by L.T.

Roman
PREDICTION OF CREEP OF FROZEN PEAT BY THE METHOD OF TEMPERATURE-TIME
ANALOGY
The main f a c t o r s c ont r ol l i ng t he r e s i s t a nc e of f r ozen peat t o l oadi ng
a r e t h e hi gh amounts of i c e and unfrozen wat er pr es ent i n i t , and t h e cr eep
of peat p a r t i c l e s on t h e ot her . Volume f r a c t i o n of t h e c ons t i t ue nt s i n
f r ozen peat a t t emperat ures below t h a t f o r i nt e ns i ve phase t r a n s i t i o n of
moi st ure (i . e. below -8OC) a r e roughl y as fol l ows: 60-70% i ce, 18-254
unfrozen wat er , 1-15% peat p a r t i c l e s , and 2-5% ent rapped a i r . Thus t h e
pr i nc i pa l components of f r ozen peat a r e i c e and unfrozen wat er.
Uni axi al compression and r upt ur e tests c a r r i e d out by t h e pr es ent
aut hor have shown t h a t t h e deformat i on of specimens under l oads i nduci ng
vi scous fl ow, does not d i s t u r b t h e i r cont i nui t y.
The bear i ng capaci t y of f r ozen peat a c t i n g a s a f oot i ng can be
es t i mat ed by us i ng t h e gener al approach out l i ned by Vyalov i n h i s di s cus s i on
of t he decr ease of t h e s t r e ngt h of i c e wi t h t i me [ I ] . According t o t h a t
approach t h e not i on of s t r e ngt h i s v a l i d onl y f o r i c e when s u f f i c i e n t l y
l a r ge l oads a r e appl i ed r api dl y, l eadi ng t o b r i t t l e f a i l u r e . Allowable
long-term l oads can be es t i mat ed onl y by knowing t h e s t r a i n s and s t r a i n
r a t e s . It i s a convent i on t o t ake t h e l ong term s t r e ngt h a s equal t o t he
stress causi ng t h e s p e c i f i e d s t r a i n s and s t r a i n r a t e s , which must not exceed
t h e maximum per mi s s i bl e l evel s . It i s of p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t , however, t o
pr e di c t f o r f r ozen pe a t , a s w e l l a s f o r i c e , s et t l ement s over any gi ven
per i od of t i m e under a s pe c i f i e d l oad, i ns t ead of long-term s t r engt h.
Furt hermore, because of t h e i r i ncr eas ed def or mabi l i t y, f r ozen pe a t s a r e i n a
p l a s t i c f r ozen s t a t e t hroughout t h e n a t u r a l t emperat ure r ange, and
comput at i ons on t h e ba s i s of s t r a i n s a r e a p r e r e q u i s i t e i n c a l c ul a t i ons of
f oot i ngs composed of f r ozen peat s o i l s . A d i f f i c u l t as pect of s et t l ement
pr edi ct i ons i s t h e choi ce of t h e opt i mal mat hemat i cal model capabl e of
r eveal i ng t he char act er of deformat i on dur i ng t h e i n i t i a l per i od of l oadi ng
and of des cr i bi ng it qua nt i t a t i ve l y f o r a per i od t h a t i s s e ve r a l or der s
gr e a t e r t han t h e dur at i on of t h e test.
The pr es ent paper cons i der s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of pr e di c t i ng long-time
cr eep of f r ozen peat by us i ng t h e method of t emperat ure-t i me anal ogy. As i s
w e l l known, t emperat ure a f f e c t s r e l a xa t i on i n f r ozen s o i l s . Thei r cr eep
deformat i on i ncr eas es wi t h r i s i n g t emperat ure. The two main f a c t o r s
a f f e c t i n g t h e decr eas e of cr eep wi t h decr ease of t emperat ure a r e t h e
decr eas i ng amounts of unf r ozen wat er , and t h e decl i ni ng mobi l i t y of t h e
c r y s t a l l at t i ce of ice on t h e one hand and of s o i l p a r t i c l e mol ecul es on t h e
ot her .
These f a c t o r s vary pr opor t i onal l y accor di ng t o t emperat ure va r i a t i ons .
Moreover, t h e e f f e c t s of t emperat ure and t i m e on t h e s t r a i n are
complementary, which makes i t pos s i bl e t o e s t a b l i s h a n anal ogy between t h e
e f f e c t of t emper at ur e and t i me, on t he def or mabi l i t y. Let us assume t h a t a t
lower t emperat ures t h e same amount of s t r a i n w i l l occur i n a s o i l under a
c e r t a i n l oad a f t e r a l onger per i od of t i me a s t h a t occur r i ng i n t h e same
s o i l a t a hi gher t emperat ure i n a s h o r t e r dur at i on. The r egul ar p a t t e r n of
t he a c c e l e r a t i on of r el axat i on makes i t pos s i bl e t o appl y t he method of
analogy f o r pr e di c t i ng def or mabi l i t y [ 2] . It depends on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
experi ment al d a t a obt ai ned a t hi gher t emperat ures can be used t o model cr eep
over a l onger t i me i n t e r v a l t han t h e dur a t i on of t h e t e s t s .
The t emperat ure-t i me anal ogy i s based on t he r e l a t i ons hi p of t h e
cons ol i dat i on pr es s ur e a s a f unct i on of t i me and t emperat ure [ 3] :
where p and po a r e d e n s i t i e s a t 0 and I0 t emper at ur es, r es pect i vel y; q ( t , 8 )
i s t he f unct i on of t he cons ol i dat i on pr es s ur e; t i s t i me; t ' = t / a e ; and a.
is t h e temperature-time r educt i on c oe f f i c i e nt . It i s d i f f i c u l t t o us e
equat i on ( 1) . I n pr a c t i c e t h e r educt i on c oe f f i c i e nt ae i s det ermi ned from
t h e dependence of t h e compliance on t h e t i me of a c t i o n of t he l oad obt ai ned
f o r d i f f e r e n t t emperat ures. The r a t i o of t he r e l a t i v e s et t l ement 6 t o
stress u i s assumed t o be equal t o t h e compliance:
According t o t he condi t i ons of t h e t heor y of v i s c o e l a s t i c i t y , t h e
r e l a t i ons hi p between It , t h e compliance a t any s pe c i f i e d t i me and t h e long-
t e r m compliance I-, has t he form
where IO is i nst ant aneous e l a s t i c compliance and z i s r e l a xa t i on t i me.
Compliance i s det ermi ned expr i ment al l y by s ubj e c t i ng s o i l specimens t o
uni a xi a l ext ens i on and compression t e s t s [ 2] . A method has a l s o been
developed f o r c a l c ul a t i ng compliance from t h e d a t a of c i r c u l a r p l a t e l oadi ng
penet r at i on t e s t s [ 4 ] . However, t hes e t e s t s a r e l abor i ous , s i n c e specimens
wi t h i d e n t i c a l phys i cal pr ope r t i e s must be t e s t e d under a t l e a s t 6-10
d i f f e r e n t t emperat ure regimes wi t h r e pr oduc i bi l i t y adequat e f o r s t a t i s t i c a l
processi ng. The l e a s t l abor i ous of t he t hr e e methods descr i bed above i s t h e
c i r c u l a r p l a t e l oadi ng method. In c ont r a s t t o ext ens i on and compression
t e s t s , i t al l ows us t o di spense wi t h det er mi nat i ons of ul t i ma t e short -t erm
s t r e ngt h f o r each gi ven t emperat ure regime, and t o el i mi nat e a ddi t i ona l
tests f o r det er i mi ng t he magnitude of t h e s pe c i f i e d s t r e s s . Furt hermore,
c i r c u l a r l oadi ng p l a t e t e s t s a r e wi del y used f o r es t i mat i ng t h e s t r e n g t h of
f r ozen s o i l s [51.
Equat i ons ( 1) and ( 3) have been obt ai ned f o r homogeneous ma t e r i a l s
( wi t h a uni form phys i cal condi t i on) and do not t a ke i n t o account phase
t r a n s i t i o n s of moi st ure. Therefore i n t h i s work our prime o j e c t i v e i s t o
v e r i f y t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of appl yi ng t h e method of t emperat ure-t i me anal ogy
f o r eval uat i ng t he def or mabi l i t y of f r ozen peat s , which have a much g r e a t e r
t emperat ure range of i nt e ns i ve phase t r a n s i t i o n s t han mi ner al s o i l s . Our
e a r l i e r s t udi e s have shown t h a t f o r each degree drop i n t emperat ure t h e
decr ease i n t h e moi st ur e cont ent on account of unfrozen wat er WH is 0.02 i n
peat a t -BC, whereas i n cl ay loam t h a t decr ease occur s a t -1 t o -1.5OC.
Furt hermore, t he val ue of WH remains hi gh i n peat even at lower t emperat ures
(90-1202 r e l a t i v e t o t h e wei ght of dr y s o i l ) , which i s pr e c i s e l y t h e r eason
of i t s i ncr eas ed cr eep deformat i on.
Si nce our s t u d i e s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y approxi mat e, we chose t h e s i mpl es t
method a va i l a bl e , i.e. c i r c u l a r p l a t e l oadi ng t e s t s . The specimens were
prepared from a n ai r dr y highmoor cot t on grass-sphagnum peat decomposed t o
18-20%. To make t h e peat homogeneous, we s i f t e d i t t hrough a s cr een wi t h a
4 mm mesh and s a t ur a t e d i t wi t h d i s t i l l e d water, t hen pl aced i t f o r 48 hours
i n a s i e ve l i n e d wi t h f i l t e r paper t o d r a i n of f t h e water. The specimens
were i n t h e shape of 10 x 10 x 10 cm cubes and were prepared wi t h t h e hel p
of met al cas i ngs . The specimens were compacted on a vi br opl a t e and were
f r ozen a t -4.5OC i n t h e underground l abor at or y of t h e Yakut i an Branch of t h e
Krasnoyarsk Pr oms t r oi ni i pr oekt I n s t i t u t e . Af t er t h a t t h e specimens w e r e
s t or e d f o r a t l e a s t t hr e e days at t h e t emperat ure employed i n t h e tests.
The des i r ed t emperat ure condi t i ons w e r e c r e a t e d by us i ng t h e negat i ve
t emperat ure of t h e out s i de ai r i n a t her mal l y i ns ul a t e d room, The
experi ment al d a t a s e l e c t e d f o r t h e a na l ys i s were obt ai ned under condi t i ons
ens ur i ng t emperat ure v a r i a t i o n s of f0.3OC o r less over t h e -1 t o -10 range,
o r of fO.SC a t l ower t emperat ures. Temperature measurements were t aken a t
hour l y i n t e r v a l s wi t h a mercury thermometer graduat ed i n O.lOc, t h a t was
i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e c o n t r o l specimen. The dur at i on of t h e tests was 8 hours.
A t t he "basal " t emperat ure, which wa s s pe c i f i e d a s -13OC, t h e dur at i on of
t h e tests was 240 hours. The l oad on t h e c i r c u l a r p l a t e l oadi ng was
s e l e c t e d i n conformi t y wi t h t h e s pe c i f i c a t i ons of GOST 21048-75 and var i ed
from 3 t o 15 kg depending on t h e t emperat ure. We s e l e c t e d f o r t h e a na l ys i s ,
r e s u l t s of t h e tests i n which t h e s et t l ement s of t h e c i r c u l a r p l a t e were
c l o s e i n magnitude r egar dl es s of t h e t emper at ur e and amounted t o 0.09+0.1 c m
f i f t e e n mi nut es a f t e r t h e appl i cat i on of t h e l oad.
I n pr epar i ng t h e specimens we endeavoured t o ens ur e t h a t t hey w r e
homogeneous and possessed i d e n t i c a l phys i cal pr oper t i es . The average va ues
!i 3
3
of t h e i ndi ces of t he s e pr ope r t i e s ere a s fol l ows: u n i t mass 1.03 g/cm ;
u n i t mass of t h e s kel et on 0.17 g/cm ; dens i t y 1.5 g/cm ; moi st ur e cont ent
4.95; i n i t i a l f r eezi ng t emper at ur e -0.08OC.
The unfrozen water cont ent (as a f r a c t i o n ) was det ermi ned
c a l or i me t r i c a l l y f o r a l l t h e t emper at ur e regi mes of t h e t est s and amounted
t o 2 at 2.5OC, 1.3 at -4OC, 0.9 at -6OC, 0.7 a t -8.5OC, 0.6 a t 9.5OC, 0.55
a t -13OC, 0.51 at 25.!iC, and 0.5 at -28OC.
According t o [ 4] t h e compliance f o r any s pe c i f i e d per i od of t i m e It i s
c a l c ul a t e d accor di ng t o t h e formul a
where S i s t h e s et t l ement of t h e l oadi ng p l a t e over t i m e t , r i s t h e r a di us
of t h e l oadi ng p l a t e , and P i s t h e l oad on t h e l oadi ng pl a t e .
The compliance c a l c ul a t e d from t h a t formul a a s a f unct i on of t i me i s
shown i n semi l og coor di nat es f o r each t emperat ure regime i n Fig. 1. Fur t her
pr ocessi ng of exper i ment al d a t a wi t h t h e view of det ermi ni ng long-term
compliance r educes t o f i ndi ng t emperat ure-t i me r educt i on c o e f f i c i e n t ae and
t o cons t r uct i ng a gener al i zed cur ve des cr i bi ng t h e long-term dependence of
I; on l n t f o r t h e specimens t e s t e d a t t he "basal " t emperat ure, i . e. at t he
t emperat ure a t which w e wi sh t o det ermi ne t h e l ong-t erm compliance of t h e
specimens t es t ed.
It i s of fundamental i mport ance t o det ermi ne t h e t hermorheol ogi cal
performance of peat under l oad and t o compare i t t o ot he r si mpl e o r complex
mat er i al s .
Compliance of t hermorheol ogi cal l y si mpl e subst ances i s det ermi ned onl y
by t h e r e l a xa t i on pr ocesses r e l a t e d t o t h e mobi l i t y of macromolecules, which
i ncr eas es o r a l t e r s wi t h a change i n t emperat ure [ 2] . For t hes e subst ances
t h e r educt i on c o e f f i c i e n t a under comparable exper i ment al condi t i ons i n t h e
r egi on of l i n e a r vi s c oe l a s t 1 c i t y i s a f unct i on of one s i n g l e va r i a bl e ,
i.e. of t emperat ure. I n geomet ri c terms i t means t h a t wi t h a change i n
t emperat ure t h e compliance cur ves I; = f ( 1nt ) a r e r i g i d l y di s pl aced al ong
t he time a x i s wi t hout di s t ur bi ng t he p a r a l l e l char act er of t h e i r
di spl acement . Thi s gr e a t l y f a c i l i t a t e s t h e det er mi nat i on of t h e
temperature-time r educt i on c oe f f i c i e nt ae.
I n f r ozen e a r t h mat er i al s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n peat , a drop i n t emperat ure
l eads t o a change i n t h e i c e cont ent i n a ddi t i on t o decr eas i ng t h e mobi l i t y
of t he c r y s t a l l a t t i c e of i c e and s o i l p a r t i c l e s . The e f f e c t of t hes e phase
t r a n s i t i o n s compl i cat es t h e char acer of I t - l nt l eadi ng t o i t s " v e r t i c a l
di spl acement ". Experi ment al da t a show t h a t t he compliance curves obt ai ned
f o r t h e same s o i l s , but a t d i f f e r e n t t emper at ur es, ext r apol at ed t o a common
pol e, which a l s o shows t h a t t h e i r p a r a l l e l char act er becomes di s t ur bed and
consequent l y t h a t t h e s o i l s s t udi ed shoul d be r e f e r r e d t o
t hermorheol ogi cal l y complex s ol i ds . The need t o t ake t h e v e r t i c a l
di spl acement i n t o account compl i cat es t h e cons t r uct i on of a gener al i zed
curve. It i s t he r e f or e of i n t e r e s t t o det ermi ne t h e degr ee of i t s i nf l uence
on t h e accuracy of l ong-t erm compliance det er mi nat i ons. When t h a t e f f e c t i s
not l a r ge , t he v e r t i c a l di spl acement can be di sr egar ded and t he gener al i zed
compliance cur ve can be cons t r uct ed t h e way i t i s done f o r
t hermorheol ogi cal l y si mpl e bodi es.
Compliance a t a t emperat ure of -13OC was s e l e c t e d a s t he r ef er ence
curve. It was t aken near t h e lower l i m i t of t h e t emperat ure condi t i ons ,
under which t h e t e s t s were c a r r i e d out (Fi g. l ) , s i n c e t h e upper curves were
used f o r cons t r uct i on of a gener al i zed curve and f o r i t s ext r apol at i on i n t o
t he r egi on of a l onger t i me i t e r v a l t han t he dur at i on of t h e t e s t s . The
anal ys i s i ncl uded:
1. Const r uct i on of a gener al i zed curve on t h e assumpt i on t h a t t he peat
t e s t e d i s a t her mor heol ogi al l y simple mat er i al .
To det ermi ne t h e r educt i on c oe f f i c i e nt t he di s t a nc e on t h e hor i z ont a l
between each p a i r o r nei ghbouri ng cur ves Ah a e i s measured a t s e v e r a l val ues
of l n t wi t hi n t h e t e s t i n g peri od. Assuming t h a t t he curves a r e p a r a l l e l , we
average t he r e s u t l s of t he Ah a e measurements and obt ai n t h e f ol l owi ng
val ues f o r each p a i r of exper i ment al curves: e5-e4 - 2.76; e4-03 - 1.78;
e3-e2 - 0.78; 02-G1 - 1.05; and Q1-Q0 - 1.6. The r e s u l t s of t h e
measurements a r e used t o cons t r uct a graph of Alnae as a f unct i on of
t emperat ure (8-e0) (Fig. 2a) . Af t er t h a t we f i n d t h e a n a l y t i c a l expr essi on
of l nae = f ( 8 ) , which f o r our d a t a has t h e f ol l owi ng form:
During t he cons t r uct i on of t he gener al i zed curve t he experi ment al f unct i ons
It = f ( 1 n t ) become r i g i d l y di s pl aced t o t h e r i g h t by t h e correspondi ng Inag
val ue. The new t i me t ransformed f o r them w i l l be
The gener al i zed curve t hus obt ai ned on t h e assumpt i on t h a t t h e pe a t
specimens t e s t e d were t hermorheol ogi cal l y si mpl e s o l i d s i s shown by t h e
dot t ed l i n e i n Fi g. 1.
2. Const ruct i on of a gener al i zed curve on t h e assumpt i on t h a t t h e f r ozen
peat t e s t e d i n a t her mor heol ogi cal l y complex mat er i al . For
t hermorheol ogi cal l y complex mat er i al s t h e t emperat ure-t i me c o e f f i c i e n t i s a
f unct i on not onl y of t emperat ure, but a l s o of deformat i on time, a s a r e s u l t
of which t h e compliance curves undergo a v e r t i c a l , a s we l l a s a hor i zont al
di spl acement . Taking i n t o cons i der at i on t h a t di spl acement , t h e r educt i on
c oe f f i c i e nt w i l l be det ermi ned [ 2] a s
l n a
9 , t
= l nae( O, t o>[ l +f ( T>l ,
where to i s t he "basal " readout t i me and T = l nt - l nt O.
The f i r s t component of equat i on ( 7) i s found from 8-e0 a s a f unct i on of
l nag a t a f i xed "basal " time. Thi s f unct i on depends on one s i g l e argument,
i . e. on t emperat ure. I n t h e cas e examined i t s val ue proved t o be c l os e t o
equat i on (6):
To det ermi ne f ( T) we f i n d p a r t i a l de r i va t i ve s ul na e ( 8, t ) / ut , which a r e
t ransformed t o a form t h a t i s i nva r i a nt r e l a t i v e t o t h e change i n
t emperat ure, wi t h t h e hel p of t he f unct i on of s i mi l i t ude (Fi g. 2b).
Having cal cul at ed l n a accordi ng t o formul a ( 6) , we cons t r uct a
gener al i zed cur ve r i g i d l y !ikplacing exper i ment al val ues of It = f ( l n t ) by
t he magnitude l nae cal cul at ed accordi ng t o formul a ( 7) . The cur ve
obt ai ned i s shown i n Fig. 1 by t h e s o l i d l i ne . It may t hus be s een t h a t i t
i s pos s i bl e t o cons t r uct a more accur at e gener al i zed curve by t aki ng i n t o
account t h e v e r t i c a l di spl acement . Thi s i s confirmed by experi ment al da t a
of long-term compliance det er mi nat i ons a t t he "basal " t emperat ure: t h e
experi ment al poi nt s f a l l on t h e gener al i zed cur ve cons t r uct ed as i s done f o r
r ehol ogi cal l y si mpl e mat er i al s .
It shoul d be not ed t h a t t h e pr ocessi ng of experi ment al da t a i s g r e a t l y
compl i cat ed i f t h e v e r t i c a l di spl acement i s account ed f o r by t h e s t andar d
methods. Si nce t h e di spl acement occurs mainly as a r e s u l t of phase
t r a n s i t i o n s , we have at t empt ed t o es t i mat e t h e i r e f f e c t on compliance
i n d i r e c t l y wi t h t h e view of s i mpl i f yi ng t h e procedures i nvol ved i n
cons t r uct i on of a gener al i zed curve.
The volume of s o i l occupi ed by water and gases, i . e. by t h e components
pr i mar i l y r es pons i bl e f o r t h e presence of t h e v e r t i c a l di spl acement f a c t o r ,
and t he volume occupi ed by i c e and peat p a r t i c l e s can be det ermi ned a t each
t emperat ure. The r e l a t i v e cont ent of i c e and pe a t ( k) can r e a di l y be
expressed t hrough t h e i r volume i n u n i t volume of t h e s o i l :
3 3
where yck i s u n i t mass of t he s o i l s kel et on, g/cm ; yr i s dens i t y, g/cm ; Wc
i s t he t o t a l moi st ure co t e n t ; WH i s t h e unfrozen wat er cont ent , and yxi s
S
t he dens i t y of i c e , g/cm .
The e f f e c t of t he gas cont ent and of t h e unfrozen wat er , on t h e
compliance can be cal cul at ed by r e f e r r i n g t h e s t r e s s e s t o t h e a r e a occupi ed
by i c e and peat p a r t i c l e s r a t h e r t han t o t h e t o t a l a r e a of specimen. That
a r e a can be c a l c ul a t e d onl y approxi mat el y by assuming t h a t i t i s
pr opor t i onal t o t h e r e l a t i v e cont ent of s o i l p a r t i c l e s and i c e ( k) . The new
val ue of compliance 1; w i l l t hen be equal t o I t k.
The val ues of k cal cul at ed f o r t h e peat samples t e s t e d accor di ng t o
f o r ml a ( 9) , f o r each t emperat ure regime a r e a s fol l ows:
The graphs I t k = f ( 1 n t ) and t he gener al i zed curve cons t r uct ed f o r t he s e
f unct i ons , a s i s done f o r t her mor heol ogi cal l y si mpl e s o l i d s , a r e shown i n
Fi g. 3. It i s evi dent from t he graph t h a t i nt r oduct i on of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t k
makes i t pos s i bl e t o br i ng t h e gener al i zed cur ve c l o s e r t o t h e exper i ment al
dat a.
By us i ng t he compliance val ues det ermi ned accor di ng t o t he t h r e e
methods di s cus s ed e a r l i e r , and by employing t h e t echni que devel oped by
Vyalov f o r es t i mat i ng t h e long-term s t r e n g t h of f r ozen s o i l s [ 6 and 71, w e
c a l c ul a t e d t h e equi val ent cohesi on of t h e peat used i n t h e t e s t s a t a
"basal " t emperat ure of -13OC over t he t i m e i n t e r v a l l n t = 12.9. The r e s u l t s
obt ai ned were a s fol l ows: 0.367 MPa accordi ng t o t he gener al i zed compliance
curve f o r a t hermorheol ogi cal l y si mpl e s o l i d ; 0.45 MPa accor di ng t o t he same
curve, but wi t h k c o e f f i c i e n t account ed f or ; 0.497 MPa accor di ng t o t h e
gener al i zed curve of compliance f o r a t her mor heol ogi cal l y complex s o l i d ; and
0.52 MPa accordi ng t o t h e method proposed by Vyalov. It i s evi dent from
t hes e r e s u l t s t h a t peat has an i ncr eas ed def or mabi l i t y. Even a t low
t emperat ures (-13OC) i t s long-term equi val ent cohesi on i s l ower t han t h a t
cal cul at ed accordi ng t o t he long-term s t r e ngt h equat i on obt ai ned by Vyalov
f o r f r ozen mi ner al s o i l s . The method of temperature-time anal ogy i s
gener al l y accept abl e f o r pr edi ct i ng s et t l ement s of f r ozen peat s o i l s , which
must t hen be regarded a s t hermorheol ogi cal l y complex s o l i d s , i n which t h e
phase t r a n s i t i o n s of moi st ure cause a v e r t i c a l di spl acement of compliance
curves.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Vyalov S.S., Dokuchaev V.V., Sheinkman D.R. Podzemnye l'dy i
sil'nol'idstye grunty kak osnovaniya sooruzhenii (Ground Ice and
Ice-rich Soils as Footings for Superstructures). Leningrad, Stroiizdat,
19/6, 165 p.
2. Urzhumtsev Yu.S., Maksimov R.D. Prognostika deformativnosti polimernykh
materialov (Prediction of Deformability of Polymers). Riga, Zinantne,
1975, 416 p.
3. ~erri Dzh. Vyazko-uprugie svoistva polimerov (Viscoelastic Properties
of Polymers). Moscow, Izd-vo inostr. lit., 1953, 535 p.
5. Tsytovich N.A. Mekhanika merzlykh gruntov (Mechanics of Frozen Soils).
Moscow, Vyssh. shkola, 1973, 445 p.
6. Vyalov S.S. Reologicheskie svoistva i nesushchaya sposobnost' merzlykh
Bruntov (Rheological Properties and Bearing Capacity of Frozen Soils).
Moscow, Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959, 185 p.
7. Vyalov S.S. Ulitel'noe razrushenie merzlogo grunta kak
termoaktivirovannyi protsess (Long-time failure of frozen soils as a
- - -
thermally activated process). -In: I1 Mezhdunar. konf. po
merzlotovedeniyu (The I1 International Permafrost Conference). Doklady
i soobshcheniya (Papers and Communications). Yakutsk, Kn. izd-vo, 1973,
issue 4, pp. 16-26.
Figure 1. Compliance of the frozen cotton grass-sphagnum peat tested with
circular plate loading, at different temperatures, as a function
of the time of action of the load. 1-Generalized compliance
curve constructed as is done for a thermorheologically simple
material; 2-Generalized compliance curve constructed as is done
for a thermorheologically complex material; = 9.5OC;
Q2 a -8.5OC; Q3= 6.0C; 84 = -4.0C; Q5 = -2.5OC.
Figure 2. Auxiliary graphs for construction of generalized curves
a-Reduction coefficient as a function of temperature in
construction of curve 1; b-f(T) as a function of T in
construction of curve 2.
Figure 3. Compliance as a function of the time of action of the load with
the parameter k accounted for (on the basis of the experimental
data given in Fig. 1).