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Nuclear Engineering and Design
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ nucengdes
Modeling basic creep in concrete at early-age under compressive
and tensile loading
Adrien Hilaire
a,
, Farid Benboudjema
a
, Aveline Darquennes
a
,
Yves Berthaud
a
, Georges Nahas
a,b
a
ENS Cachan/CNRS UMR8535/UPMC/PRES UniverSud Paris, Cachan, France
b
Institut de radioprotection et de suret nuclaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
a b s t r a c t
A numerical model has been developed to predict early age cracking for massive concrete structures, and especially concrete nuclear containment vessels.
Major phenomena are included: hydration, heat diffusion, autogenous and thermal shrinkage, creep and cracking. Since studied structures are massive,
drying is not taken into account. Such modeling requires the identication of several material parameters. Literature data is used to validate the basic
creep model. A massive wall, representative of a concrete nuclear containment, is simulated; predicted cracking is consistent with observation and is
found highly sensitive to the creep phenomenon.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Massive structures like nuclear power plants containments,
dams or tunnels are designed to have a long lifespan. Cracking
at early age can weaken these structures: at long term, transfers
of aggressive agents are improved by cracking and degradation
phenomena like corrosion (by carbonation, for instance) are accel-
erated. The durability of the structure is reduced and high costs
of renovation may be required to bring up to standard the dam-
agedstructure. Furthermore, crackingincreases alsoleakage, which
can reduce the serviceability of the structures (like containment in
nuclear power plant, gas tank, etc.). Besides, it creates weak areas
which may again crack during an accidental loading.
During the casting process, the cement hydration reactions
release heat. The relatively slowdiffusion process may lead, in the
case of massive concrete structures, to large spatial and time varia-
tions of temperature in the core of concrete. A thermal stress state
is created by boundary conditions, autogenous shrinkage and tem-
perature gradient. During cooling, this stress state associated to
the low-strength concrete in tension can develop cracks (Buffo-
Lacarrire et al., 2011). Tensile creep is recognized for its role in
stress relaxationandmost numerical simulations use models based
on the hypothesis that creep strain is similar in tension and in
compression.
Tensile creep is sensitive to a lot of parameters. As in compres-
sion, creep decreases with the age of loading and increases with the
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: adrien.hilaire@ens-cachan.fr (A. Hilaire).
water to cement ratio (Bissonnette and Pigeon, 1995; stergaard
et al., 2001). Creep remains in the linear viscoelastic region for a
stress to strength ratio around 60% for Domone (1974) and Atrushi
(2003) when stergaard et al. (2001) observe that specic creep
strains are no more proportional to stresses when a specimen is
loaded to 45% instead of 25% of the tensile strength. A literature
review of some experimental results dealing with basic creep in
tension/compression has been carried out, a short summary of the
testing conditions and of the concrete mix is presented in Table 1.
The ratio of compressive creep to tensile creep is plotted in Fig. 1.
Even if the testing conditions are different, a consensus cannot be
reached with this plot: for some authors, creep strain is higher
in compression than in tension when others nd opposite results.
Nevertheless, most studies exhibit a ratio which decline over time.
At long term, the kinetics of creep in tension appears to be faster
than that in compression.
In order to predict this feature, a rheological model with only
4 parameters has been developed to estimate creep strains in
concrete. This model takes into consideration the evolution of
hydration, the long termviscoelasticity and the asymmetry of the
behavior between tension and compression.
An identication process was undertaken thanks to previous
experimental studies (Atrushi, 2003; Briffaut et al., 2012), it allows
identifying the materials parameters and validating the results of
the model and its ability to distinguish compression and tension. A
simple study of an embedded bar which is submitted to tempera-
ture variation highlights benecial effects of creep, particularly of
tensile creep. Creep laws established from 1D are extended to 3D
and the behavior of a massive structure at early age is simulated
and risks of cracking are assessed.
0029-5493/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.08.034
Please cite this article in press as: Hilaire, A., et al., Modeling basic creep in concrete at early-age under compressive and tensile loading. Nucl.
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2 A. Hilaire et al. / Nuclear Engineering and Design xxx (2013) xxxxxx
Table 1
Reviewof some tests for comparing basic creep in tension and in compression.
Authors Concrete parameters Geometry
a
(mm) Testing
conditions
Loading age (days)
w/c Admixtures
Atrushi (2003)
b
0.4 Silica fume (HPC) 150300 or 103425 Sealed 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8
Brooks and Neville (1977) 0.5 76178 Immersed 28 or 56
Briffaut (2010) 0.45 Superplasticizer 7070280 or 300110 Sealed 5
Masse (2010) 0.22 Silica fume, superplasticizer, steel
bers (BFUP)
100200 Sealed 7
Darquennes et al. (2011) 0.44
0.45
Superplasticizer
Superplasticizer +blast-furnace
slag
100350 (compression)
TSTMapparatus
1001001000 (tension)
Sealed 1
Reviron (2009) 0.57 Superplasticizer Hollowcylinders 130500
(tension)
110220 (compression)
Sealed 90
Li et al. (2002) 0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Normal Portland cement (OPC5)
Normal Portland cement (OPC3)
Silica fume (SF10)
Blast-furnace slag (BF65)
Silica-fume +blast-furnace slag
(SF10BF65)
60100 (tension)
100100400
(compression)
Sealed 3
Ranaivomanana et al. (2013) 0.45 Superplasticizer 110220 (compression)
7070280 (tension)
Sealed 28
Rossi et al. (2012) 0.54 CEMI 52.5 N PMES CA2 1601000 (compression)
130500 (tension)
Sealed 64
a
l wh means a prismatic geometry, dl means a cylindrical geometry.
b
The basic creep strain is estimated fromthe total creep compliance (instantaneous +creep) for Atrushi (2003).
2. Modeling of basic creep
2.1. Mechanisms of basic creep
Usually, basic creep is explained by two physical mechanisms
with different kinetics (Ulm and Acker, 1998), the short-term
micro-diffusion of water between capillary pores and the long-
term sliding of C-S-H sheets characterized by a non-asymptotic
aging (Fig. 2). They are common to tensile and compressive creep.
Furthermore, it seems that a non-negligible micro-cracking occurs
during tensile creep.
Fig. 1. Evolution of the ratio of the compressive creep divided by tensile creep.
2.1.1. Short-termmicro-diffusion of water into capillary pores
At microscopic level, the stress in the cement paste is trans-
mitted to hydrates and a loss of the thermodynamic equilibriumof
adsorbedwater is observed. Inorder toreestablishthis equilibrium,
Fig. 2. Mechanisms of basic creep (Ulm and Acker, 1998). (a) Short-term micro-
diffusion of water between capillary pores. (b) Sliding of C-S-H sheets.
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A. Hilaire et al. / Nuclear Engineering and Design xxx (2013) xxxxxx 3
water molecules diffuse fromlayers of free adsorbed water to free
zones and a deformation of the solid skeleton appears (Fig. 2a). This
short-termphenomenon is strongly link to the degree of advance-
ment of the reaction. A KelvinVoigt chain is used to model this
micro-diffusion; the parameters k
kv
and q
kv
are linked to degree of
hydration to represent the aging nature according to the relation-
ships proposed by De Schutter (1999):
k
kv
() = k
kv
0.473
2.081 1.608
0.62
(1)
q
kv
() = k
kv
()z (2)
in which k
kv
is the nal stiffness of the spring, z is assumed to be
constant and

is dened by:
=

0
0
(3)
where
is the nal hydration degree and

0
is the mechanical
percolationthreshold, over this degreeof hydrationconcretebegins
to behave like a solid. In concrete (with a clinker binder without
admixtures), it is almost independent of the w/c ratio (Torrenti and
Benboudjema, 2005) and it is equal to about 0.1 (Boumiz et al.,
1996).
2.1.2. Sliding of C-S-H sheets
Long-term creep is associated to a shear slip mechanism: the
sliding of C-S-H (Bazant et al., 1997) (Fig. 2b). This mechanism is
irreversible and it is modeled by an aging dashpot. In order to nd
a logarithmic long-termcreep deformation (Brooks, 2005), its vis-
cosity is taken proportional to time thanks to the parameter k
am
(which corresponds to C-S-Hpolymerization, Bazant et al., 1997):
q
um
(t) = k
um
t (4)
2.1.3. Micro-cracking
Al-Kubaisy (1975) shows that micro-cracking appears when
concrete is creeping under tensile load. Bissonnette et al. (2007)
observe tensile creep increases with a reduction in paste content
whereas Neville (1964) shows an opposite effect for compressive
creep. Moreover, Bissonnette et al. (2007) also note that steel bers
do not reduce tensile creep contrary to expectations. The impor-
tance of the interfaces cement paste-aggregate and ber-cement
paste is highlighted (Omar et al., 2009). These areas could be more
sensitive to micro-cracking in tension because of their weakness.
A signicant part of tensile creep could then be explained by the
growth of micro-cracks. The irreversibility of this mechanismleads
to also model it with the dashpot q
am
. A coefcient is introduced
to take into account the difference between tension and compres-
sion by means of Eq. (5).
um
=
o
+
q
um
(t)
+
o
q
um
(t)
(5)
where
+
is the positive part operator.
2.2. Modeling
A simple and convenient one-dimensional rheological model
with only 4 parameters is proposed to predict creep strains (Fig. 3).
This model allows for retrieving all known features of basic creep,
from early-age to long-term, including the partial recovery and
the asymmetric behavior tension/compression. Its governing equa-
tions are presented in Eq. (6) and creep strains under a loading of
|o| =1MPa are plotted in Fig. 4 where k
kv
is kept constant (Table 2).

bc
=
kv
+
um
(6a)
Fig. 3. 1D model.
Fig. 4. Creep strain for |o| =1MPa in tension and in compression.

kv
=
o o
q
k
kv
()
(6b)

kv
=
o
q
q
kv
()
(6c)
um
=
o
+
q
um
(t)
+
o
q
um
(t)
(6d)
This system of equations leads to the second-order differential
equation (7).
o
k
kv
= z
kv
+
_
1 +
k
kv
k
kv
z
_

kv
(7)
The system (6) can be extended to a three dimensional problem
thanks to the relationships (8) where
bc
is the creep Poissons
Table 2
Parameters of the rheological chain.
k
kv
z kam
105GPa 10h 62.21GPa 2.57
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Table 3
Creep parameters for Briffaut et al. (2012) and Atrushi (2003).
k (GPa) z (h) kam (GPa)
Briffaut et al. (2012) 160 3 42 1.69
Atrushi (2003) 300 4 87 1.4
coefcient. D is the tensor of the principal stresses of and P is
the transformation matrix.

bc
=
kv
+
um
(8a)

kv
=
1 +
bc
k
kv

kv

bc
k
kv
tr
kv
1 (8b)

kv
=
1 +
bc
q
kv

bc
q
kv
tr
q
1 (8c)

um
=
1 +
bc
q
um

bc
q
um
tr
1 (8d)
= PD
P
1
(8e)
D
= D
+D
+
(8f)
2.3. Identication of model parameters fromtest data
Few experimental tests compare creep in tension and creep in
compression; the modeling is validated using two experimental
campaigns (Atrushi, 2003; Briffaut et al., 2012). Anumerical scheme
is used to calculate the basic creep
bc
strain (see Appendix A).
2.3.1. Identication fromexperimental results of Briffaut et al.
(2012)
Creep tests at early age have been conducted; concrete is loaded
incompressionat 24h(unloadedat 161h), 32h(unloadedat 190h),
64h and 120h. Tensile tests have also been done at 48h, 90h and
120h. The hydration degree is determined fromconstitutive equa-
tions using chemical afnity and thermo-activation (Eq. 12, Ulm
and Acker, 1998). Strain evolutions predicted fromthe parameters
given in Table 3 are plotted in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Comparison between simulated (thick lines) and experimental evolutions of
strains for Briffaut et al. (2012).
Fig. 6. Comparison between simulated and experimental evolutions of strains for
Atrushi (2003).
2.3.2. Identication fromexperimental results of Atrushi (2003)
Three days after its casting, concrete is loaded at 40% of its
strength (unloaded at 10 days for the compressive test). The evo-
lution of the Youngs modulus is known, so the hydration degree is
found thanks to Eq. (9) (De Schutter and Taerwe, 1996) in which E
is the nal Youngs modulus. Strain evolutions predicted fromthe

parameters in Table 3 are plotted in Fig. 6.
() =
__
(t)
0
0
_
+
_
0.62
(9)
2.3.3. Validation of the model
The modeling agrees quite closely with experimental tests. The
difference between tension and compression can be considered
with only one parameter , the time dependence of q
am
and the
hydrationdegree dependence of k
kv
andq
kv
allowtohave a realistic
aging behavior for concrete. To ensure a good identication of the
parameters and to not underestimate the strain
bc
, the knowledge
of the residual strain after unloading is needed.
3. Mechanical simulations
3.1. Test case: one-dimensional bar a under temperature
variation
A bar with embedded boundary conditions is under a variation
in temperature (Fig. 7), the evolution of its stress state is predicted.
This simple problem simulates the casting of a massive structure
whose the deformations are completely restrained by boundary
conditions (imposed by a previous pouring or a rigid massif onto
which the concrete is poured). The temperature and hydration
degree evolutions are similar to the observations made in the core
of massive pouring of concrete (Benboudjema and Torrenti, 2008).
Drying shrinkage acts at a different time scale and it is not con-
sidered, similarly, autogenous shrinkage is neglected, due to the
high water ratio of concrete. Youngs modulus E is function of the
hydration degree thanks to Eq. (9).
Basic creepis calculatedaccordingtothemodel andtherelation-
ships developed in Section 2 and elastic strain obeys to a classical
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Fig. 7. Embedded bar under a temperature variation.
Table 4
Concrete parameters.
E (GPa) (K
1
) k (GPa) z (h) qa (GPa)
33 1210
6
113 24 73.7
Hookes law without damage. Thermal strain is assessed by the
following linear law:

th
=
th

11 (10)
The boundary conditions x a total strain at zero as:
=
th
+
cl
+
bc
= 0 (10a)
where
el
is the instantaneous strainand
bc
is the basic creepstrain
(Eq. (6a)). The values of parameters are presented in Table 4. Stress
state is evaluated with three different hypotheses:
In the rst case, creep is neglected.
In the second case, creep behavior is symmetric.
In the third case, tensile creep is higher than compressive creep.

Fig. 8. Stress evolution and temperature evolution versus time.
Fig. 9. Geometry of the concrete wall.
Fig. 8 shows an evolution of the stress state in the bar which is very
close to the nite element calculations. The exothermic nature of
the chemical reaction causes an increase of the temperature and
the restrained dilatancy leads to a compressive state. Then, the dif-
fusion of heat and the decrease in reaction kinetics induce a cooling
and a bar under tension. As expected, the stress is overestimated if
creepis neglected. Furthermore anaccurate modeling of the behav-
ior of concrete is needed: after 250h, the tensile stress is 1.2MPa
higher if a symmetric lawis adopted. The lowstrength of concrete
in tension makes this difference important.
3.2. Mechanical and chemo-thermal modeling of a massive
structure
The inuence of the coefcient is assessed throughout the
casting of a massive wall representative of concrete containment
in nuclear reactors (Fig. 9). The autogenous shrinkage and ther-
mal strain of the wall during its casting are restrained by a raft
foundation. The induced stresses are predicted by nite element
calculations using the governing equations which are described
afterwards. The material parameters have been identied from
experimental data. These data are obtained fromthe concrete used
for the casting of this concrete wall (Briffaut, 2010; Benboudjema
and Torrenti, 2008; Ithurralde, 1989). Plane strain conditions are
used since the wall length is equal to about 30m.
3.2.1. Chemo-thermal modeling
The kinetics of the hydration reaction is described thanks to an
Arrhenius law(Eq. (12)) in which is the hydration degree. E
a
is the
activation energy. R is the constant of perfect gas; T is the temper-
ature and

/() is the normalized afnity (Ulm and Coussy, 1998).
=

/()exp
_
u
R1
_
(12)
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Table 5
Thermal parameters.
k
th
(Wm
1
K
1
) 3.05
C (J m
3
K
1
) 2400
L (J K
3
) 154.710
6
Ea/R (K
1
) 4400
th
(K
1
) 1210
6
Fig. 10. Evolution of the normalized afnity

/() versus the hydration degree .
The evolution of the temperature is governed by the thermal diffu-
sion equation (Eq. (13)) where L is the latent heat of hydration, k
th
is the thermal conductivity and C is the heat capacity.
C

1 = (k1) +L
(13)
The thermal strain
th
is proportional to the temperature varia-
tion thanks to the thermal expansion coefcient
th
(Eq. (10)). The
values of the different parameters are summarized in Table 5 and
the normalized afnity is plotted in Fig. 10.
3.2.2. Modeling of autogenous shrinkage
The autogenous
au
is a consequence of the Le Chatelier con-
traction, so it is strongly linked to the degree of hydration. The
measurement of its amplitude shrinkage does not meet a general
consensus. Indeed, depending on the used method very different
results can be obtained for a same concrete (Briffaut, 2010). The
modelingis comparedtotheexperimental results (Fig. 11) obtained
with the device BTJADE (Boulay, 2007). An expansion is measured
at the beginning of the hydration. The mathematical modeling of
autogenous shrinkage is presented in Appendix B.
3.2.3. Elastic-damage behavior
Elastic model. The elastic Poisson ratio and the Youngs modu-
lus E are related to the degree of hydration thanks to Eqs. (14) and
(9) (De Schutter and Taerwe, 1996) respectively.
() =
0
c
10(])
+(
0
c
10
)sin
_

2
_
(14)
where
is the nal Poisson ratio and

0
is the Poisson ratio when
concrete is still liquid. The elastic parameters are given in Table 6.
The creep Poisson ratio
bc
is assumed equal to the elastic one.
Table 6
Elastic parameters.

0
E (GPa)
0.2 0.5 32
Fig. 11. Evolution of the autogenous shrinkage au versus the hydration degree .
Elastic-damage model. A classical elastic damage modeling is
used; the decrease of the stiffness in tension is governed by Eq.
(15), in which the damage variable D, the effective stress tensor
and the total strain tensor are introduced.
= (1 D) (15a)
= ()(
bc

uu

th
) = ()
cl
(15b)
The evolution of the damage variable is calculated according to the
following relationships where the Mazars strain is introduced
(Benboudjema and Torrenti, 2008; Mazars, 1986) and k
0
is the
tensile strain threshold:
=
_
el
+
:
el
+
(16)
If -k
0
, then:
D = 1
k
0
((1 +/
t
)exp(8
t
) /
t
exp(28
t
))
If :k
0
, then:
D = 0 (17)
The tensile strain threshold is a function of the hydration degree
according to Eq. (18) in which j
t
is the nal tensile strength of the

concrete.
k
0
() =
j
t()
()
=
j
t
()
(18)
In order to avoid mesh dependency, a characteristic length l
c
is
introduced and correlated to the fracture energy G
ft
and to the
dissipated energy density g
ft
at failure in tension (Eq. (19)).
g
jt
=
C
jt
l
c
(19)
The fracture energy is function of (Eq. (20)) and the dissipated
energy is calculated according to the following equation:
C
jt
() = C
jt
and g
jt
() = j
t
()
1 +/
t
]2
8
t
(20)
The damage parameters are given in Table 7. The lack of experi-
mental data leads to take usual values for some parameters.
3.2.4. Visco-elastic simulations without taking into account
damage
In this part, damage is not taken into account. The inuence of
the parameter is studied. The choice of the parameters is based
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Table 7
Damage parameters.
j
t
(MPa) G
ft
(J m
2
) At (GPa)
2.5 48 1 0.46
on the study carried out by Briffaut (2010) on a concrete compo-
sition representative of a nuclear concrete containment (Table 3).
The analysis is performed for the elastic case without creep and
for three different values of : =1.69/3, =1.69, =1.693. The
evolutions of the stresses o
zz
and o
yy
at the center (point C) and at
the surface (point B) of the structure are plotted in Figs. 12 and 13.
As expected, creep relaxation has to be considered to not over-
estimate the residual stresses at the end of the early age. In Fig. 12,
the inuence of the coefcient is underlined. High values for
lead to a decrease of the stresses in the concrete when it is under
Fig. 12. Evolution of the stresses ozz versus time at the center (thick lines) and at
the surface (dashed lines).
Fig. 13. Evolution of the stresses oyy versus time at the center (thick lines) and at
the surface (dashed lines).
Fig. 14. Evolution of max[o]/max[o(=0)] versus /1.69.
Fig. 15. Damage eld at the end of the early age for different values of .
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tension. In Fig. 13, the evolution of the stress o
yy
is a consequence
of the temperature gradient along the horizontal axis
grud
x
(1), the
impact of is highlighted. Contrary to the evolution of o
zz
, the
value of bears onthe compressive andthe tensile state: the partial
restraint caused by the gradient of temperature
grud
x
(1) is reduced
by creep whereas the restraint is total along the z axis (plane strain
conditions).
Theevolutionof themaximal stress components max[] divided
by the one obtained for =0 is plotted versus /1.69 in Fig. 14. The
impact of the coefcient is emphasized: for /1.69=3, max[] is
half the value calculated with a ratio /1.69=1. Consequently, the
residual tensile stresses is highly dependent of the choice of the
parameter .
3.2.5. Visco-elastic simulations with taking into account of
damage
Now, the damage variable is introduced and the inuence of the
parameter on it is studied. Fig. 15 shows the damage eld for
three values of at the end of the early age (one month after the
casting of the concrete). As previously mentioned, the impact of the
value of is signicant; the nal damage eld is hugely dependent
on it. For =1.69/3, the structure is severely damaged when for
=1.693, the structure remains sound.
Several signicant cracks have beenreportedafter the construc-
tion of the wall in the central part (7 major crossing cracks with
openings up to 500m, Ithurralde, 1989) and at the interface of
the two lifts (only one lift has been considered here). Numerical
simulations are consistent with these observations: high values
of damage are located in the same zones even if the central area
seems to be too much damaged. Indeed, the plane strain condition,
adopted here, overestimates the restraint along the z direction and
as well as the damage is.
4. Conclusion
The lifespan of massive concrete structures is often calculated
thanks to numerical simulations in which basic creep is not taken
into account or basic creeps laws do not consider any differences
between tensile and compressive creep. A review of the literature
shows that this hypothesis is not validated by experiments. More-
over, the physical micro-mechanisms used to explain this delayed
deformations are not widely acceptedanda consensus onthis topic
has not been yet found.
The aimof this work was to establish a new modeling for basic
creep by introducing a difference between compression and ten-
sion thanks to only one parameter . This rheological chain is also
characterized by its ability to consider the aging of concrete, and
consequently, tosimulatebothearly-agecreepandlongtermcreep.
A numerical algorithmhas been developed to solve the non-linear
differential equation. Only four parameters have to be identied.
The identication process is much more relevant when data about
creep recovery are available. Comparisons with experimental data
are very satisfying.
The knowledge of the tensile basic creep is important to assess
cracking at early age. This assessment is highlighted with two
numerical examples. Firstly, the behavior of a lift joint in a mas-
sive structure is simulated thanks to a 1D simulation. At the end of
the early age, the residual tensile stress state is highly dependent
to the choice of the parameter . This result is corroborated by the
2D study of a massive wall of concrete (representative of a nuclear
containment). One month after its casting, the nal damage eld is
strongly correlated to the value of this parameter.
This study shows the need of a better understanding of creep
characteristics to have an accurate estimate of the risks of cracking
at early age. More experimental tests are needed to ll this gap
of knowledge. The present work focused on the early behavior of
concrete structures. Toprecisely estimate the durability of concrete
structures, the links between basic or drying creep and the stress
tensor have also to be better understood.
Appendix A. Numerical algorithm
With =
kv
,
kv
= (1 +(
k
kv
]k
kv
)z), z = z], Eq. (7) is a rst-
order differential equation whose the solution is obtained as
follows.
=
kv
= zc
t] z
+
o
k
kv
kv
(A.1)
An algorithm is required to solve the equations system (6) and to
calculate the total creep strain
bc
. The problem is discretized for
each time step:
k
n
kv
= k
kv
_
n+1
2
_
+k
kv
_
n
2
_
(A.2a)
^t
n
= t
n+1
t
n
(A.2b)
k
n
kv
=
k
kv
(
n+1
) k
kv
(
n
)
^t
n
(A.2c)
n
kv
=
_
1 +
k
n
kv
k
n
kv
z
_
(A.2d)
o
n
=
o
n+1
o
n
^t
n
(A.2e)
The strain increment ^
n
kv
is expressed as:
n+1
kv

n
kv
= ^
n
kv
=
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
z
n
c
t] z
n
+
o
n
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
dt (A.3)
Using Eq. (6c),
o
n
q
= q
n
kv

n
kv
= q
n
kv
_
z
n
c
t
n
] z
n
+
o
n
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
(A.4)
z
n
=
_
o
n
q
q
n
kv
o
n
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
c
t
n
] z
n
(A.5)
Then,
^
n
kv
=
o
n
q
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
1 c
^t
n
] z
n
_
+(o
n+1
o
n
)
1
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
1
q
n
kv
k
n
kv
n
kv
^t
n
(1 c
^t
n
]z
n
)
_
(A.6)
Using Eq. (6b), the stress o
q
appliedtothe dashpot q
kv
is continuous
and it is calculated as follows.
o
n+1
q
= q
n+1
kv
_
o
n
q
q
n
kv
_
1
n
kv
^t
n
z
_
+
o
n
q
n
kv
^t
n
_
(A.7)
The strain increment ^
n
um
is numerically determined with the
scheme (A.8):
if o
n+1
0 then q
um
^
n
um
=
o
n
+o
n+1
2
ln
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
(A.8a)
if o
n+1
0 then q
um
^
n
um
=
o
n
+o
n+1
2
ln
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
(A.8b)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
GModel
Fig. 16. Numerical scheme for the total strain increment z
n
bc
.
With the notations dened in (A.9), the numerical scheme in Fig. 16
gives the total strain increment ^
n
bc
.
j
n
(o
n
n
,
n+1
,
n
) =
o
n
n
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
1 c
^t
n
]z
n
_
(A.9a)
0
n
=
1
k
n
kv
n
kv
_
1
q
n
kv
k
n
kv
n
kv
^t
n
_
1 c
^t
n
] z
n
_
_
(A.9b)
u
n
(
n+1
,
n
) = 0
n
+
1
2q
u
ln
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
(A.9c)
u
n
(
n+1
,
n
) = 0
n
+

2q
u
ln
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
(A.9d)
b
n
(
n+1
,
n
) = 0
n
+
1
2q
u
ln
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
(A.9e)
b
n
(
n+1
,
n
) = 0
n
+

2q
u
ln
_
t
n+1
t
n
_
(A.9f)
Appendix B. Autogenous shrinkage
The autogenous shrinkage is calculated according to the follow-
ing relationships:
if -
p
:
uu
=
gj
1 +
uu
_
p
p
_
4

gj
1 +
uu
_
1

_
(B.1)
if :
p
:
uu
=
uu
+(
gj

uu
)
_
sin
_
2

1 (]
)
1 (]
p
)
__
uu
gj
1 +
uu
_
1

_
(B.2)
The set of parameters that ts the data fromBoulay (2007) is pre-
sented in Table 8.
Table 8
Autogenous shrinkage parameters.
au p
gf
au
uu
7 0.24 1.5110
5
1.25 510
5
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is the nal hydration degree and

is the nal Youngs modulus. Strain evolutions predicted fromthe

In the rst case, creep is neglected.

In the second case, creep behavior is symmetric.

In the third case, tensile creep is higher than compressive creep.

is the nal Poisson ratio and

is the nal tensile strength of the

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