Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N.

Subramanian
SOLUTION MANUAL

CHAPTER 7

Exercise 7.1 (Development length)
A reinforced concrete footing has a width of 1.5 m and supports a 250 mm thick column. Check
whether there is sufficient space for 16 mm diameter bars to develop required bond, if they are
stressed fully. Assume M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.


Fig. 7.53


Solution:

Available development length = 625 - cover
Cover at the end of bar should be 25 mm and 2d
b

Hence, Available development length = 625 2 x 16 = 593 mm
Design bond stress for deformed bars,
bd
, for M20 concrete as per Table in clause 26.2.1.1 of IS
456 = 1.2 x1.6 = 1.92 N/mm
2

Required development length as per clause 26.2.1
=
bd
d
4
L
t
b s
d f
= =
92 . 1 4
16 415 87 . 0

= 752 mm > 593 mm
Note that this value can be got directly from Table 7.4.
Hence we have to provide bend/hooks at the ends of the bar to anchor them.
Anchorage value for standard hook for 16 mm bar [Table 67 of IS 16] = 256 mm
Hence total anchorage length = 593 + 256 = 849 mm > 752 mm.
Hence provide standard hook at the end to satisfy development length requirement.





Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Exercise 7.2 (Development of epoxy coated bar)

Determine the development length required for the tension bars of beams shown below (see Fig.
7.54). Assume M 20 concrete and Fe 415 grade steel. For case (a) assume un-coated bar in
normal weight concrete, for case (b) assume epoxy coated bar in normal weight concrete, and for
case (c) assume epoxy coated bar in lightweight weight concrete. Compare the values by using
IS and ACI code formulas.

Fig.7.54

Solution:

Beam (a)

(i) Development length as per I S 456
From Table 7.4 (or Table 65 of SP 16), L
d
for 28 mm, Fe 415 grade tension bar in M 20 concrete
= 1316 mm
IS 456 formula does not consider the effect of transverse reinforcement.

(ii)Development length as per ACI 318

Spacing of main reinforcement = 100 mm
Total area of transverse reinforcement (2 legged 10 mm), A
tr
= 2 x 78.5 mm
2
;
Spacing of transverse reinforcement, s = 200 mm
Characteristic strength of transverse reinforcement, f
yt
= 415 MPa
No. of bars being developed along the plane of splitting, n = 3
c = smallest of the side cover (c
s
), the cover for the bar, c
b
, or one-half the center-to- center
spacing of the bars = Smallest of (75, 50, 0.5 x 100) = 50 mm

Transverse reinforcement factor,
3 200
5 . 78 2 40 40

= =
sn
A
k
tr
tr
=10.47 mm

(c+k
tr
)/d
b
= (50 + 10.47)/28 = 2.16 < 2.5
= Reinforcement location factor =1.3 (top bar)
= coating factor = 1.0 (un coated bar)
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
= Reinforcement size factor = 1.0 (bar size > 22 mm)
= light weight aggregate factor = 1 (normal concrete)

=

=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= 28
16 . 2
0 . 1 0 . 1 3 . 1
20 1
415
b
b
tr ck
y
d
d
d
k c f
f
L
o|

1564 mm >300 mm
Thus we get L
d
= 1564 mm using ACI code, compared to 1316 mm as obtained using IS 456.

Beam (b)

(i) Development length as per I S 456
From Table 7.4(or Table 65 of SP 16), L
d
for 25 mm, Fe 415 grade tension bar in M 20 concrete
= 1175 mm
IS 456 formula does not consider the effect of transverse reinforcement.
Amendment to IS 456 suggests that for epoxy coated steel, the design bond stress should be
taken as 80% of the values given in table of clause 26.2.1.1. Hence development length = (1175
/0.8) = 1469 mm
IS 456 formula does not consider the effect of transverse reinforcement.

Let us calculate the development length as per ACI 318 for this case

(ii)Development length as per ACI 318

Spacing of main reinforcement = 100 mm
Total area of transverse reinforcement (2 legged 12 mm), A
tr
= 2 x 113 mm
2
;
Spacing of transverse reinforcement, s = 150 mm
Characteristic strength of transverse reinforcement, f
yt
= 415 MPa
No. of bars being developed along the plane of splitting, n = 3
c = smallest of the side cover (c
s
), the cover for the bar, c
b
, or one-half the center-to- center
spacing of the bars = Smallest of (50, 50, 0.5 x 100) = 50 mm
Transverse reinforcement factor,
3 150
113 2 40 40

= =
sn
A
k
tr
tr
=20.09 mm

(c+k
tr
)/d
b
= (50 + 20.09)/25 = 2.8 > 2.5. Hence adopt 2.5.
= Reinforcement location factor =1.0 (bottom bar)
= coating factor = 1.5 [epoxy coated bar with cover = 50 mm [ <3d
b
and spacing between bars
= 100 mm (< 6 d
b
= 150 mm)]
= Reinforcement size factor = 1.0 (bar size > 22 mm)
= light weight aggregate factor = 1 (normal concrete)

=

=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= 25
5 . 2
0 . 1 5 . 1 0 . 1
20 1
415
b
b
tr ck
y
d
d
d
k c f
f
L
o|

1392 mm >300 mm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Thus we get L
d
= 1392 mm using ACI code, compared to 1469 mm as obtained using IS 456.


Beam (c)

(i)Development length as per I S 456

Since, bundled bars are used in this beam,
Diameter to be used = Hypothetical single bar having the same area of bundle

=

mm

Design bond stress for deformed bars,
bd
, for M20 concrete as per Table in clause 26.2.1.1 of IS
456 = 1.2 x 1.6 = 1.92 N/mm
2

Required development length as per clause 26.2.1

=
bd
d
4
L
t
b s
d f
= =
92 . 1 4
6 . 39 415 87 . 0

= 1862 mm

Amendment to IS 456 suggests that for epoxy coated steel, the design bond stress should be
taken as 80% of the values given in table of clause 26.2.1.1. Also Clause 26.2.1.2 of IS 456
stipulates that the value has to be increased by 10% for two bundled bars in contact.
Hence development length = (1862 /0.8) x 1.1 = 2560 mm

IS 456 formula does not consider the effect of transverse reinforcement.

Let us calculate the development length as per ACI 318 for this case.

(ii)Development length as per ACI 318

Spacing of main reinforcement = 150 mm
Total area of transverse reinforcement (2 legged 10 mm), A
tr
= 2 x 78.54 mm
2
;
Spacing of transverse reinforcement, s = 175 mm
Characteristic strength of transverse reinforcement, f
yt
= 415 MPa
No. of bars being developed along the plane of splitting, n = 4
c = smallest of the clear side cover (c
s
), the cover for the bar, c
b
, or one-half the center-to-
center spacing of the bars. Assuming that the covers given are clear covers,
c = Smallest of (50,50, 0.5 x 150) = 50 mm
Transverse reinforcement factor,
4 175
54 . 78 2 40 40

= =
sn
A
k
tr
tr
= 8.98 mm

(c+k
tr
)/d
b
= (50 + 8.98)/28 = 2.11 < 2.5
= Reinforcement location factor =1.0 (bottom bar)
= coating factor = 1.5 [epoxy coated bar with cover = 50 mm (<3d
b
= 84 mm) but spacing
between bars = 175 mm (< 6 d
b
= 168 mm)]
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
= Reinforcement size factor = 1.0 (bar size > 22 mm)
= light weight aggregate factor = 0.75 (light weight concrete)
Since we have a bundle of two bars, no increase in L
d
is required in ACI code.
However, diameter to be used = Hypothetical single bar having the same area of bundle
=

mm

=

=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= 6 . 39
11 . 2
0 . 1 5 . 1 0 . 1
20 75 . 0
415
b
b
tr ck
y
d
d
d
k c f
f
L
o|

3483 mm >300 mm
Thus we get L
d
= 3483 mm using ACI code, compared to 2560 mm as obtained using IS 456.


Exercise 7.3

Calculate the required development length for the 25 mm diameter epoxy coated bottom bar as
shown in Fig. 7.55. Assume M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Compare the values of L
d
obtained
by using is 456 and ACI 318 code.

Solution:


(j) Development length as per I S 456
From Table 7.4(or Table 65 of SP 16), L
d
for 25 mm, Fe 415 grade tension bar in M 20 concrete
= 1175 mm
IS 456 formula does not consider the effect of transverse reinforcement.
Amendment to IS 456 suggests that for epoxy coated steel, the design bond stress should be
taken as 80% of the values given in table of clause 26.2.1.1. Hence development length = (1175
/0.8) = 1469 mm
IS 456 formula does not consider the effect of transverse reinforcement.
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian



(ii)Development length as per ACI 318

Spacing of main reinforcement = 100 mm
Total area of transverse reinforcement (2 legged 10 mm), A
tr
= 2 x 78.5 mm
2
;
Spacing of transverse reinforcement, s = 200 mm
Characteristic strength of transverse reinforcement, f
yt
= 415 MPa
No. of bars being developed along the plane of splitting, n = 3
center-to- center spacing of the bars = 75 mm
c = smallest of the side cover (c
s
), the cover for the bar, c
b
, or one-half the center-to- center
spacing of the bars = Smallest of [(50-12.5), (50-12.5), 0.5 x 75) = 37.5 mm
Transverse reinforcement factor,
3 200
5 . 78 2 40 40

= =
sn
A
k
tr
tr
= 10.47 mm

(c+k
tr
)/d
b
= (37.5 + 10.47)/25 = 1.92 < 2.5.
= Reinforcement location factor =1.0 (bottom bar)
= coating factor = 1.5 [epoxy coated bar with cover = 50 mm [ <3d
b
and spacing between bars
= 75 mm (< 6 d
b
= 150 mm)]
= Reinforcement size factor = 1.0 (bar size > 22 mm)
= light weight aggregate factor = 1 (normal concrete)

=

=
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= 25
92 . 1
0 . 1 5 . 1 0 . 1
20 1
415
b
b
tr ck
y
d
d
d
k c f
f
L
o|

1812 mm >300 mm
Thus we get L
d
= 1812 mm using ACI code, compared to 1469 mm as obtained using IS 456.


Exercise 7.4 (Anchorage of bars)

The cantilever beam shown in Fig. 7.56, frames into a column of size 450 x 450 mm. Calculate
and sketch the anchorage to be provided for the 4#28 longitudinal bars in the beam. The beam is
subjected to a uniformly distributed factored load of 70 kN/m, including self-weight. Assume M
20 concrete and deformed bars of grade Fe 415 steel.
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian



Solution

Assuming the bars are fully stressed at the location of maximum moment (i.e., face of column
support), full development length L
d
is required for anchorage of the bars inside the column,
beyond this section.

- For the tension bars (5 # 28 at top),
Design bond stress for deformed bars,
bd
, for M20 concrete as per Table in clause 26.2.1.1 of
IS 456 = 1.2 x1.6 = 1.92 N/mm
2


bd
d
4
L
t
b s
d f
= =
92 . 1 4
28 415 87 . 0

= 1316 mm
Size of column = 450 mm. Assuming 40 mm cover and 32 mm bars are used in column, length
available in column = 450-40-32 = 378 mm
Providing 90
o
bend (4d
b
) required extension of bar beyond bend = 1316 378 - (4 28) = 829
mm. Since the depth available in the beam(after deducting the cover of 75 mm) is only 725 mm.
Hence the bars have to be projected in the column beyond the beam.

- For the compression bars (Assuming 2 - #16 at bottom),
For compression
bd
can be increased by 25 %
L
d
=
) 25 . 1 6 . 1 2 . 1 ( 4
16 415 87 . 0


= 602 mm
Length available in column = 450-40-32 = 378 mm
Providing 90
o
bend (4d
b
) required extension of bar beyond bend = 602 378 - (4 16) = 160
mm. Hence bend the bars upwards into the beam for a length of 160 mm, beyond the 90
o
bend.

Actual anchorage length required

Before providing the calculated anchorage length, let us verify whether the bars are fully stressed
under the given loading, and calculate the precise development length.
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Maximum factored moment at the critical section (at support):
Factored BM =

= 453.6 kNm
b = 400 mm, d = 800-75 = 725 mm
=

=
2
6
2
725 400
10 6 . 453
bd
M
u
2.157 MPa < M
u,lim
/bd
2
= 0.138 20 = 2.76 MPa (Table 5.4)
Hence, the beam is singly reinforced.

Using Design Aids [Table 2 or SP 16], for M
u
/bd
2
= 2.157,

(p
t
)
req
= 0.7; (A
st
)required = (0.7/100) (400 725) = 2030 mm
2


(A
st
)provided = 2463 mm
2

> 2030 mm
2


Actual anchorage length required = L
d
(A
s
)
req
/ (A
s
)
provided

For the tension bars = 1316
2463
2030
= 1085 mm < 920 mm provided. Hence OK.
Providing 90
o
bend (4d
b
), required extension of bar beyond bend = 1085 378 - (4 28) = 595
mm < 725 mm. Hence OK.

Proposed Modification for compression bars

We may reduce the anchorage length requirements by providing smaller diameter bars:
Hence for compression bars (at bottom), provide 3 #12 mm (instead of 2 # 16)
L
d
in compression for M20 from Table 7.4 = 451 mm
Available development length, with 90
o
bend = 378 + (4 12) = 426 mm.
Extend the bottom bars by 25 mm beyond the 90
o
bend.

Exercise 7.5 (Curtailment of bars)

In the cantilever beam of the previous exercise, determine the point where two bars can be cut-
off. Show a sketch indicating TCP and PCP.

Solution:

Step 1: Locate TCP
From Exercise 7.4, Factored BM =

= 453.6 kNm
The required area of steel was found to be 2030 mm
2

Area of 2 numbers 28 mm bars = 1232 mm
2
Let us assume the theoretical cut off point (TCP) from B.M. considerations to be at 2.5 m from
free edge.
Assuming that the depth of the cantilever beam is reduced to 450 mm at the free end, depth at 2.5
m from free edge = 450 + 350/3.6 x 2.5 = 693 mm. effective depth at this location is 693 -75 =
618 mm
Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian

Step 2: Check for the reinforcement to be sufficient at this TCP

Factored BM =

= 218.75 kNm
=

=
2
6
2
618 400
10 75 . 218
bd
M
u
1.432 MPa < M
u,lim
/bd
2
= 0.138 20 = 2.76 MPa (Table 5.4)
Hence, the beam is singly reinforced.

Using Design Aids [Table 2 or SP 16], for M
u
/bd
2
= 1.432,

(p
t
)
req
= 0.437; (A
st
)required = (0.437/100) (400 618) = 1080 mm
2
< 1232 mm
2

Hence OK.


Step 3: Determine PCP

As per clause 26.2.3.1, the rebars should extend beyond TCP for a distance equal to d (618 mm)
or 12 d
b
(= 12 x 28 = 336 mm), whichever is greater. Hence extend the bars to a distance of 620
mm from 2.5 m. The reinforcement details along the beam are shown below.


Fig. 7.56a

Exercise 7.6 (Compression lap and welded laps)

A tied column of a multi-storeyed building has 16 numbers 20 mm longitudinal bars (see Fig.
7.57). Assuming f
y
= 415 MPa and f
ck
= 30 MPa, calculate the compression lap length required
(a) as per IS 456, (b) ACI 318 and (c) how the length can be reduced by using welded lap joint.

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian


Solution

(a) Lap length as per clause 26.2.5.1 of IS 456
Development length in compression =
bd
d
4
L
t
b s
d f
= 24 d
b

With
bd
for tension bars from clause 26.2.1.1 (Table) increased for deformed bars (60%) and
for compression (25%)
Hence,
b d
d L
25 . 1 ) 6 . 1 5 . 1 ( 4
415 87 . 0


= = 30 x 20 = 600 mm
The same value may be got directly from Table 7.4

(b) As per ACI 318 code, for f
y
= 415 MPa, Eqn. 7.23(b)
b y sp
d f L ) 24 13 . 0 ( = =
b
d ) 24 415 13 . 0 ( = 29.95 x 20 =599 mm


(c) Reduction of lap length by using welded lap joint

Let us adopt a single lap welding as shown in Fig. 7. 39(a) of total length of 15 d
b
with 10 d
b
lap
welding and 5d
b
gaps (L
w
= 10 x 20 = 200 mm). The welds are to be designed to carry the
equivalent force (F) for a lap of (30 15) d
b
=15d
b

F=
3
2
10
30
15
4
20
) 415 87 . 0 (

t
= 56.7 kN
Thus size of weld is calculated as
mm
f L
F
Size
u
mw
w
6 . 2
410 7 . 0
5 . 1 3
200
1000 7 . 56
7 . 0
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=


Provide a size of weld as 0.2 x d
b
= 0.2 x 20 = 4, say 4 mm weld of length 200 mm.
Note that AWS Structural Welding Code Reinforcing Steel, D1.4-92, does not allow
welded lap joints (with double-flare-v-groove welds) for bars greater than 19 mm.

Exercise 7.7 (Curtailment of reinforcement)

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
A reinforced concrete beam of span 5 m, subjected to uniformly distributed loads, requires 6
numbers 16 mm Fe 415 bars as tension reinforcement. Determine the theoretical and physical
cut-off points where two and four of these bars can be curtailed. Assume M 20 concrete, b = 400
mm and d = 550 mm.

Solution:

Two of the bars (denoted as Bars A in Fig. 7.55) should continue into the supports. Considering
that symmetry should be maintained, two bars (Bars B in Fig. 7.58) can be cut off at x
1
(2/3M
o

location, where M
o
is the maximum bending moment at centre), and two more bars (Bars C in
Fig. 7.58) can be curtailed at x
2
( 1/3 M
o
location)

Step 1: Calculation of TCP
Theoretical cut-off point for bars B from B.M. considerations
Let x be the distance from support where 2 bars are cut
The bending moment at x = V
u
x-wx
2
/2 = (wL/2)x - wx
2
/2
Thus we can write
(

= (4/6) bars



Fig. 7.58

Simplifying we get,

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian


With L = 5m, x
1
= 0.2113L =1.056 m from support.

In the same way, theoretical cut-off point for bars c from B.M. considerations, can be found as,
(

= (2/6) bars

Simplifying we get,

With L= 5 m, x
2
= 0.0916 L = 0.458 m from support

Step 2: Development length

Development length for 16 mm bars of Grade Fe 415 and for M20 concrete,
From table 7.4, L
d
= 752 mm

Step 3: Physical cut-off points

Clause 26.2.3.4 of the code requires that the distances x
1
y
1
and x
2
y
2
should be at least equal to d
(550 mm)or 12d
b
(=12 x 16= 192 mm), whichever is larger. Thus the physical cut-off points
should be located at 550 mm from the theoretical cut-off points (i.e., x
1
y
1
= x
2
y
2
= 550 mm).

Step 4: Check for development length at cut-off points

Physical cut-off point y
1
for C bars from support = 1056- 550 = 868 mm
Physical cut-off point y
2
for B bars from support = 458 - 550 = -92 mm
The minus sign shows that B bars should not be curtailed and are to be continued into the
support. It is evident that bars A, B, C have adequate development length of more than 752 mm
on either side of mid-span. At section x
1
, C bars are cut-off and bars A and B have a
development length of 0.2113L = 1056 mm which is greater than 752 mm. Hence the
development lengths at x
1
are adequate.

At simple supports, the bars should extend beyond the face of support by a distance equal to Ld/3
= 752/3 = 251 mm. As the support width is only 200 mm(assumed)-end cover of 25 or 2 x 16 =
32 mm, extend the bars A and B into the support by 165 mm and bend the bars using 90
o
bend
with 4d
b
extension, which will give an extra length of 8 x 16 =128 mm (total 293 mm > 251
mm).

Note that additional checks are required for shear and additional stirrups are to be provided at all
cut-off points as per clause 26.2.3.2 of the code and at support (M
1
/V + L
o
) > L
d
.


Exercise 7.8

Design of RC Structures Oxford University Press India DR. N. Subramanian
Explain why IS 456 do not insist the condition L
d
< M
1
/V + L
o
for negative steel at the interior
supports of a continuous beam. How does one check the anchorage length of bar at interior
support? Consider a continuous beam ABC, simply supported at A and C and continuous over B.
The design requires 4 bars of 28 mm at top and 3 bars of 28 mm at bottom for a support a
moment of 575 kNm. Check the anchorage length that should be provided for the tension steel.
What are the requirements to be fulfilled for the negative moment reinforcement?

Solution:

The code does not insist the condition L
d
< M
1
/V + L
o
for negative steel at the interior supports
of a continuous beam. It is because the shape of the bending moment diagram near the interior
supports is such that the development length at any section away from the support is always
satisfied, if the requirements at the face of the support are fulfilled (SP 24:1983).
At interior support, the anchorage for tension steel becomes part of the adjacent span
reinforcement, which is normally extended 0.25L, where L is the span of adjacent span, from the
face of support (see Fig. 8.15 of SP 34:1987). Clause 26.2.3.4 of IS 456 requires that one-third of
the total reinforcement provided for negative moment at the support should extend beyond the
point of inflection for a distance not less than effective depth or 12db, or 1/6
th
of clear span
whichever is greater.