Chapter 10 Question

New Biology – a modern approach 2
Chapter 10: Obtaining essentials for life in green plants

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Structured Questions
Core Section
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* William examined two plants: a cactus and a plant which had very long roots.
Fig. 1: A cactus plant Fig. 2: A transverse section of the leaf of Plant X

(i) For the cactus,
(1) name the organ which is modified to be part A. (1 mark)
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(2) state the advantage of this modification with reference to life in a desert. (2 marks)
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(ii) For Plant X,
(1) in which habitat does it grow? (1 mark)
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(2) suggest how each of the following parts enables it to survive in the habitat:
(a) Leaf (3 marks)
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(b) Root (2 marks)
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##
(i) (1) leaf (1 mark)
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2007 82
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(2) To reduce the leaf surface area (1 mark)
so that the transpiration rate is smaller to prevent water loss. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) In dry habitat. (1 mark)
(2) (a) Rolled leaf with stomata on the inside of the leaf (1 mark)
that can prevent excess water loss in transpiration. (2 marks)
(b) Long roots absorb water from deep soil. (2 marks)
_________
(9 marks)##
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* Mary observed that the leaves of a potted plant wilted but the stem was still firm and upright. Then she poured
water onto the plant. After two hours, the plant returned to normal.
(i) Suggest reasons to explain the wilting appearance. (3 marks)

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(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show an epidermal cell from a wilted leaf. (2 marks)
(iii) (1) Name the process by which plant roots take in water. (1 mark)
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(2) Name the tissue that transports water up to the leaf. (1 mark)
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(3) Give ONE other function of this tissue. (1 mark)
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(4) Name the part of the leaf that has this tissue. (1 mark)
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##
(i) The transpiration rate is faster than that of water absorption. (1 mark)
Much water is lost to the atmosphere. (1 mark)
The leaf cells become flaccid. (1 mark)
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(ii)
cell membrane
nucleus central vacuole
cell wall
A diagram showing an epithelial cell of a wilted leaf
Correct labeling (any three) and title (1 mark)

Correct drawing of a flaccid cell (1 mark)
(iii) (1) osmosis (1 mark)
(2) xylem (1 mark)
(3) To provide support function in plant. (1 mark)
(4) vein (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01000003|!|
Alice treated 4 similar leaves with vaseline as indicated below. They were left on a bench for half an hour.
Leaf A: Leaf B: Leaf C: Leaf D:

Upper surface covered Lower surface covered Both upper and lower Neither surface
with vaseline. with vaseline. surfaces covered with covered with vaseline.
vaseline.
(i) Which is the leaf that showed the smallest percentage loss of water? (1 mark)
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(ii) Name the structure through which most water was lost to the atmosphere in leaf D. (1 mark)
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(iii) There is a layer of cuticle on the upper surface of all leaves. The percentage of water loss in leaf D
was slightly higher than that in leaf A. Why? (2 marks)
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(iv) State the aim of this experiment. (1 mark)
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(v) Draw a conclusion of this experiment. (1 mark)
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(iv) If leaf D was put in a beaker of hot water, bubbles were released from the surfaces.
(1) Compare the number of bubbles from both surfaces. (1 mark)
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(2) Explain why bubbles were released. (2 marks)
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(i) Leaf C. (1 mark)
(ii) stomata (1 mark)
(iii) On the upper surface of leaf D, water loss was prevented by cuticle. (1 mark)
In leaf A, the upper surface was covered with cuticle and an extra layer of vaseline. Thus the amount
of water lost was smaller. (1 mark)
(iv) To study the distribution of stomata on both surfaces of a leaf. (1 mark)
(v) The stomata are abundant on the lower surface. (1 mark)
(vi) (1) The lower surface released more bubbles. (1 mark)
(2) The air in the intercellular spaces expanded when the leaf was put in hot water. (1 mark)
The expanded air escaped through the stomata as bubbles. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
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* The diagram below shows a young plant under sunlight. Arrows X and Y represent the directions of water
movement.
sunlight
(i) Explain the events at the two positions indicated by arrows X and Y respectively. (7 marks)
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(ii) A cut is made on the stem of the plant as indicated in the diagram. Draw a labelled diagram of the cut
section. Shade the part in which water travels along. (4 marks)
(iii) Describe how water at arrow Y reaches arrow X through the part you shaded in (ii). (3 marks)
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(iv) Describe how water entering via arrow Y reaches the part you shaded in (ii). (3 marks)
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##
(i) Transpiration takes place at arrow X. (1 mark)
Moisture surrounding mesophyll cells evaporates into the intercellular spaces (1 mark)
and diffuses out of the stomata (1 mark)
when humidity in the atmosphere is lower than that inside. (1 mark)
Water absorption takes place at arrow Y. (1 mark)
The water potential of soil water is higher than that of the cytoplasm and cell sap of root hairs.
(1 mark)
Water therefore enters the root hairs and epidermal cells by osmosis. (1 mark)
(ii)
cortex
phloem
epidermis
xylem
cambium
Transverse section of the stem

(4 marks)
(iii) Continuous removal of water at arrow X causes pressure reduction at the top of xylem vessels.
(1 mark)
The pressure difference between the two ends of the vessels (1 mark)
develops a tension called transpiration pull, pulling water upward from the roots. (1 mark)
(iv) Water passes across the cortex from cell to cell by osmosis (2 marks)
and moves along the cell walls. (1 mark)
___________
(17 marks)##
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The diagram below shows a kind of cell in the lower epidermis of a leaf:
A
C
D
(i) Name the parts A, B, C and D. (2 marks)
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(ii) (1) Name TWO gases that pass out of A from a leaf during the day. (2 marks)
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(2) Name ONE gas which passes out of A at night. (1 mark)
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##
(i) A - stoma
B - nucleus
C - vacuole
D - guard cell (1/2 each) (2 marks)
(ii) (1) water vapour (no mark for water), oxygen (2 marks)
(2) carbon dioxide (1 mark)
_________
(5 marks)##
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An experiment was set up to investigate gaseous exchange in green plants. All the hydrogencarbonate
(bicarbonate) indicator solution in the test tubes was red at the beginning of the experiment.
(i) What colour change, if any, of the hydrogencarbonate indicator solution would be observed in test
tubes A, B and C? Give reasons for your answer. (61/2 marks)
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(ii) What was the purpose of setting up test tube D in this experiment? (2 marks)
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(iii) What was the purpose of immersing the test tubes in a water bath? (1 mark)
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##
(i)
Test Colour Explanation
tubes change
A Yellow In darkness, (1/2 each)
no photosynthesis occurred, (21/2 marks)
only respiration took place.
CO2 concentration therefore increased.
B Orange In dim light, (1/2 each)
the respiratory and photosynthetic rates were nearly balanced. (2 marks)
So, there was little change in CO2 concentration.
C Purple In bright light, (1/2 each)
photosynthesis occurred to a greater extent than respiration. (2marks)
So, CO2 concentration decreased.
(61/2 marks)
(ii) Test tube D served as a control (1 mark)
for comparing the colour of hydrogencarbonate indicator solution in other test tubes. (1 mark)
(iii) to provide a constant temperature to all test tubes (1 mark)
__________
(91/2 marks)##
|!|EQB01000007|!|
* The graph below shows the measurements of the rate of transpiration and water uptake of a potted plant on a
sunny day:
(i) Explain why the rate of water uptake lagged behind that of transpiration. (1 mark)
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(ii) What would be the result if the measurements were taken on a rainy day? (1 mark)
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(iii) Use the graph to find out the time(s) at which
(1) the highest rate of transpiration occurred. (1 mark)
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(2) the rate of transpiration was equal to that of water uptake. (2 marks)
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(iv) Explain, from the graph, why the water content of the plant was getting higher from 4 p.m. to 12:00
midnight. (2 marks)
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(v) On the whole, the total amount of water uptake by a plant is greater than that of water loss. Suggest
THREE ways in which the plant uses the water it retains. (3 marks)
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(i) It was because the plants had to set up a transpiration pull for the upward transport of water, which, in
turn, enhances the absorption of water at the roots. (1 mark)
(ii) Both the rates of water uptake and transpiration would become lower on a rainy day. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) 1:00 p.m./1:30 p.m. (1 mark)
(2) 5:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m./4:00 p.m. (2 marks)
(iv) From 4 p.m. to 12:00 midnight the amount of water uptake was greater than that lost by transpiration,
probably because stomata were closed during the night. (2 marks)
(v) The water is incorporated into the protoplasm during plant growth. (1 mark)
It can be used for photosynthesis. (1 mark)
It acts as a medium for transport of mineral salts and carbohydrates. (1 mark)
(or any other possible answers) ___________
(10 marks)##
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Four common dicotyledonous leaves were placed on top of the water-filled beakers. Another beaker was
covered on top of each leaf. For each set, the two beakers were separated by a piece of perforated cardboard
as shown below:
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the upper the lower both the

epidermis epidermis two
was was surfaces untreated
smeared smeared untreated intact leaf
with with with
vaseline vaseline vaseline but
the mid-rib
cardboard at the lower
side was cut
water
(i) Which two beakers would first become misty on the inner walls? Explain your answer. (4 marks)
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(ii) How can you show that the mist is water? (1 mark)
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(iii) Explain why the other two beakers might need a longer time to become misty on the inner walls.
(4 marks)
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(iv) State the precautions in this experiment. (2 marks)
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(i) Beakers A and D. (2 marks)
Transpiration took place because most of the stomata were present on the lower epidermis.
(2 marks)
(ii) To test if the liquid turns the blue cobalt chloride paper pink. (1 mark)
(iii) In beaker B, the stomata on the lower epidermis of the leaf had been blocked by vaseline.
Transpiration occurred slowly. (2 marks)
In beaker C, the xylem of the leaf had been cut and conduction of water could not take place. (2
marks)
(iv) The leaf stalk should be cut under water. (1 mark)
The leaf stalk should be immersed in water in the beaker. (1 mark)
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(11 marks)##
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A dicotyledonous seedling was placed in a beaker of a solution of a red dye. After two hours, sections were
cut in regions A and B.
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(i) Draw two diagrams to show the distribution of red dye in the sections cut in regions A and B.
(4 marks)
(ii) What were the main forces responsible for the upward movement of the dye to region A? (2 marks)
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(iii) How would you modify your answer in (ii) if the seedling were replaced by a leafy twig with no roots?
(2 marks)
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##
(i)
Transverse sections of regions A and B

(4 marks)
(ii) root pressure and capillary force/capillarity (2 marks)
(iii) The forces would be:
capillary force/capillarity (1 mark)
transpiration pull (1 mark)
_________
(8 marks)##
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Extension Section
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* Carol performed an experiment with three healthy plants to study the effects of nitrate and magnesium
deficiency on their growth. She kept the plants under the same conditions, except for the types of minerals
supplied.
Plant X – supplied with all Plant Y – supplied with all minerals Plant Z – supplied with all minerals
essential minerals except nitrate ions except magnesium ions
(i) State THREE conditions, other than the concentration of mineral ions and water, which should be kept
constant for all the plants. (3 marks)
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(ii) Compare plants X and Y.
(1) Describe TWO differences in appearance. (2 marks)
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(2) Explain the differences. (2 marks)
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(iii) Compare plants X and Z.
(1) Describe ONE difference in appearance. (1 mark)
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(2) Explain the difference. (1 mark)
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##
(i) Light intensity, temperature and humidity. (3 marks)
(ii) (1) The leaves of plant Y are smaller and weaker than that of plant X. (1 mark)
The root development of plant Y is poorer than that of plant X. (1 mark)
(2) There is no nitrate for making proteins. (1 mark)
Proteins are needed to make new cells. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) Yellow leaves are formed in plant Z. (1 mark)
(2) Magnesium is necessary for making chlorophyll molecules. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01000011|!|
STS Connections
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
PLANT GROWTH
Plants, like all living organisms, need a balanced diet for healthy growth. Plants cannot
thrive just by absorbing water. To produce stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, plants also need to
take in other elements.
The main elements for plant growth include oxygen, hydrogen and carbon obtained
form the air and from water. Plants also need other nutrients. Some are needed in quite a large
amount while some in a trace amount. These nutrients are often not available in the soil in
sufficient quantities to encourage healthy plant growth but they can be added in the form of a
fertilizer.
(i) Plants make glucose in photosynthesis. There are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a glucose molecule.
State the source of:
(1) carbon (1 mark)
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(2) hydrogen (1 mark)
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(3) oxygen (1 mark)
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(ii) Manure, the faeces of cattle mixed with straw, is used as a fertilizer.
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(1) Name this type of fertilizer. (1 mark)
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(2) Describe how the nutrients in manure become available for plants to absorb. (3 marks)
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(3) State the effect of using manure as a fertilizer on the soil. (2 marks)
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(i) (1) carbon dioxide (1 mark)
(2) water (1 mark)
(3) carbon dioxide (1 mark)
(ii) (1) natural fertilizer (1 mark)
(2) The manure must be decayed by soil decomposers to inorganic compounds. (2 marks)
The diffusible inorganic compounds are ready for absorption. (1 mark)
(3) The manure adds humus to the soil (1 mark)
so that the soil texture can be improved. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA01000012|!|
In an experiment, the gas given off from the cut stem of an aquatic plant (e.g. Hydrilla) was analysed at
different times of a day, with the temperature kept constant throughout the experiment.
The results are shown in the following table:
Time Lighting conditions Percentage of carbon dioxide Percentage of oxygen

7 a.m. dull, cloudy 5 15
11 a.m. slightly cloudy 0 30
2 p.m. sunny 0 37
4 p.m. sunny 0 43
(i) What process occurring in the plant gave rise to
(1) the high percentage of oxygen in the gas? (1 mark)
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(2) carbon dioxide present in the gas? (1 mark)
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(ii) Why was there no carbon dioxide present at 11 a.m.? (2 marks)
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(iii) Explain why the percentage of carbon dioxide given off at 7 a.m. was the highest and that of oxygen
was the lowest. (2 marks)
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(iv) What environmental factor was responsible for the variation in the composition of the gas evolved?
(1 mark)
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##
(i) (1) photosynthesis (1 mark)
(2) respiration (1 mark)
(ii) As light intensity increased, the rate of photosynthesis increased and became greater than that of
respiration, so that all carbon dioxide was used up. (2 marks)
(iii) During the dark period, only respiration occurred, the carbon dioxide produced accumulated to
become highest at 7:00 a.m. (the end of the dark period). Most of the oxygen was used up for
respiration, so that oxygen was the lowest at 7:00 a.m. (2 marks)
(iv) light intensity (1 mark)
_________
(7 marks)##
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|!|EQB01000013|!|
* The following diagram shows an apparatus used in measuring the rate of water loss:
(i) Name this apparatus. (1 mark)

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(ii) Can the glass tube in the middle part be replaced by a piece of rubber tubing? Why? (2 marks)
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(iii) (1) Name the process by which water is lost from the aerial part of the plant. (1 mark)
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(2) State the importance of this process to plants. (2 marks)
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(iv) State and explain the precaution which should be taken in cutting the leafy shoot. (2 marks)
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(v) State TWO environmental conditions, other than light intensity and relative humidity, that affect the
rate of water loss. (2 marks)
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(vi) Suggest TWO limitations in using this apparatus. (2 marks)
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(vii) Describe and explain how the rate of transpiration is affected by
(1) high intensity of sunlight. (2 marks)
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(2) high relative humidity. (2 marks)
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##
(i) bubble potometer (1 mark)
(ii) No. The rubber tubing will be blocked by the clamp because of its soft nature/ We cannot check
whether the apparatus is air tight or not if we use the rubber tubing. (2 marks)
(iii) (1) transpiration (1 mark)
(2) - to assist the upward transport of water and dissolved mineral salts absorbed by the root
(1 mark)
- to produce a cooling effect to prevent the leaves from being overheated (1 mark)
(iv) The leafy shoot should be cut under water to prevent the entry of air bubbles which may block the
xylem vessels. (2 marks)
(v) temperature and air movement (2 marks)
(vi) - It is too small to fit a large whole plant.
- It does not have a sufficient volume to fit the extensive root system. (Without the root system the rate
of water absorption measured is lower than the normal rate.)
- There is friction between the air bubble and capillary wall. (any two) (2 marks)
(vii) (1) The rate of transpiration increases owing to increase in stomatal aperture. (2 marks)
(2) The rate of transpiration decreases because the air is saturated with water vapour. (2 marks)
___________
(16 marks)##
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Chapter 10 Question

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Chapter 10 Question

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New Biology – a modern approach 2

Chapter 10: Obtaining essentials for life in green plants

Fig. 1: A cactus plant Fig. 2: A transverse section of the leaf of Plant X

(i) Suggest reasons to explain the wilting appearance. (3 marks)

nucleus central vacuole

A diagram showing an epithelial cell of a wilted leaf

Correct labeling (any three) and title (1 mark)

Leaf A: Leaf B: Leaf C: Leaf D:

Transverse section of the stem

the upper the lower both the

Transverse sections of regions A and B

Time Lighting conditions Percentage of carbon dioxide Percentage of oxygen

(i) Name this apparatus. (1 mark)

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