Linking devices

Connect ideas in different

sentences
(followed by a clause)
Connect ideas in the same
sentence
(followed by a clause)
Connect ideas in the same
sentence
(followed by a noun group)
Addition
In addition,
Additionally,
Further,
The first
Secondly
Furthermore,
and
not only but also
and
Besides ,
not only but also
additional
Contrast
However,
In contrast,
On the contrary,
Conversely,
but
Thouh ,
, thouh
Althouh,
, althouh
!hile ,
, while
In s"ite of ,
#es"ite ,
In contrast to ,
Summary
In summary,
To summarise,
In conclusion,
To conclude,
Reason+result Cause+effect
Conse$uently,
As a conse$uence,
This is because
Because of this,
As a result,
Thus
, so
, as
because
Because ,
The reason is
because of
!"ample
For e%am"le,
For instance,
, for e%am"le,
, e%em"lified by

!"ercise #$
%ut the following phrases into respective categories in the above table&
Whereas,
Therefore,
Also,
On the other hand,
such as
Moreover,
hence
as well as
due to
!"ercise '$
%ut appropriate linking devices in the gaps below$
&' There are two reasons for su""ortin "ure scientific research' Firstly, it satisfies humans(
curiosity about the universe in which they live' Secondly, technoloical advances that follow on
from "ure scientific research have led to im"rovements in our lives' , the
non)stic* coatin on sauce"ans has made washin the dishes so much easier' ,
im"roved air"lane materials have made flyin faster, $uieter and chea"er' , we
should be rateful for "ure scientific research'
+' ,%"loration of s"ace has resulted in im"roved understandin about weather systems on other
"lanets and moons in our solar system' , we have an im"roved
understandin of the ,arth(s weather systems the conse$uences of future
chanes such as lobal warmin'
-' It is so easy for scientific advances to cause "roblems' , nuclear enery
sounded wonderful when it was first develo"ed, ' of its e%"ected low cost
lac* of "ollution' Safety was a concern and was ta*en seriously
careful "recautions were usually ta*en, and in most cases these did
actually result in a low chance of an accident' , nothin is "erfect,
includin safety systems, and when "roblems do ha""en, the conse$uences are e%tremely serious'
', althouh actual o"eration of a nuclear reactor "roduces little visible
"ollution, dis"osal of the radioactive materials that are "roduced is e%tremely difficult and
e%"ensive, conse$uently nuclear "ower is now considered too e%"ensive in
many countries' '', many overnments have sto""ed "lannin to build more
nuclear reactors' This e%am"le clearly shows that the miracle of yesterday may become the
disaster of tomorrow' .ot every scientific advance has the e%"ected result'