x) we have
3
(x) = f
3
(x)
(f
3
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0
(x)
(f
3
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)

1
(x)
(f
3
,
2
)
(
2
,
2
)

2
(x).
638
(b) To show mutual orthogonality we compute (
0
,
1
), (
0
,
2
), and (
1
,
2
) using properties (i), (ii), and (iii)
from this section in the text.
(
0
,
1
) =
_
0
, f
1

(f
1
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0
_
= (
0
, f
1
)
(f
1
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
) = (
0
, f
1
) (f
1
,
0
) = 0
(
0
,
2
) =
_
0
, f
2

(f
2
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0

(f
2
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)

1
_
= (
0
, f
2
)
(f
2
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)
(f
2
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)
(
0
,
1
)
= (
0
, f
2
) (f
2
,
0
) 0 = 0
(
1
,
2
) =
_
1
, f
2

(f
2
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0

(f
2
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)

1
_
= (
1
, f
2
)
(f
2
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)
(
1
,
0
)
(f
2
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)
= (
1
, f
2
) 0 (f
2
,
1
) = 0.
23. (a) First we identify f
0
(x) = 1, f
1
(x) = x, f
2
(x) = x
2
, and f
3
(x) = x
3
. Then, we use the formulas from
Problem 22. First, we have
0
(x) = f
0
(x) = 1. Then
(f
1
,
0
) = (x, 1) =
_
1
1
xdx = 0 and (
0
,
0
) =
_
1
1
1 dx = 2,
so
1
(x) = f
1
(x)
(f
1
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0
(x) = x
0
2
(1) = 1.
Next
(f
2
,
0
) = (x
2
, 1) =
_
1
1
x
2
dx =
2
3
, (f
2
,
1
) = (x
2
, x) =
_
1
1
x
3
dx = 0, and (
1
,
1
) =
_
1
1
x
2
dx =
2
3
,
so
2
(x) = f
2
(x)
(f
2
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0
(x)
(f
2
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)

1
(x) = x
2
2/3
2
(1)
0
2
(x) = x
2
1
3
.
Finally,
(f
3
,
0
) = (x
3
, 1) =
_
1
1
x
3
dx = 0, (f
3
,
1
) = (x
3
, x) =
_
1
1
x
4
dx =
2
5
,
and
(f
3
,
2
) =
_
x
3
, x
2
1
3
_
=
_
1
1
_
x
5
1
3
x
3
_
dx = 0,
so
3
(x) = f
3
(x)
(f
3
,
0
)
(
0
,
0
)

0
(x)
(f
3
,
1
)
(
1
,
1
)

1
(x)
(f
3
,
2
)
(
2
,
2
)

2
(x) = x
3
0
2/5
2/3
(x) 0 = x
3
3
5
x.
(b) Recall from Section 5.3 that the rst four Legendre polynomials are P
0
(x) = 1, P
1
(x) = x, P
2
(x) =
3
2
x
2
1
2
,
and P
3
(x) =
5
2
x
3
3
2
x. We then see that
0
(x) = P
0
(x),
1
(x) = P
1
(x),
2
(x) = x
2
1
3
=
2
3
(
3
2
x
2
1
2
) =
2
3
P
2
(x), and
3
(x) = x
3
3
5
x =
2
5
(
5
2
x
3
3
2
x) =
2
5
P
3
(x).
24. (i): (f
1
, f
2
) =
_
b
a
f
1
(x)f
2
(x)dx =
_
b
a
f
2
(x)f
1
(x)dx = (f
2
, f
1
).
(ii): (kf
1
, f
2
) =
_
b
a
kf
1
(x)f
2
(x)dx = k
_
b
a
f
1
(x)f
2
(x)dx = k(f
1
, f
2
).
(iii): If f
1
(x) = 0 then (f
1
, f
1
) =
_
b
a
0 dx = 0; if f
1
(x) = 0 then (f
1
, f
1
) =
_
b
a
[f
1
(x)]
2
dx > 0 since [f
1
(x)]
2
> 0.
(iv): (f
1
+f
2
, f
3
) =
_
b
a
[f
1
(x) +f
2
(x)]f
3
(x)dx =
_
b
a
[f
1
(x)f
3
(x) +f
2
(x)f
3
(x)]dx
=
_
b
a
f
1
(x)f
3
(x)dx +
_
b
a
f
2
(x)f
3
(x)dx = (f
1
, f
3
) + (f
2
, f
3
).
639
25. In R
3
the set {i, j} is not complete since k is orthogonal to both i and j. The set {i, j, k} is complete. To see
this suppose that ai +bj +ck is orthogonal to i, j, and k. Then
0 = (ai +bj +ck, i) = a(i, i) +b(j, i) +c(k, i) = a(1) +b(0) +c(0) = a.
Similarly, b = 0 and c = 0. Thus, the only vector in R
3
orthogonal to i, j, and k is 0, so {i, j, k} is complete.
EXERCISES 12.2
Fourier Series
1. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
_

0
1 dx = 1
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos
n
xdx =
1
_

0
cos nxdx = 0
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin
n
xdx =
1
_

0
sin nxdx =
1
n
(1 cos n) =
1
n
[1 (1)
n
]
f(x) =
1
2
+
1
n=1
1 (1)
n
n
sin nx
2. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
_
0
(1) dx +
1
_

0
2 dx = 1
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
_
0
cos nxdx +
1
_

0
2 cos nxdx = 0
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin nxdx =

1
_
0
sin nxdx +
1
_

0
2 sin nxdx =
3
n
[1 (1)
n
]
f(x) =
1
2
+
3
n=1
1 (1)
n
n
sin nx
3. a
0
=
_
1
1
f(x) dx =
_
0
1
1 dx +
_
1
0
xdx =
3
2
a
n
=
_
1
1
f(x) cos nxdx =
_
0
1
cos nxdx +
_
1
0
xcos nxdx =
1
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1]
b
n
=
_
1
1
f(x) sin nxdx =
_
0
1
sin nxdx +
_
1
0
xsin nxdx =
1
n
f(x) =
3
4
+
n=1
_
(1)
n
1
n
2
2
cos nx
1
n
sin nx
_
4. a
0
=
_
1
1
f(x) dx =
_
1
0
xdx =
1
2
a
n
=
_
1
1
f(x) cos nxdx =
_
1
0
xcos nxdx =
1
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1]
b
n
=
_
1
1
f(x) sin nxdx =
_
1
0
xsin nxdx =
(1)
n+1
n
640
12.2 Fourier Series
f(x) =
1
4
+
n=1
_
(1)
n
1
n
2
2
cos nx +
(1)
n+1
n
sin nx
_
5. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
_

0
x
2
dx =
1
3
2
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
_

0
x
2
cos nxdx =
1
_
x
2
sin nx
2
n
_

0
xsin nxdx
_
=
2(1)
n
n
2
b
n
=
1
_

0
x
2
sin nxdx =
1
x
2
n
cos nx
0
+
2
n
_

0
xcos nxdx
_
=

n
(1)
n+1
+
2
n
3
[(1)
n
1]
f(x) =

2
6
+
n=1
_
2(1)
n
n
2
cos nx +
_
n
(1)
n+1
+
2[(1)
n
1]
n
3
_
sin nx
_
6. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
_
0
2
dx +
1
_

0
_
2
x
2
_
dx =
5
3
2
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
_
0
2
cos nxdx +
1
_

0
_
2
x
2
_
cos nxdx
=
1
2
x
2
n
sin nx
0
+
2
n
_

0
xsin nxdx
_
=
2
n
2
(1)
n+1
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin nxdx =

1
_
0
2
sin nxdx +
1
_

0
_
2
x
2
_
sin nxdx
=

n
[(1)
n
1] +
1
_
x
2
2
n
cos nx
2
n
_

0
xcos nxdx
_
=

n
(1)
n
+
2
n
3
[1 (1)
n
]
f(x) =
5
2
6
+
n=1
_
2
n
2
(1)
n+1
cos nx +
_
n
(1)
n
+
2[1 (1)
n
]
n
3
_
sin nx
_
7. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
(x +) dx = 2
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
(x +) cos nxdx = 0
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin nxdx =

2
n
(1)
n+1
f(x) = +
n=1
2
n
(1)
n+1
sin nx
8. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
(3 2x) dx = 6
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
(3 2x) cos nxdx = 0

b
n
=
1
(3 2x) sin nxdx =

4
n
(1)
n
f(x) = 3 + 4
n=1
(1)
n
n
sin nx
9. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
_

0
sin xdx =
2
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
_

0
sin x cos nxdx =
1
2
_

0
_
sin(1 +n)x + sin(1 n)x
_
dx
641
12.2 Fourier Series
=
1 + (1)
n
(1 n
2
)
for n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
a
1
=
1
2
_

0
sin 2xdx = 0
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin nxdx =

1
_

0
sin x sin nxdx
=
1
2
_

0
_
cos(1 n)x cos(1 +n)x
_
dx = 0 for n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
b
1
=
1
2
_

0
(1 cos 2x) dx =
1
2
f(x) =
1
+
1
2
sin x +
n=2
1 + (1)
n
(1 n
2
)
cos nx
10. a
0
=
2
_
/2
/2
f(x) dx =
2
_
/2
0
cos xdx =
2
a
n
=
2
_
/2
/2
f(x) cos 2nxdx =
2
_
/2
0
cos x cos 2nxdx =
1
_
/2
0
_
cos(2n 1)x + cos(2n + 1)x
_
dx
=
2(1)
n+1
(4n
2
1)
b
n
=
2
_
/2
/2
f(x) sin 2nxdx =
2
_
/2
0
cos x sin 2nxdx =
1
_
/2
0
_
sin(2n 1)x + sin(2n + 1)x
_
dx
=
4n
(4n
2
1)
f(x) =
1
n=1
_
2(1)
n+1
(4n
2
1)
cos 2nx +
4n
(4n
2
1)
sin 2nx
_
11. a
0
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) dx =
1
2
__
0
1
2 dx +
_
1
0
1 dx
_
=
1
2
a
n
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) cos
n
2
xdx =
1
2
__
0
1
(2) cos
n
2
xdx +
_
1
0
cos
n
2
xdx
_
=
1
n
sin
n
2
b
n
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) sin
n
2
xdx =
1
2
__
0
1
(2) sin
n
2
xdx +
_
1
0
sin
n
2
xdx
_
=
3
n
_
1 cos
n
2
_
f(x) =
1
4
+
n=1
_
1
n
sin
n
2
cos
n
2
x +
3
n
_
1 cos
n
2
_
sin
n
2
x
_
12. a
0
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) dx =
1
2
__
1
0
xdx +
_
2
1
1 dx
_
=
3
4
a
n
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) cos
n
2
xdx =
1
2
__
1
0
xcos
n
2
xdx +
_
2
1
cos
n
2
xdx
_
=
2
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
1
_
b
n
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) sin
n
2
xdx =
1
2
__
1
0
xsin
n
2
xdx +
_
2
1
sin
n
2
xdx
_
=
2
n
2
2
_
sin
n
2
+
n
2
(1)
n+1
_
f(x) =
3
8
+
n=1
_
2
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
1
_
cos
n
2
x +
2
n
2
2
_
sin
n
2
+
n
2
(1)
n+1
_
sin
n
2
x
_
642
12.2 Fourier Series
13. a
0
=
1
5
_
5
5
f(x) dx =
1
5
__
0
5
1 dx +
_
5
0
(1 +x) dx
_
=
9
2
a
n
=
1
5
_
5
5
f(x) cos
n
5
xdx =
1
5
__
0
5
cos
n
5
xdx +
_
5
0
(1 +x) cos
n
5
xdx
_
=
5
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1]
b
n
=
1
5
_
5
5
f(x) sin
n
5
xdx =
1
5
__
0
5
sin
n
5
xdx +
_
5
0
(1 +x) cos
n
5
xdx
_
=
5
n
(1)
n+1
f(x) =
9
4
+
n=1
_
5
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1] cos
n
5
x +
5
n
(1)
n+1
sin
n
5
x
_
14. a
0
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) dx =
1
2
__
0
2
(2 +x) dx +
_
2
0
2 dx
_
= 3
a
n
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) cos
n
2
xdx =
1
2
__
0
2
(2 +x) cos
n
2
xdx +
_
2
0
2 cos
n
2
xdx
_
=
2
n
2
2
[1 (1)
n
]
b
n
=
1
2
_
2
2
f(x) sin
n
2
xdx =
1
2
__
0
2
(2 +x) sin
n
2
xdx +
_
2
0
2 sin
n
2
xdx
_
=
2
n
(1)
n+1
f(x) =
3
2
+
n=1
_
2
n
2
2
[1 (1)
n
] cos
n
2
x +
2
n
(1)
n+1
sin
n
2
x
_
15. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
e
x
dx =
1
(e
)
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

(1)
n
(e
)
(1 +n
2
)
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin nxdx =

1
e
x
sin nxdx =
(1)
n
n(e
)
(1 +n
2
)
f(x) =
e
2
+
n=1
_
(1)
n
(e
)
(1 +n
2
)
cos nx +
(1)
n
n(e
)
(1 +n
2
)
sin nx
_
16. a
0
=
1
f(x) dx =
1
_

0
(e
x
1) dx =
1
(e
1)
a
n
=
1
f(x) cos nxdx =

1
_

0
(e
x
1) cos nxdx =
[e
(1)
n
1]
(1 +n
2
)
b
n
=
1
f(x) sin nxdx =

1
_

0
(e
x
1) sin nxdx =
1
_
ne
(1)
n+1
1 +n
2
+
n
1 +n
2
+
(1)
n
n

1
n
_
f(x) =
e
1
2
+
n=1
_
e
(1)
n
1
(1 +n
2
)
cos nx +
_
n
1 +n
2
_
e
(1)
n+1
+ 1
+
(1)
n
1
n
_
sin nx
_
17. The function in Problem 5 is discontinuous at x = , so the corresponding Fourier series converges to
2
/2 at
x = . That is,
2
2
=

2
6
+
n=1
_
2(1)
n
n
2
cos n +
_
n
(1)
n+1
+
2[(1)
n
1]
n
3
_
sin n
_
=

2
6
+
n=1
2(1)
n
n
2
(1)
n
=

2
6
+
n=1
2
n
2
=

2
6
+ 2
_
1 +
1
2
2
+
1
3
2
+
_
and
2
6
=
1
2
_
2
2

2
6
_
= 1 +
1
2
2
+
1
3
2
+ .
643
12.2 Fourier Series
At x = 0 the series converges to 0 and
0 =

2
6
+
n=1
2(1)
n
n
2
=

2
6
+ 2
_
1 +
1
2
2

1
3
2
+
1
4
2

_
so
2
12
= 1
1
2
2
+
1
3
2

1
4
2
+ .
18. From Problem 17
2
8
=
1
2
_
2
6
+

2
12
_
=
1
2
_
2 +
2
3
2
+
2
5
2
+
_
= 1 +
1
3
2
+
1
5
2
+ .
19. The function in Problem 7 is continuous at x = /2 so
3
2
= f
_
2
_
= +
n=1
2
n
(1)
n+1
sin
n
2
= + 2
_
1
1
3
+
1
5

1
7
+
_
and
4
= 1
1
3
+
1
5

1
7
+ .
20. The function in Problem 9 is continuous at x = /2 so
1 = f
_
2
_
=
1
+
1
2
+
n=2
1 + (1)
n
(1 n
2
)
cos
n
2
1 =
1
+
1
2
+
2
3

2
3 5
+
2
5 7

and
= 1 +

2
+
2
3

2
3 5
+
2
5 7

or
4
=
1
2
+
1
1 3

1
3 5
+
1
5 7
.
21. Writing
f(x) =
a
0
2
+a
1
cos

p
x + +a
n
cos
n
p
x + +b
1
sin

p
x + +b
n
sin
n
p
x +
we see that f
2
(x) consists exclusively of squared terms of the form
a
2
0
4
, a
2
n
cos
2
n
p
x, b
2
n
sin
2
n
p
x
and cross-product terms, with m = n, of the form
a
0
a
n
cos
n
p
x, a
0
b
n
sin
n
p
x, 2a
m
a
n
cos
m
p
xcos
n
p
x,
2a
m
b
n
cos
m
p
xsin
n
p
x, 2b
m
b
n
sin
m
p
xsin
n
p
x.
The integral of each cross-product term taken over the interval (p, p) is zero by orthogonality. For the squared
terms we have
a
2
0
4
_
p
p
dx =
a
2
0
p
2
, a
2
n
_
p
p
cos
2
n
p
xdx = a
2
n
p, b
2
n
_
p
p
sin
2
n
p
xdx = b
2
n
p.
Thus
RMS(f) =
_
1
4
a
2
0
+
1
2
n=1
(a
2
n
+b
2
n
) .
644
12.3 Fourier Cosine and Sine Series
EXERCISES 12.3
Fourier Cosine and Sine Series
1. Since f(x) = sin(3x) = sin 3x = f(x), f(x) is an odd function.
2. Since f(x) = x cos(x) = x cos x = f(x), f(x) is an odd function.
3. Since f(x) = (x)
2
x = x
2
x, f(x) is neither even nor odd.
4. Since f(x) = (x)
3
+ 4x = (x
3
4x) = f(x), f(x) is an odd function.
5. Since f(x) = e
|x|
= e
|x|
= f(x), f(x) is an even function.
6. Since f(x) = e
x
e
x
= f(x), f(x) is an odd function.
7. For 0 < x < 1, f(x) = (x)
2
= x
2
= f(x), f(x) is an odd function.
8. For 0 x < 2, f(x) = x + 5 = f(x), f(x) is an even function.
9. Since f(x) is not dened for x < 0, it is neither even nor odd.
10. Since f(x) =
(x)
5
x
5
= f(x), f(x) is an even function.

11. Since f(x) is an odd function, we expand in a sine series:
b
n
=
2
_

0
1 sin nxdx =
2
n
[1 (1)
n
] .
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
2
n
[1 (1)
n
] sin nx.
12. Since f(x) is an even function, we expand in a cosine series:
a
0
=
_
2
1
1 dx = 1
a
n
=
_
2
1
cos
n
2
xdx =
2
n
sin
n
2
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
2
+
n=1
2
n
sin
n
2
cos
n
2
x.
a
0
=
2
_

0
xdx =
a
n
=
2
_

0
xcos nxdx =
2
n
2
[(1)
n
1].
Thus
f(x) =

2
+
n=1
2
n
2
[(1)
n
1] cos nx.
645
b
n
=
2
_

0
xsin nxdx =
2
n
(1)
n+1
.
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
2
n
(1)
n+1
sin nx.
a
0
= 2
_
1
0
x
2
dx =
2
3
a
n
= 2
_
1
0
x
2
cos nxdx = 2
_
x
2
n
sin nx
1
0
2
n
_
1
0
xsin nxdx
_
=
4
n
2
2
(1)
n
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
3
+
n=1
4
n
2
2
(1)
n
cos nx.
b
n
= 2
_
1
0
x
2
sin nxdx = 2
_
x
2
n
cos nx
1
0
+
2
n
_
1
0
xcos nxdx
_
=
2(1)
n+1
n
+
4
n
3
3
[(1)
n
1].
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
_
2(1)
n+1
n
+
4
n
3
3
[(1)
n
1]
_
sin nx.
a
0
=
2
_

0
(
2
x
2
) dx =
4
3
2
a
n
=
2
_

0
(
2
x
2
) cos nxdx =
2
2
x
2
n
sin nx
0
+
2
n
_

0
xsin nxdx
_
=
4
n
2
(1)
n+1
.
Thus
f(x) =
2
3
2
+
n=1
4
n
2
(1)
n+1
cos nxdx.
b
n
=
2
_

0
x
3
sin nxdx =
2
x
3
n
cos nx
0
+
3
n
_

0
x
2
cos nxdx
_
=
2
2
n
(1)
n+1
12
n
2
_

0
xsin nxdx
=
2
2
n
(1)
n+1
12
n
2
x
n
cos nx
0
+
1
n
_

0
cos nxdx
_
=
2
2
n
(1)
n+1
+
12
n
3
(1)
n
.
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
_
2
2
n
(1)
n+1
+
12
n
3
(1)
n
_
sin nx.
b
n
=
2
_

0
(x + 1) sin nxdx =
2( + 1)
n
(1)
n+1
+
2
n
.
646
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
_
2( + 1)
n
(1)
n+1
+
2
n
_
sin nx.
b
n
= 2
_
1
0
(x 1) sin nxdx = 2
__
1
0
xsin nxdx
_
1
0
sin nxdx
_
= 2
_
1
n
2
2
sin nx
x
n
cos nx +
1
n
cos nx
_
1
0
=
2
n
.
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
2
n
sin nx.
a
0
=
_
1
0
xdx +
_
2
1
1 dx =
3
2
a
n
=
_
1
0
xcos
n
2
xdx +
_
2
1
cos
n
2
xdx =
4
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
1
_
.
Thus
f(x) =
3
4
+
n=1
4
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
1
_
cos
n
2
x.
b
n
=
1
_

0
xsin
n
2
xdx +
_
2
sin
n
2
xdx =
4
n
2
sin
n
2
+
2
n
(1)
n+1
.
Thus
f(x) =
n=1
_
4
n
2
sin
n
2
+
2
n
(1)
n+1
_
sin
n
2
x.
a
0
=
2
_

0
sin xdx =
4
a
n
=
2
_

0
sin x cos nxdx =
1
_

0
_
sin(1 +n)x + sin(1 n)x
_
dx
=
2
(1 n
2
)
(1 + (1)
n
) for n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
a
1
=
1
_

0
sin 2xdx = 0.
Thus
f(x) =
2
n=2
2[1 + (1)
n
]
(1 n
2
)
cos nx.
647
24. Since f(x) is an even function, we expand in a cosine series. [See the solution of Problem 10 in Exercises 12.2
for the computation of the integrals.]
a
0
=
2
/2
_
/2
0
cos xdx =
4
a
n
=
2
/2
_
/2
0
cos xcos
n
/2
xdx =
4(1)
n+1
(4n
2
1)
Thus
f(x) =
2
n=1
4(1)
n+1
(4n
2
1)
cos 2nx.
25. a
0
= 2
_
1/2
0
1 dx = 1
a
n
= 2
_
1/2
0
1 cos nxdx =
2
n
sin
n
2
b
n
= 2
_
1/2
0
1 sin nxdx =
2
n
_
1 cos
n
2
_
f(x) =
1
2
+
n=1
2
n
sin
n
2
cos nx
f(x) =
n=1
2
n
_
1 cos
n
2
_
sin nx
26. a
0
= 2
_
1
1/2
1 dx = 1
a
n
= 2
_
1
1/2
1 cos nxdx =
2
n
sin
n
2
b
n
= 2
_
1
1/2
1 sin nxdx =
2
n
_
cos
n
2
+ (1)
n+1
_
f(x) =
1
2
+
n=1
_
2
n
sin
n
2
_
cos nx
f(x) =
n=1
2
n
_
cos
n
2
+ (1)
n+1
_
sin nx
27. a
0
=
4
_
/2
0
cos xdx =
4
a
n
=
4
_
/2
0
cos x cos 2nxdx =
2
_
/2
0
[cos(2n + 1)x + cos(2n 1)x] dx =
4(1)
n
(1 4n
2
)
b
n
=
4
_
/2
0
cos x sin 2nxdx =
2
_
/2
0
[sin(2n + 1)x + sin(2n 1)x] dx =
8n
(4n
2
1)
f(x) =
2
n=1
4(1)
n
(1 4n
2
)
cos 2nx
f(x) =
n=1
8n
(4n
2
1)
sin 2nx
648
28. a
0
=
2
_

0
sin xdx =
4
a
n
=
2
_

0
sin x cos nxdx =
1
_

0
[sin(n + 1)x sin(n 1)x] dx =
2[(1)
n
+ 1]
(1 n
2
)
for n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
b
n
=
2
_

0
sin x sin nxdx =
1
_

0
[cos(n 1)x cos(n + 1)x] dx = 0 for n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
a
1
=
1
_

0
sin 2xdx = 0
b
1
=
2
_

0
sin
2
xdx = 1
f(x) = sin x
f(x) =
2
+
2
n=2
(1)
n
+ 1
1 n
2
cos nx
29. a
0
=
2
_
_
/2
0
xdx +
_

/2
( x) dx
_
=

2
a
n
=
2
_
_
/2
0
xcos nxdx +
_

/2
( x) cos nxdx
_
=
2
n
2
_
2 cos
n
2
+ (1)
n+1
1
_
b
n
=
2
_
_
/2
0
xsin nxdx +
_

/2
( x) sin nxdx
_
=
4
n
2
sin
n
2
f(x) =

4
+
n=1
2
n
2
_
2 cos
n
2
+ (1)
n+1
1
_
cos nx
f(x) =
n=1
4
n
2
sin
n
2
sin nx
30. a
0
=
1
_
2
(x ) dx =

2
a
n
=
1
_
2
(x ) cos
n
2
xdx =
4
n
2
_
(1)
n
cos
n
2
_
b
n
=
1
_
2
(x ) sin
n
2
xdx =
2
n
(1)
n+1
4
n
2
sin
n
2
f(x) =

4
+
n=1
4
n
2
_
(1)
n
cos
n
2
_
cos
n
2
x
f(x) =
n=1
_
2
n
(1)
n+1
4
n
2
sin
n
2
_
sin
n
2
x
31. a
0
=
_
1
0
xdx +
_
2
1
1 dx =
3
2
a
n
=
_
1
0
xcos
n
2
xdx =
4
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
1
_
b
n
=
_
1
0
xsin
n
2
xdx +
_
2
1
1 sin
n
2
xdx =
4
n
2
2
sin
n
2
+
2
n
(1)
n+1
f(x) =
3
4
+
n=1
4
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
1
_
cos
n
2
x
649
f(x) =
n=1
_
4
n
2
2
sin
n
2
+
2
n
(1)
n+1
_
sin
n
2
x
32. a
0
=
_
1
0
1 dx +
_
2
1
(2 x) dx =
3
2
a
n
=
_
1
0
1 cos
n
2
xdx +
_
2
1
(2 x) cos
n
2
xdx =
4
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
+ (1)
n+1
_
b
n
=
_
1
0
1 sin
n
2
xdx +
_
2
1
(2 x) sin
n
2
xdx =
2
n
+
4
n
2
2
sin
n
2
f(x) =
3
4
+
n=1
4
n
2
2
_
cos
n
2
+ (1)
n+1
_
cos
n
2
x
f(x) =
n=1
_
2
n
+
4
n
2
2
sin
n
2
_
sin
n
2
x
33. a
0
= 2
_
1
0
(x
2
+x) dx =
5
3
a
n
= 2
_
1
0
(x
2
+x) cos nxdx =
2(x
2
+x)
n
sin nx
1
0
2
n
_
1
0
(2x + 1) sin nxdx =
2
n
2
2
[3(1)
n
1]
b
n
= 2
_
1
0
(x
2
+x) sin nxdx =
2(x
2
+x)
n
cos nx
1
0
+
2
n
_
1
0
(2x + 1) cos nxdx
=
4
n
(1)
n+1
+
4
n
3
3
[(1)
n
1]
f(x) =
5
6
+
n=1
2
n
2
2
[3(1)
n
1] cos nx
f(x) =
n=1
_
4
n
(1)
n+1
+
4
n
3
3
[(1)
n
1]
_
sin nx
34. a
0
=
_
2
0
(2x x
2
) dx =
4
3
a
n
=
_
2
0
(2x x
2
) cos
n
2
xdx =
8
n
2
2
[(1)
n+1
1]
b
n
=
_
2
0
(2x x
2
) sin
n
2
xdx =
16
n
3
3
[1 (1)
n
]
f(x) =
2
3
+
n=1
8
n
2
2
[(1)
n+1
1] cos
n
2
x
f(x) =
n=1
16
n
3
3
[1 (1)
n
] sin
n
2
x
35. a
0
=
1
_
2
0
x
2
dx =
8
3
2
a
n
=
1
_
2
0
x
2
cos nxdx =
4
n
2
b
n
=
1
_
2
0
x
2
sin nxdx =
4
n
650
f(x) =
4
3
2
+
n=1
_
4
n
2
cos nx
4
n
sin nx
_
36. a
0
=
2
_

0
xdx =
a
n
=
2
_

0
xcos 2nxdx = 0
b
n
=
2
_

0
xsin 2nxdx =
1
n
f(x) =

2

n=1
1
n
sin 2nx
37. a
0
= 2
_
1
0
(x + 1) dx = 3
a
n
= 2
_
1
0
(x + 1) cos 2nxdx = 0
b
n
= 2
_
1
0
(x + 1) sin 2nxdx =
1
n
f(x) =
3
2

n=1
1
n
sin 2nx
38. a
0
=
2
2
_
2
0
(2 x) dx = 2
a
n
=
2
2
_
2
0
(2 x) cos nxdx = 0
b
n
=
2
2
_
2
0
(2 x) sin nxdx =
2
n
f(x) = 1 +
n=1
2
n
sin nx
39. We have
b
n
=
2
_

0
5 sin nt dt =
10
n
[1 (1)
n
]
so that
f(t) =
n=1
10[1 (1)
n
]
n
sin nt.
Substituting the assumption x
p
(t) =
n=1
B
n
sin nt into the dierential equation then gives
x
p
+ 10x
p
=
n=1
B
n
(10 n
2
) sin nt =
n=1
10[1 (1)
n
]
n
sin nt
and so B
n
= 10[1 (1)
n
]/n(10 n
2
). Thus
x
p
(t) =
10
n=1
1 (1)
n
n(10 n
2
)
sin nt.
40. We have
b
n
=
2
_
1
0
(1 t) sin nt dt =
2
n
651
so that
f(t) =
n=1
2
n
sin nt.
Substituting the assumption x
p
(t) =
n=1
B
n
sin nt into the dierential equation then gives
x
p
+ 10x
p
=
n=1
B
n
(10 n
2
2
) sin nt =
n=1
2
n
sin nt
and so B
n
= 2/n(10 n
2
2
). Thus
x
p
(t) =
2
n=1
1
n(10 n
2
2
)
sin nt.
41. We have
a
0
=
2
_

0
(2t t
2
) dt =
4
3
2
a
n
=
2
_

0
(2t t
2
) cos nt dt =
4
n
2
so that
f(t) =
2
2
3

n=1
4
n
2
cos nt.
Substituting the assumption
x
p
(t) =
A
0
2
+
n=1
A
n
cos nt
into the dierential equation then gives
1
4
x
p
+ 12x
p
= 6A
0
+
n=1
A
n
_
1
4
n
2
+ 12
_
cos nt =
2
2
3

n=1
4
n
2
cos nt
and A
0
=
2
/9, A
n
= 16/n
2
(n
2
48). Thus
x
p
(t) =

2
18
+ 16
n=1
1
n
2
(n
2
48)
cos nt.
42. We have
a
0
=
2
1/2
_
1/2
0
t dt =
1
2
a
n
=
2
1/2
_
1/2
0
t cos 2nt dt =
1
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1]
so that
f(t) =
1
4
+
n=1
(1)
n
1
n
2
2
cos 2nt.
Substituting the assumption
x
p
(t) =
A
0
2
+
n=1
A
n
cos 2nt
into the dierential equation then gives
1
4
x
p
+ 12x
p
= 6A
0
+
n=1
A
n
(12 n
2
2
) cos 2nt =
1
4
+
n=1
(1)
n
1
n
2
2
cos 2nt
652
20 40 60 80
t
-4
-2
2
4
x
and A
0
= 1/24, A
n
= [(1)
n
1]/n
2
2
(12 n
2
2
). Thus
x
p
(t) =
1
48
+
1
n=1
(1)
n
1
n
2
(12 n
2
2
)
cos 2nt.
43. (a) The general solution is x(t) = c
1
cos
10t +c
2
sin
10t +x
p
(t), where
x
p
(t) =
10
n=1
1 (1)
n
n(10 n
2
)
sin nt.
The initial condition x(0) = 0 implies c
1
+ x
p
(0) = 0. Since x
p
(0) = 0, we have c
1
= 0 and x(t) =
c
2
sin
10t +x
p
(t). Then x
(t) = c
2
10 cos
10t +x
p
(t) and x
(0) = 0 implies
c
2
10 +
10
n=1
1 (1)
n
10 n
2
cos 0 = 0.
Thus
c
2
=
10
n=1
1 (1)
n
10 n
2
and
x(t) =
10
n=1
1 (1)
n
10 n
2
_
1
n
sin nt
1
10
sin
10t
_
.
(b) The graph is plotted using eight nonzero terms in the series expansion of x(t).
44. (a) The general solution is x(t) = c
1
cos 4
3t +c
2
sin 4
3t +x
p
(t), where
x
p
(t) =

2
18
+ 16
n=1
1
n
2
(n
2
48)
cos nt.
The initial condition x(0) = 0 implies c
1
+x
p
(0) = 1 or
c
1
= 1 x
p
(0) = 1

2
18
16
n=1
1
n
2
(n
2
48)
.
Now x
(t) = 4
3c
1
sin 4
3t + 4
3c
2
cos 4
3t + x
p
(t), so x
(0) = 0 implies 4
3c
2
+ x
p
(0) = 0. Since
x
p
(0) = 0, we have c
2
= 0 and
x(t) =
_
1

2
18
16
n=1
1
n
2
(n
2
48)
_
cos 4
3t +

2
18
+ 16
n=1
1
n
2
(n
2
48)
cos nt
=

2
18
+
_
1

2
18
_
cos 4
3t + 16
n=1
1
n
2
(n
2
48)
_
cos nt cos 4
3t
.
653
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
t
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
1.5
x
(b) The graph is plotted using ve nonzero terms in the series expansion of x(t).
45. (a) We have
b
n
=
2
L
_
L
0
w
0
x
L
sin
n
L
xdx =
2w
0
n
(1)
n+1
so that
w(x) =
n=1
2w
0
n
(1)
n+1
sin
n
L
x.
(b) If we assume y
p
(x) =
n=1
B
n
sin(nx/L) then
y
(4)
p
=
n=1
n
4
4
L
4
B
n
sin
n
L
x
and so the dierential equation EIy
(4)
p
= w(x) gives
B
n
=
2w
0
(1)
n+1
L
4
EIn
5
5
.
Thus
y
p
(x) =
2w
0
L
4
EI
5
n=1
(1)
n+1
n
5
sin
n
L
x.
46. We have
b
n
=
2
L
_
2L/3
L/3
w
0
sin
n
L
xdx =
2w
0
n
_
cos
n
3
cos
2n
3
_
so that
w(x) =
n=1
2w
0
n
_
cos
n
3
cos
2n
3
_
sin
n
L
x.
If we assume y
p
(x) =
n=1
B
n
sin(nx/L) then
y
(4)
p
(x) =
n=1
n
4
4
L
4
B
n
sin
n
L
x
and so the dierential equation EIy
(4)
p
(x) = w(x) gives
B
n
= 2w
0
L
4
cos
n
3
cos
2n
3
EIn
5
5
.
Thus
y
p
(x) =
2w
0
L
4
EI
5
n=1
cos
n
3
cos
2n
3
n
5
sin
n
L
x.
654
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
x
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
S
20
2 4 6 8 10
x
0.5
1
S
20
47. The graph is obtained by summing the series from n = 1 to 20. It appears that
f(x) =
_
x, 0 < x <
, < x < 2.
48. The graph is obtained by summing the series from n = 1 to 10. It appears that
f(x) =
_
1 x, 0 < x < 1
0, 1 < x < 2.
49. The function in Problem 47 is not unique; it could also be dened as
f(x) =
_
_
_
x, 0 < x <
1, x =
, < x < 2.
The function in Problem 48 is not unique; it could also be dened as
f(x) =
_
_
0, 2 < x < 1
x + 1, 1 < x < 0
x + 1, 0 < x < 1
0, 1 < x < 2.
50. The cosine series converges to an even extension of the function on the interval (, 0). Since the even extension
of f(x) is f(x), in this case f(x) = e
x
on (, 0).
51. No, it is not a full Fourier series. A full Fourier series of f(x) = e
x
, 0 < x < , would converge to the -periodic
extension of f. The cosine and sine series converge to a 2-periodic extension (even and odd, respectively). The
average of the two series converges to a 2-periodic extension of
f(x) =
_
e
x
, 0 < x <
0, < x < 0.
52. (a) If f and g are even and h(x) = f(x)g(x) then
h(x) = f(x)g(x) = f(x)g(x) = h(x)
and h is even.
655
(c) If f is even and g is odd and h(x) = f(x)g(x) then
h(x) = f(x)g(x) = f(x)[g(x)] = h(x)
and h is odd.
(d) Let h(x) = f(x) g(x) where f and g are even. Then
h(x) = f(x) g(x) = f(x) g(x) = h(x),
and so h is an even function.
(f ) If f is even then
_
a
a
f(x) dx =
_
0
a
f(u) du +
_
a
0
f(x) dx =
_
a
0
f(u) du +
_
a
0
f(x) dx = 2
_
a
0
f(x) dx.
(g) If f is odd then
_
a
a
f(x) dx =
_
0
a
f(x) dx +
_
a
0
f(x) dx =
_
0
a
f(u) du +
_
a
0
f(x) dx
=
_
a
0
f(u) du +
_
a
0
f(x) dx = 0.
EXERCISES 12.4
Complex Fourier Series
In this section we make use of the following identities due to Eulers formula:
e
in
= e
in
= (1)
n
, e
2in
= 1, e
in/2
= (i)
n
.
1. Identifying p = 2 we have
c
n
=
1
4
_
2
2
f(x)e
inx/2
dx =
1
4
__
0
2
(1)e
inx/2
dx +
_
2
0
e
inx/2
dx
_
=
i
2n
_
1 +e
in
+e
in
1
=
i
2n
[1 + (1)
n
+ (1)
n
1] =
1 (1)
n
ni
and
c
0
=
1
4
_
2
2
f(x)dx = 0.
Thus
f(x) =
n=
n=0
1 (1)
n
in
e
inx/2
.
656
12.4 Complex Fourier Series
2. Identifying 2p = 2 or p = 1 we have
c
n
=
1
2
_
2
0
f(x)e
inx
dx =
1
2
_
2
1
e
inx
dx =
1
2in
e
inx
2
1
=
1
2in
_
e
2in
e
in
_
=
1
2in
[1 (1)
n
] =
i
2n
[1 (1)
n
]
and
c
0
=
1
2
_
2
0
f(x) dx =
1
2
_
2
1
dx =
1
2
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
2
+
i
2
n=
n=0
1 (1)
n
n
e
inx
.
3. Identifying p = 1/2 we have
c
n
=
_
1/2
1/2
f(x)e
2inx
dx =
_
1/4
0
e
2inx
dx =
1
2in
e
2inx
1/4
0
=
1
2in
_
e
in/2
1
=
1
2in
[(i)
n
1] =
i
2n
[(i)
n
1]
and
c
0
=
_
1/4
0
dx =
1
4
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
4
+
i
2
n=
n=0
(i)
n
1
n
e
2inx
.
4. Identifying p = we have
c
n
=
1
2
_

f(x)e
inx/
dx =
1
2
_

0
xe
inx/
dx
=
1
2
_

n
2
+
ix
n
_
e
inx/
0
=
(1 +in)
2n
2
e
in

2n
2
and
c
0
=
1
2
_

0
xdx =

4
.
Thus
f(x) =

4
+

2
n=
n=0
1
n
2
_
(1 +in)e
in
1
_
e
inx
.
5. Identifying 2p = 2 or p = we have
c
n
=
1
2
_
2
0
f(x)e
inx
dx =
1
2
_
2
0
xe
inx
dx
=
1
2
_
1
n
2
+
ix
n
_
e
inx
2
0
=
1 + 2in
2n
2

1
2n
2
=
i
n
657
2

3
2
3
2
5
2
frequency
0.2
0.4
0.6
c
n
n -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c
n
0.1273 0.0000 0.2122 0.0000 0.6366 0.0000 0.6366 0.0000 0.2122 0.0000 0.1273
10 6 2 2 6 10
frequency
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
c
n
n -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c
n
0.0450 0.0000 0.0750 0.1592 0.2251 0.2500 0.2251 0.1592 0.0750 0.0000 0.0450
and
c
0
=
1
2
_
2
0
xdx = .
Thus
f(x) = +
n=
n=0
i
n
e
inx
.
6. Identifying p = 1 we have
c
n
=
1
2
_
1
1
f(x)e
inx
dx =
1
2
__
0
1
e
x
e
inx
dx +
_
1
0
e
x
e
inx
dx
_
=
1
2
_
1
1 in
e
(1in)x
0
1
1
1 +in
e
(1+in)x
1
0
_
=
e (1)
n
e(1 in)
+
1 e
1
(1)
n
1 +in
=
2[e (1)
n
]
e(1 +n
2
2
)
.
Thus
f(x) =
n=
2[e (1)
n
]
e(1 +n
2
2
)
e
inx
.
7. The fundamental period is T = 4, so = 2/4 = /2
and the values of n are 0, /2, , 3/2, . . . . From
Problem 1, c
0
= 0 and |c
n
| = (1 (1)
n
)/n. The table
shows some values of n with corresponding values of |c
n
|.
The graph is a portion of the frequency spectrum.
8. The fundamental period is T = 1, so = 2 and the
values of n are 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . . From Problem 3,
c
0
=
1
4
and |c
n
| = |(i)
n
1|/2n, or c
1
= c
1
=

2/2,
c
2
= c
2
= 1/2, c
3
= c
3
=

2/6, c
4
= c
4
= 0,
c
5
= c
5
=

2/10, c
6
= c
6
= 1/6, c
7
= c
7
=

2/14,
c
8
= c
8
= 0, . . . . The table shows some values of n with
corresponding values of |c
n
|. The graph is a portion of the
frequency spectrum.
658
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
frequency
0.2
0.4
0.6
c
n
2 2
x
1
2
3
4
f
n -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c
n
0.0198 0.0759 0.2380 0.4265 0.5784 0.6366 0.5784 0.4265 0.2380 0.0759 0.0198
-10 -5 5 10
frequency
0.1
0.2
0.3
c
n
2 2
x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
f
n -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
c
n
0.1447 0.1954 0.2437 0.2833 0.3093 0.3183 0.3093 0.2833 0.2437 0.1954 0.1447
9. Identifying 2p = or p = /2, and using sin x =
(e
ix
e
ix
)/2i, we have
c
n
=
1
_

0
f(x)e
2inx/
dx =
1
_

0
(sin x)e
2inx/
dx
=
1
_

0
1
2i
(e
ix
e
ix
)e
2inx/
dx
=
1
2i
_

0
_
e
(12n/)ix
e
(1+2n/)ix
_
dx
=
1
2i
_
1
i(1 2n/)
e
(12n/)ix
+
1
i(1 + 2n/)
e
(1+2n/)ix
_
0
=
(1 +e
2in
)
2
4n
2
.
The fundamental period is T = , so = 2/ = 2 and the
values of n are 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . . Values of |c
n
| for n = 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are shown in the table. The bottom
graph is a portion of the frequency spectrum.
10. Identifying 2p = or p = /2, and using cos x =
(e
ix
e
ix
)/2, we have
c
n
=
1
_

0
f(x)e
2inx/
dx
=
1
_
/2
0
(cos x)e
2inx/
dx
=
1
_
/2
0
1
2
(e
ix
e
ix
)e
2inx/
dx
=
1
2
_
/2
0
_
e
(12n/)ix
e
(1+2n/)ix
_
dx
=
1
2
_
1
i(1 2n/)
e
(12n/)ix
+
1
i(1 + 2n/)
e
(1+2n/)ix
_
/2
0
=
2ne
in
+i
2
4n
2
.
The fundamental period is T = , so = 2/ = 2 and the values of n are 0, 2, 4, 6, . . . . Values of
|c
n
| for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are shown in the table. The bottom graph is a portion of the frequency
spectrum.
659
11. (a) Adding c
n
=
1
2
(a
n
ib
n
) and c
n
=
1
2
(a
n
+ib
n
) we get c
n
+c
n
= a
n
. Subtracting, we get c
n
c
n
= ib
n
.
Multiplying both sides by i we obtain i(c
n
c
n
) = b
n
.
(b) From
a
n
= c
n
+c
n
= (1)
n
sinh
_
1 in
n
2
+ 1
+
1 +in
n
2
+ 1
_
=
2(1)
n
sinh
(n
2
+ 1)
, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
and
b
n
= i(c
n
c
n
) = i(1)
n
sinh
_
1 in
n
2
+ 1

1 +in
n
2
+ 1
_
= i(1)
n
sinh
2in
n
2
+ 1
_
=
2(1)
n
nsinh
(n
2
+ 1)
,
the Fourier series of f is
f(x) =
sinh
+
2 sinh
n=1
_
(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
cos nx +
n(1)
n
n
2
+ 1
sin nx
_
.
12. From Problem 11 and the fact that f is odd, c
n
+c
n
= a
n
= 0, so c
n
= c
n
. Then b
n
= i(c
n
c
n
) = 2ic
n
.
From Problem 1, b
n
= 2i[1 (1)
n
]/ni = 2[1 (1)
n
]/n, and the Fourier sine series of f is
f(x) =
i=1
2[1 (1)
n
n
sin
nx
2
.
EXERCISES 12.5
Sturm-Liouville Problem
1. For 0 the only solution of the boundary-value problem is y = 0. For =
2
> 0 we have
y = c
1
cos x +c
2
sin x.
Now
y
(x) = c
1
sin x +c
2
cos x
and y
(0) = 0 implies c
2
= 0, so
y(1) +y
(1) = c
1
(cos sin ) = 0 or cot = .
The eigenvalues are
n
=
2
n
where
1
,
2
,
3
, . . . are the consecutive positive solutions of cot = . The
corresponding eigenfunctions are cos
n
x for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Using a CAS we nd that the rst four eigen-
values are approximately 0.7402, 11.7349, 41.4388, and 90.8082 with corresponding approximate eigenfunctions
cos 0.8603x, cos 3.4256x, cos 6.4373x, and cos 9.5293x.
2. For < 0 the only solution of the boundary-value problem is y = 0. For = 0 we have y = c
1
x + c
2
. Now
y
= c
1
and the boundary conditions both imply c
1
+ c
2
= 0. Thus, = 0 is an eigenvalue with corresponding
eigenfunction y
0
= x 1.
For =
2
> 0 we have
y = c
1
cos x +c
2
sin x
660
12.5 Sturm-Liouville Problem
and
y
(x) = c
1
sin x +c
2
cos x.
The boundary conditions imply
c
1
+c
2
= 0
c
1
cos +c
2
sin = 0
which gives
c
2
cos +c
2
sin = 0 or tan = .
The eigenvalues are
n
=
2
n
where
1
,
2
,
3
, . . . are the consecutive positive solutions of tan = . The
corresponding eigenfunctions are cos x sin x (obtained by taking c
2
= 1 in the rst equation of the
system.) Using a CAS we nd that the rst four positive eigenvalues are 20.1907, 59.6795, 118.9000, and
197.858 with corresponding eigenfunctions 4.4934 cos 4.4934x sin 4.4934x, 7.7253 cos 7.7253x sin 7.7253x,
10.9041 cos 10.9041x sin 10.9041x, and 14.0662 cos 14.0662x sin 14.0662x.
3. For = 0 the solution of y
= 0 is y = c
1
x + c
2
. The condition y
(0) = 0 implies c
1
= 0, so = 0 is an
eigenvalue with corresponding eigenfunction 1.
For =
2
< 0 we have y = c
1
cosh x + c
2
sinh x and y
= c
1
sinh x + c
2
cosh x. The condition
y
(0) = 0 implies c
2
= 0 and so y = c
1
cosh x. Now the condition y
(L) = 0 implies c
1
= 0. Thus y = 0 and
there are no negative eigenvalues.
For =
2
> 0 we have y = c
1
cos x + c
2
sin x and y
= c
1
sin x + c
2
cos x. The condition y
(0) = 0
implies c
2
= 0 and so y = c
1
cos x. Now the condition y
(L) = 0 implies c
1
sin L = 0. For c
1
= 0 this
condition will hold when L = n or =
2
= n
2
2
/L
2
, where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . These are the positive
eigenvalues with corresponding eigenfunctions cos(nx/L), n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
4. For =
2
< 0 we have
y = c
1
cosh x +c
2
sinh x
y
= c
1
sinh x +c
2
cosh x.
Using the fact that cosh x is an even function and sinhx is odd we have
y(L) = c
1
cosh(L) +c
2
sinh(L)
= c
1
cosh L c
2
sinh L
and
y
(L) = c
1
sinh(L) +c
2
cosh(L)
= c
1
sinh L +c
2
cosh L.
The boundary conditions imply
c
1
cosh L c
2
sinh L = c
1
cosh L +c
2
sinh L
or
2c
2
sinh L = 0
and
c
1
sinh L +c
2
cosh L = c
1
sinh L +c
2
cosh L
or
2c
1
sinh L = 0.
661
Since L = 0, c
1
= c
2
= 0 and the only solution of the boundary-value problem in this case is y = 0.
For = 0 we have
y = c
1
x +c
2
y
= c
1
.
From y(L) = y(L) we obtain
c
1
L +c
2
= c
1
L +c
2
.
Then c
1
= 0 and y = 1 is an eigenfunction corresponding to the eigenvalue = 0.
For =
2
> 0 we have
y = c
1
cos x +c
2
sin x
y
= c
1
sin x +c
2
cos x.
The rst boundary condition implies
c
1
cos L c
2
sin L = c
1
cos L +c
2
sin L
or
2c
2
sin L = 0.
Thus, if c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 0,
L = n or =
2
=
n
2
2
L
2
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
The corresponding eigenfunctions are sin(nx/L), for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Similarly, the second boundary condition
implies
2c
1
sin L = 0.
If c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 0,
L = n or =
2
=
n
2
2
L
2
, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
and the corresponding eigenfunctions are cos(nx/L), for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
5. The eigenfunctions are cos
n
x where cot
n
=
n
. Thus
cos
n
x
2
=
_
1
0
cos
2
n
xdx =
1
2
_
1
0
(1 + cos 2
n
x) dx
=
1
2
_
x +
1
2
n
sin 2
n
x
_
1
0
=
1
2
_
1 +
1
2
n
sin 2
n
_
=
1
2
_
1 +
1
2
n
(2 sin
n
cos
n
)
_
=
1
2
_
1 +
1
n
sin
n
cot
n
sin
n
_
=
1
2
_
1 +
1
n
(sin
n
)
n
(sin
n
)
_
=
1
2
_
1 + sin
2
n
_
.
662
6. The eigenfunctions are sin
n
x where tan
n
=
n
. Thus
sin
n
x
2
=
_
1
0
sin
2
n
xdx =
1
2
_
1
0
(1 cos 2
n
x) dx
=
1
2
_
x
1
2
n
sin 2
n
x
_
1
0
=
1
2
_
1
1
2
n
sin 2
n
_
=
1
2
_
1
1
2
n
(2 sin
n
cos
n
)
_
=
1
2
_
1
1
n
tan
n
cos
n
cos
n
_
=
1
2
_
1
1
n
_
n
cos
2
n
_
_
=
1
2
_
1 + cos
2
n
_
.
7. (a) If 0 the initial conditions imply y = 0. For =
2
> 0 the general solution of the Cauchy-Euler
dierential equation is y = c
1
cos(ln x) + c
2
sin(ln x). The condition y(1) = 0 implies c
1
= 0, so that
y = c
2
sin(ln x). The condition y(5) = 0 implies ln 5 = n, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Thus, the eigenvalues are
n
2
2
/(ln 5)
2
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , with corresponding eigenfunctions sin[(n/ ln 5) ln x].
(b) The self-adjoint form is
d
dx
[xy
] +

x
y = 0.
(c) An orthogonality relation is
_
5
1
1
x
sin
_
m
ln 5
ln x
_
sin
_
n
ln 5
ln x
_
dx = 0, m = n.
8. (a) The roots of the auxiliary equation m
2
+m+ = 0 are
1
2
(1
1 4). When = 0 the general solution of

the dierential equation is c
1
+c
2
e
x
. The boundary conditions imply c
1
+c
2
= 0 and c
1
+c
2
e
2
= 0. Since
the determinant of the coecients is not 0, the only solution of this homogeneous system is c
1
= c
2
= 0,
in which case y = 0. When =
1
4
, the general solution of the dierential equation is c
1
e
x/2
+ c
2
xe
x/2
.
The boundary conditions imply c
1
= 0 and c
1
+2c
2
= 0, so c
1
= c
2
= 0 and y = 0. Similarly, if 0 < <
1
4
,
the general solution is
y = c
1
e
1
2
(1+
14)x
+c
2
e
1
2
(1
14)x
.
In this case the boundary conditions again imply c
1
= c
2
= 0, and so y = 0. Now, for >
1
4
, the general
solution of the dierential equation is
y = c
1
e
x/2
cos
4 1 x +c
2
e
x/2
sin
4 1 x.
The condition y(0) = 0 implies c
1
= 0 so y = c
2
e
x/2
sin
4 1 x. From
y(2) = c
2
e
1
sin 2
4 1 = 0
we see that the eigenvalues are determined by 2
4 1 = n for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Thus, the eigenvalues

are n
2
2
/4
2
+ 1/4 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , with corresponding eigenfunctions e
x/2
sin(nx/2).
(b) The self-adjoint form is
d
dx
[e
x
y
] +e
x
y = 0.
663
(c) An orthogonality relation is
_
2
0
e
x
_
e
x/2
sin
m
2
x
__
e
x/2
cos
n
2
x
_
dx =
_
2
0
sin
m
2
x cos
n
2
xdx = 0.
9. To obtain the self-adjoint form we note that an integrating factor is (1/x)e
_
(1x)dx/x
= e
x
. Thus, the
dierential equation is
xe
x
y
+ (1 x)e
x
y
+ne
x
y = 0
and the self-adjoint form is
d
dx
_
xe
x
y
+ne
x
y = 0.
Identifying the weight function p(x) = e
x
and noting that since r(x) = xe
x
, r(0) = 0 and lim
x
r(x) = 0,
we have the orthogonality relation
_

0
e
x
L
m
(x)L
n
(x) dx = 0, m = n.
10. To obtain the self-adjoint form we note that an integrating factor is e
_
2x dx
= e
x
2
. Thus, the dierential
equation is
e
x
2
y
2xe
x
2
y
+ 2ne
x
2
y = 0
and the self-adjoint form is
d
dx
_
e
x
2
y
_
+ 2ne
x
2
y = 0.
Identifying the weight function p(x) = e
x
2
and noting that since r(x) = e
x
2
, lim
x
r(x) = lim
x
r(x) =
0, we have the orthogonality relation
_

e
x
2
H
m
(x)H
n
(x) dx = 0, m = n.
11. (a) The dierential equation is
(1 +x
2
)y
+ 2xy
+

1 +x
2
y = 0.
Letting x = tan we have = tan
1
x and
dy
dx
=
dy
d
d
dx
=
1
1 +x
2
dy
d
d
2
y
dx
2
=
d
dx
_
1
1 +x
2
dy
d
_
=
1
1 +x
2
_
d
2
y
d
2
d
dx
_
2x
(1 +x
2
)
2
dy
d
=
1
(1 +x
2
)
2
d
2
y
d
2

2x
(1 +x
2
)
2
dy
d
.
The dierential equation can then be written in terms of y() as
(1 +x
2
)
_
1
(1 +x
2
)
2
d
2
y
d
2

2x
(1 +x
2
)
2
dy
d
_
+ 2x
_
1
1 +x
2
dy
d
_
+

1 +x
2
y
=
1
1 +x
2
d
2
y
d
2
+

1 +x
2
y = 0
or
d
2
y
d
2
+y = 0.
664
The boundary conditions become y(0) = y(/4) = 0. For 0 the only solution of the boundary-value
problem is y = 0. For =
2
> 0 the general solution of the dierential equation is y = c
1
cos +c
2
sin .
The condition y(0) = 0 implies c
1
= 0 so y = c
2
sin . Now the condition y(/4) = 0 implies c
2
sin /4 =
0. For c
2
= 0 this condition will hold when /4 = n or =
2
= 16n
2
, where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . These are
the eigenvalues with corresponding eigenfunctions sin 4n = sin(4ntan
1
x), for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
(b) An orthogonality relation is
_
1
0
1
x
2
+ 1
sin(4mtan
1
x) sin(4ntan
1
x) dx = 0, m = n.
12. (a) Letting =
2
the dierential equation becomes x
2
y
+ xy
+ (
2
x
2
1)y = 0. This is the parametric
Bessel equation with = 1. The general solution is
y = c
1
J
1
(x) +c
2
Y
1
(x).
Since Y is unbounded at 0 we must have c
2
= 0, so that y = c
1
J
1
(x). The condition J
1
(3) = 0 denes
the eigenvalues
n
=
2
n
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . The corresponding eigenfunctions are J
1
(
n
x).
(b) Using a CAS or Table 5.1 in the text to solve J
1
(3) = 0 we nd 3
1
= 3.8317, 3
2
= 7.0156, 3
3
=
10.1735, and 3
4
= 13.3237. The corresponding eigenvalues are
1
=
2
1
= 1.6313,
2
=
2
2
= 5.4687,
3
=
2
3
= 11.4999, and
4
=
2
4
= 19.7245.
13. When = 0 the dierential equation is r(x)y
+ r
(x)y
= 0. By inspection we see that y = 1 is a solution of

the boundary-value problem. Thus, = 0 is an eigenvalue.
14. (a) An orthogonality relation is
_
1
0
cos x
m
xcos x
n
xdx = 0
where x
m
= x
n
are positive solutions of cot x = x.
(b) Referring to Problem 1 we use a CAS to compute
_
1
0
(cos 0.8603x)(cos 3.4256x) dx = 1.8771 10
6
0.
15. (a) An orthogonality relation is
_
1
0
(x
m
cos x
m
x sin x
m
x)(x
n
cos x
n
x sin x
n
x) dx = 0
where x
m
= x
n
are positive solutions of tan x = x.
(b) Referring to Problem 2 we use a CAS to compute
_
1
0
(4.4934 cos 4.4934x sin 4.4934x)(7.7253 cos 7.7253x sin 7.7253x) dx = 2.5650 10
4
0.
665
EXERCISES 12.6
Bessel and Legendre Series
12.6 Bessel and Legendre Series
1. Identifying b = 3, we have
1
= 1.2772,
2
= 2.3385,
3
= 3.3912, and
4
= 4.4412.
2. By (6) in the text J
0
(2) = J
1
(2). Thus, J
0
(2) = 0 is equivalent to J
1
(2). Then
1
= 1.9159,
2
= 3.5078,
3
= 5.0867, and
4
= 6.6618.
3. The boundary condition indicates that we use (15) and (16) in the text. With b = 2 we obtain
c
i
=
2
4J
2
1
(2
i
)
_
2
0
xJ
0
(
i
x) dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
1
2J
2
1
(2
i
)

1
2
i
_
2i
0
tJ
0
(t) dt
=
1
2
2
i
J
2
1
(2
i
)
_
2i
0
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt [From (5) in the text]
=
1
2
2
i
J
2
1
(2
i
)
tJ
1
(t)
2i
0
=
1
i
J
1
(2
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) =
i=1
1
i
J
1
(2
i
)
J
0
(
i
x).
c
1
=
2
4
_
2
0
xdx =
2
4
x
2
2
2
0
= 1,
c
i
=
2
4J
2
0
(2
i
)
_
2
0
xJ
0
(
i
x) dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
1
2J
2
0
(2
i
)

1
2
i
_
2i
0
tJ
0
(t) dt
=
1
2
2
i
J
2
0
(2
i
)
_
2i
0
d
dt
[tJ
1
=
1
2
2
i
J
2
0
(2
i
)
tJ
1
(t)
2i
0
=
J
1
(2
i
)
i
J
2
0
(2
i
)
.
Now since J
0
(2
i
) = 0 is equivalent to J
1
(2
i
) = 0 we conclude c
i
= 0 for i = 2, 3, 4, . . . . Thus the expansion
of f on 0 < x < 2 consists of a series with one nontrivial term:
f(x) = c
1
= 1.
666
5. The boundary condition indicates that we use (17) and (18) in the text. With b = 2 and h = 1 we obtain
c
i
=
2
2
i
(4
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
_
2
0
xJ
0
(
i
x) dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
2
2
i
(4
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)

1
2
i
_
2i
0
tJ
0
(t) dt
=
2
(4
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
_
2i
0
d
dt
[tJ
1
=
2
(4
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
tJ
1
(t)
2i
0
=
4
i
J
1
(2
i
)
(4
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) = 4
i=1
i
J
1
(2
i
)
(4
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
J
0
(
i
x).
6. Writing the boundary condition in the form
2J
0
(2) + 2J
0
(2) = 0
we identify b = 2 and h = 2. Using (17) and (18) in the text we obtain
c
i
=
2
2
i
(4
2
i
+ 4)J
2
0
(2
i
)
_
2
0
xJ
0
(
i
x) dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=

2
i
2(
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)

1
2
i
_
2i
0
tJ
0
(t) dt
=
1
2(
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
_
2i
0
d
dt
[tJ
1
=
1
2(
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
tJ
1
(t)
2i
0
=

i
J
1
(2
i
)
(
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) =
i=1
i
J
1
(2
i
)
(
2
i
+ 1)J
2
0
(2
i
)
J
0
(
i
x).
7. The boundary condition indicates that we use (17) and (18) in the text. With n = 1, b = 4, and h = 3 we
obtain
c
i
=
2
2
i
(16
2
i
1 + 9)J
2
1
(4
i
)
_
4
0
xJ
1
(
i
x)5xdx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
5
2
i
4(2
2
i
+ 1)J
2
1
(4
i
)

1
3
i
_
4i
0
t
2
J
1
(t) dt
=
5
4
i
(2
2
i
+ 1)J
2
1
(4
i
)
_
4i
0
d
dt
[t
2
J
2
667
=
5
4
i
(2
2
i
+ 1)J
2
1
(4
i
)
t
2
J
2
(t)
4i
0
=
20
i
J
2
(4
i
)
(2
2
i
+ 1)J
2
1
(4
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) = 20
i=1
i
J
2
(4
i
)
(2
2
i
+ 1)J
2
1
(4
i
)
J
1
(
i
x).
8. The boundary condition indicates that we use (15) and (16) in the text. With n = 2 and b = 1 we obtain
c
1
=
2
J
2
3
(
i
)
_
1
0
xJ
2
(
i
x)x
2
dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
2
J
2
3
(
i
)

1
4
i
_
i
0
t
3
J
2
(t) dt
=
2
4
i
J
2
3
(
i
)
_
i
0
d
dt
[t
3
J
3
=
2
4
i
J
2
3
(
i
)
t
3
J
3
(t)
i
0
=
2
i
J
3
(
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) = 2
i=1
1
i
J
3
(
i
)
J
2
(
i
x).
c
1
=
2
9
_
3
0
xx
2
dx =
2
9
x
4
4
3
0
=
9
2
,
c
i
=
2
9J
2
0
(3
i
)
_
3
0
xJ
0
(
i
x)x
2
dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
2
9J
2
0
(3
i
)

1
4
i
_
3i
0
t
3
J
0
(t) dt
=
2
9
4
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
_
3i
0
t
2
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt
u = t
2
dv =
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt
du = 2t dt v = tJ
1
(t)
=
2
9
4
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
_
t
3
J
1
(t)
3i
0
2
_
3i
0
t
2
J
1
(t) dt
_
.
668
5 10 15 20 25 30
x
-4
-2
2
4
y
With n = 0 in equation (6) in the text we have J
0
(x) = J
1
(x), so the boundary condition J
0
(3
i
) = 0 implies
J
1
(3
i
) = 0. Then
c
i
=
2
9
4
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
_
2
_
3i
0
d
dt
_
t
2
J
2
(t)
dt
_
=
2
9
4
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
_
2t
2
J
2
(t)
3i
0
_
=
2
9
4
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
_
18
2
i
J
2
(3
i
)
=
4J
2
(3
i
)
2
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) =
9
2
4
i=1
J
2
(3
i
)
2
i
J
2
0
(3
i
)
J
0
(
i
x).
10. The boundary condition indicates that we use (15) and (16) in the text. With b = 1 it follows that
c
i
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
_
1
0
x
_
1 x
2
_
J
0
(
i
x) dx
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
__
1
0
xJ
0
(
i
x) dx
_
1
0
x
3
J
0
(
i
x) dx
_
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
_
1
2
i
_
i
0
tJ
0
(t) dt
1
4
i
_
i
0
t
3
J
0
(t) dt
_
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
_
1
2
i
_
i
0
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt
1
4
i
_
i
0
t
2
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt
_
u = t
2
dv =
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt
du = 2t dt v = tJ
1
(t)
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
_
1
2
i
tJ
1
(t)
i
0
4
i
_
t
3
J
1
(t)
i
0
2
_
i
0
t
2
J
1
(t) dt
__
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
_
J
1
(
i
)
J
1
(
i
)
i
+
2
4
i
_
i
0
d
dt
_
t
2
J
2
(t)
dt
_
=
2
J
2
1
(
i
)
_
2
4
i
t
2
J
2
(t)
i
0
_
=
4J
2
(
i
)
2
i
J
2
1
(
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) = 4
i=1
J
2
(
i
)
2
i
J
2
1
(
i
)
J
0
(
i
x).
11. (a)
669
1 2 3 4 5
x
5
10
15
20
S1
1 2 3 4 5
x
5
10
15
20
S2
1 2 3 4 5
x
5
10
15
20
S3
1 2 3 4 5
x
5
10
15
20
S4
1 2 3 4 5
x
5
10
15
20
S5
1 2 3 4
x
5
10
15
20
S10
10 20 30 40 50
x
-10
-5
5
10
15
20
S10
-2 -1 1 2
x
0.5
1
1.5
2
y
(b) Using FindRoot in Mathematica we nd the roots x
1
= 2.9496, x
2
= 5.8411, x
3
= 8.8727, x
4
= 11.9561,
and x
5
= 15.0624.
(c) Dividing the roots in part (b) by 4 we nd the eigenvalues
1
= 0.7374,
2
= 1.4603,
3
= 2.2182,
4
= 2.9890, and
5
= 3.7656.
(d) The next ve eigenvalues are
6
= 4.5451,
7
= 5.3263,
8
= 6.1085,
9
= 6.8915, and
10
= 7.6749.
12. (a) From Problem 7, the coecients of the Fourier-Bessel series are
c
i
=
20
i
J
2
(4
i
)
(2
2
i
+ 1)J
2
1
(4
i
)
.
Using a CAS we nd c
1
= 26.7896, c
2
= 12.4624, c
3
= 7.1404, c
4
= 4.68705, and c
5
= 3.35619.
(b)
(c)
13. Since f is expanded as a series of Bessel functions, J
1
(
i
x) and J
1
is an odd function, the series should represent
an odd function.
14. (a) Since J
0
is an even function, a series expansion of a function
dened on (0, 2) would converge to the even extension of the
function on (2, 0).
670
-4 -2 2 4
x
5
10
15
20
y
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
0.5
1
S
5
(b) In Section 5.3 we saw that J
2
(x) = 2J
2
(x)/x J
3
(x). Since J
2
is even and J
3
is
odd we see that
J
2
(x) = 2J
2
(x)/(x) J
3
(x)
= 2J
2
(x)/x +J
3
(x) = J
2
(x),
so that J
2
is an odd function. Now, if f(x) = 3J
2
(x) + 2xJ
2
(x), we see that
f(x) = 3J
2
(x) 2xJ
2
(x)
= 3J
2
(x) + 2xJ
2
(x) = f(x),
so that f is an even function. Thus, a series expansion of a function dened on
(0, 4) would converge to the even extension of the function on (4, 0).
15. We compute
c
0
=
1
2
_
1
0
xP
0
(x) dx =
1
2
_
1
0
xdx =
1
4
c
1
=
3
2
_
1
0
xP
1
(x) dx =
3
2
_
1
0
x
2
dx =
1
2
c
2
=
5
2
_
1
0
xP
2
(x) dx =
5
2
_
1
0
1
2
(3x
3
x)dx =
5
16
c
3
=
7
2
_
1
0
xP
3
(x) dx =
7
2
_
1
0
1
2
(5x
4
3x
2
)dx = 0
c
4
=
9
2
_
1
0
xP
4
(x) dx =
9
2
_
1
0
1
8
(35x
5
30x
3
+ 3x)dx =
3
32
c
5
=
11
2
_
1
0
xP
5
(x) dx =
11
2
_
1
0
1
8
(63x
6
70x
4
+ 15x
2
)dx = 0
c
6
=
13
2
_
1
0
xP
6
(x) dx =
13
2
_
1
0
1
16
(231x
7
315x
5
+ 105x
3
5x)dx =
13
256
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
4
P
0
(x) +
1
2
P
1
(x) +
5
16
P
2
(x)
3
32
P
4
(x) +
13
256
P
6
(x) + .
The gure above is the graph of S
5
(x) =
1
4
P
0
(x) +
1
2
P
1
(x) +
5
16
P
2
(x)
3
32
P
4
(x) +
13
256
P
6
(x).
671
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
1
2
3
S
5
16. We compute
c
0
=
1
2
_
1
1
e
x
P
0
(x) dx =
1
2
_
1
1
e
x
dx =
1
2
(e e
1
)
c
1
=
3
2
_
1
1
e
x
P
1
(x) dx =
3
2
_
1
1
xe
x
dx = 3e
1
c
2
=
5
2
_
1
1
e
x
P
2
(x) dx =
5
2
_
1
1
1
2
(3x
2
e
x
e
x
)dx
=
5
2
(e 7e
1
)
c
3
=
7
2
_
1
1
e
x
P
3
(x) dx =
7
2
_
1
1
1
2
(5x
3
e
x
3xe
x
)dx =
7
2
(5e + 37e
1
)
c
4
=
9
2
_
1
1
e
x
P
4
(x) dx =
9
2
_
1
1
1
8
(35x
4
e
x
30x
2
e
x
+ 3e
x
)dx =
9
2
(36e 266e
1
).
Thus
f(x) =
1
2
(e e
1
)P
0
(x) + 3e
1
P
1
(x) +
5
2
(e 7e
1
)P
2
(x)
+
7
2
(5e + 37e
1
)P
3
(x) +
9
2
(36e 266e
1
)P
4
(x) + .
The gure above is the graph of S
5
(x).
17. Using cos
2
=
1
2
(cos 2 + 1) we have
P
2
(cos ) =
1
2
(3 cos
2
1) =
3
2
cos
2

1
2
=
3
4
(cos 2 + 1)
1
2
=
3
4
cos 2 +
1
4
=
1
4
(3 cos 2 + 1).
18. From Problem 17 we have
P
2
(cos ) =
1
4
(3 cos 2 + 1) or cos 2 =
4
3
P
2
(cos )
1
3
.
Then, using P
0
(cos ) = 1,
F() = 1 cos 2 = 1
_
4
3
P
2
(cos )
1
3
_
=
4
3

4
3
P
2
(cos ) =
4
3
P
0
(cos )
4
3
P
2
(cos ).
19. If f is an even function on (1, 1) then
_
1
1
f(x)P
2n
(x) dx = 2
_
1
0
f(x)P
2n
(x) dx
and
_
1
1
f(x)P
2n+1
(x) dx = 0.
672
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
0.5
1
S
4
Thus
c
2n
=
2(2n) + 1
2
_
1
1
f(x)P
2n
(x) dx =
4n + 1
2
_
2
_
1
0
f(x)P
2n
(x) dx
_
= (4n + 1)
_
1
0
f(x)P
2n
(x) dx,
c
2n+1
= 0, and
f(x) =
n=0
c
2n
P
2n
(x).
20. If f is an odd function on (1, 1) then
_
1
1
f(x)P
2n
(x) dx = 0
and
_
1
1
f(x)P
2n+1
(x) dx = 2
_
1
0
f(x)P
2n+1
(x) dx.
Thus
c
2n+1
=
2(2n + 1) + 1
2
_
1
1
f(x)P
2n+1
(x) dx =
4n + 3
2
_
2
_
1
0
f(x)P
2n+1
(x) dx
_
= (4n + 3)
_
1
0
f(x)P
2n+1
(x) dx,
c
2n
= 0, and
f(x) =
n=0
c
2n+1
P
2n+1
(x).
21. From (26) in Problem 19 in the text we nd
c
0
=
_
1
0
xP
0
(x) dx =
_
1
0
xdx =
1
2
,
c
2
= 5
_
1
0
xP
2
(x) dx = 5
_
1
0
1
2
(3x
3
x)dx =
5
8
,
c
4
= 9
_
1
0
xP
4
(x) dx = 9
_
1
0
1
8
(35x
5
30x
3
+ 3x)dx =
3
16
,
and
c
6
= 13
_
1
0
xP
6
(x) dx = 13
_
1
0
1
16
(231x
7
315x
5
+ 105x
3
5x)dx =
13
128
.
Hence, from (25) in the text,
f(x) =
1
2
P
0
(x) +
5
8
P
2
(x)
3
16
P
4
(x) +
13
128
P
6
+ .
On the interval 1 < x < 1 this series represents the function f(x) = |x|.
673
-1 -0.5 0.5 1
x
-1
-0.5
0.5
1
S
4
22. From (28) in Problem 20 in the text we nd
c
1
= 3
_
1
0
P
1
(x) dx = 3
_
1
0
xdx =
3
2
,
c
3
= 7
_
1
0
P
3
(x) dx = 7
_
1
0
1
2
_
5x
3
3x
_
dx =
7
8
,
c
5
= 11
_
1
0
P
5
(x) dx = 11
_
1
0
1
8
_
63x
5
70x
3
+ 15x
_
dx =
11
16
and
c
7
= 15
_
1
0
P
7
(x) dx = 15
_
1
0
1
16
_
429x
7
693x
5
+ 315x
3
35x
_
dx =
75
128
.
Hence, from (27) in the text,
f(x) =
3
2
P
1
(x)
7
8
P
3
(x) +
11
16
P
5
(x)
75
128
P
7
(x) + .
On the interval 1 < x < 1 this series represents the odd function
f(x) =
_
1, 1 < x < 0
1, 0 < x < 1.
23. Since there is a Legendre polynomial of any specied degree, every polynomial can be represented as a nite
linear combination of Legendre polynomials.
24. We want to express both x
2
and x
3
as linear combinations of P
0
(x) = 1, P
1
(x) = x, P
2
(x) =
1
2
(3x
2
1), and
P
3
(x) =
1
2
(5x
3
3x). Setting
x
2
= c
0
P
0
(x) +c
1
P
1
(x) +c
2
P
2
(x) = c
0
+c
1
x +c
2
_
1
2
(3x
2
1)
_
=
_
c
0

3
2
c
2
_
+c
1
x +
3
2
c
2
x
2
,
we obtain the system
c
0

1
2
c
2
= 0
c
1
= 0
3
2
c
2
= 1.
The solution is c
0
=
1
3
, c
1
= 0, c
2
=
2
3
. Thus, x
2
=
1
3
P
0
(x) +
2
3
P
2
(x). Setting
x
3
= c
0
P
0
(x) +c
1
P
1
(x) +c
2
P
2
(x) +c
3
P
3
(x) = c
0
+c
1
x +c
2
_
1
2
(3x
2
1)
_
+c
3
_
1
2
(5x
3
3x)
_
=
_
c
0

1
2
c
2
_
+
_
c
1

3
2
c
3
_
x +
3
2
c
2
x
2
+
5
2
c
3
x
3
,
we obtain the system
c
0

1
2
c
2
= 0
c
1

3
2
c
3
= 0
3
2
c
2
= 0
5
2
c
3
= 1.
The solution is c
0
= 0, c
1
=
3
5
, c
2
= 0, c
3
=
2
5
. Thus x
3
=
3
5
P
1
(x) +
2
5
P
3
(x).
674
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW EXERCISES
1. True, since
_
(x
2
1)x
5
dx = 0
2. Even, since if f and g are odd then h(x) = f(x)g(x) = f(x)[g(x)] = f(x)g(x) = h(x)
3. cosine, since f is even
4. True
5. False; the Sturm-Liouville problem,
d
dx
[r(x)y
] +p(x)y = 0, y
(a) = 0, y
(b) = 0,
on the interval [a, b], has eigenvalue = 0.
6. Periodically extending the function we see that at x = 1 the function converges to
1
2
(1 +0) =
1
2
; at x = 0
it converges to
1
2
(0 + 1) =
1
2
, and at x = 1 it converges to
1
2
(1 + 0) =
1
2
.
7. The Fourier series will converge to 1, the cosine series to 1, and the sine series to 0 at x = 0. Respectively, this
is because the rule (x
2
+ 1) dening f(x) determines a continuous function on (3, 3), the even extension of f
to (3, 0) is continuous at 0, and the odd extension of f to (3, 0) approaches 1 as x approaches 0 from the
left.
8. cos 5x, since the general solution is y = c
1
cos x +c
2
sin x and y
(0) = 0 implies c
2
= 0.
9. True, since
_
1
0
P
2m
(x)P
2n
(x) dx =
1
2
_
1
1
P
2m
(x)P
2n
(x) dx = 0 when m = n.
10. Since P
n
(x) is orthogonal to P
0
(x) = 1 for n > 0,
_
1
1
P
n
(x) dx =
_
1
1
P
0
(x)P
n
(x) dx = 0.
11. We know from a half-angle formula in trigonometry that cos
2
x =
1
2
+
1
2
cos 2x, which is a cosine series.
12. (a) For m = n
_
L
0
sin
(2n + 1)
2L
x sin
(2m+ 1)
2L
xdx =
1
2
_
L
0
_
cos
n m
L
x cos
n +m+ 1
L
x
_
dx = 0.
(b) From
_
L
0
sin
2
(2n + 1)
2L
xdx =
_
L
0
_
1
2

1
2
cos
(2n + 1)
L
x
_
dx =
L
2
we see that
_
_
_
_
sin
(2n + 1)
2L
x
_
_
_
_
=
_
L
2
.
13. Since
a
0
=
_
0
1
(2x) dx = 1,
a
n
=
_
0
1
(2x) cos nxdx =
2
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1],
and
675
b
n
=
_
0
1
(2x) sin nxdx =
4
n
(1)
n
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . we have
f(x) =
1
2
+
n=1
_
2
n
2
2
[(1)
n
1] cos nx +
4
n
(1)
n
sin nx
_
.
14. Since
a
0
=
_
1
1
(2x
2
1) dx =
2
3
,
a
n
=
_
1
1
(2x
2
1) cos nxdx =
8
n
2
2
(1)
n
,
and
b
n
=
_
1
1
(2x
2
1) sin nxdx = 0
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . we have
f(x) =
1
3
+
n=1
8
n
2
2
(1)
n
cos nx.
15. Since
a
0
=
2
1
_
1
0
e
x
dx = 2(e 1)
and
a
n
=
2
1
_
1
0
e
x
cos nxdx =
2
1 +n
2
2
[e(1)
n
1],
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , we have the cosine series
f(x) = e 1 + 2
n=1
e(1)
n
1
1 +n
2
2
cos nx.
Since
b
n
=
2
1
_
1
0
e
x
sin nxdx =
2n
1 +n
2
2
[1 e(1)
n
],
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , we have the sine series
f(x) = 2
n=1
n[1 e(1)
n
]
1 +n
2
2
sin nx.
676
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
f
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
f
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
f
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x
-3
-2
-1
1
2
3
f
16.
f(x) = |x| x, 1 < x < 1 f(x) = 2x
2
1, 1 < x < 1
f(x) =
_
e
x
, 1 < x < 0
e
x
, 0 < x < 1
f(x) =
_
e
x
, 1 < x < 0
e
x
, 0 < x < 1
17. For =
2
> 0 a general solution of the given dierential equation is
y = c
1
cos(3ln x) +c
2
sin(3ln x)
and
y
=
3c
1
x
sin(3ln x) +
3c
2
x
cos(3ln x).
Since ln 1 = 0, the boundary condition y
(1) = 0 implies c
2
= 0. Therefore
y = c
1
cos(3ln x).
Using ln e = 1 we nd that y(e) = 0 implies c
1
cos 3 = 0 or 3 = (2n 1)/2, for
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . The eigenvalues are =
2
= (2n 1)
2
2
/36 with corresponding eigenfunctions
cos[(2n 1)(ln x)/2] for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
677
18. To obtain the self-adjoint form of the dierential equation in Problem 17 we note that an integrating factor is
(1/x
2
)e
_
dx/x
= 1/x. Thus the weight function is 1/x and an orthogonality relation is
_
e
1
1
x
cos
_
2n 1
2
ln x
_
cos
_
2m1
2
ln x
_
dx = 0, m = n.
19. Since the coecient of y in the dierential equation is n
2
, the weight function is the integrating factor
1
a(x)
e
_
(b/a)dx
=
1
1 x
2
e
_

x
1x
2
dx
=
1
1 x
2
e
1
2
ln(1x
2
)
=
1 x
2
1 x
2
=
1
1 x
2
on the interval [1, 1]. The orthogonality relation is
_
1
1
1
1 x
2
T
m
(x)T
n
(x) dx = 0, m = n.
20. Expanding in a full Fourier series we have
a
0
=
1
2
__
2
0
xdx +
_
4
2
2 dx
_
= 3
a
n
=
1
2
__
2
0
xcos
nx
2
dx +
_
4
2
2 cos
nx
2
dx
_
= 2
(1)
n
1
n
2
2
b
n
=
1
2
__
2
0
xsin
nx
2
dx +
_
4
2
2 sin
nx
2
dx
_
= 4
1
n
so
f(x) =
3
2
+ 2
n=1
_
(1)
n
1
n
2
2
cos
nx
2

2
n
sin
nx
2
_
.
21. The boundary condition indicates that we use (15) and (16) of Section 12.6 in the text. With b = 4 we obtain
c
i
=
2
16J
2
1
(4
i
)
_
4
0
xJ
0
(
i
x)f(x) dx
=
1
8J
2
1
(4
i
)
_
2
0
xJ
0
(
i
x) dx
t =
i
x dt =
i
dx
=
1
8J
2
1
(4
i
)

1
2
i
_
2i
0
tJ
0
(t) dt
=
1
8J
2
1
(4
i
)
_
2i
0
d
dt
[tJ
1
(t)] dt [From (5) in 12.6 in the text]
=
1
8J
2
1
(4
i
)
tJ
1
(t)
2i
0
=
J
1
(2
i
)
4
i
J
2
1
(4
i
)
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
4
i=1
J
1
(2
i
)
i
J
2
1
(4
i
)
J
0
(
i
x).
678
22. Since f(x) = x
4
is a polynomial in x, an expansion of f in Legendre polynomials in x must terminate with
the term having the same degree as f. Using the fact that x
4
P
1
(x) and x
4
P
3
(x) are odd functions, we see
immediately that c
1
= c
3
= 0. Now
c
0
=
1
2
_
1
1
x
4
P
0
(x) dx =
1
2
_
1
1
x
4
dx =
1
5
c
2
=
5
2
_
1
1
x
4
P
2
(x) dx =
5
2
_
1
1
1
2
(3x
6
x
4
)dx =
4
7
c
4
=
9
2
_
1
1
x
4
P
4
(x) dx =
9
2
_
1
1
1
8
(35x
8
30x
6
+ 3x
4
)dx =
8
35
.
Thus
f(x) =
1
5
P
0
(x) +
4
7
P
2
(x) +
8
35
P
4
(x).
679

Orthogonal Functions and Fourier Series: Exercises 12.1

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Orthogonal Functions and Fourier Series: Exercises 12.1

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Part IV Fourier Series and Partial Differential Equations

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) sin nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) sin nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) sin nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

(3 2x) cos nxdx = 0

(3 2x) sin nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) sin nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) sin nxdx =

f(x) cos nxdx =

f(x) sin nxdx =

= f(x), f(x) is an even function.

1 4). When = 0 the general solution of

4 1 = n for n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . Thus, the eigenvalues

= 0. By inspection we see that y = 1 is a solution of

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