Chapter 15 Question

New Biology – a modern approach 2
Chapter 15: Detecting environmental conditions

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Structured Questions
Core Section
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Mabel stood in front of a mirror. She found that her eyeball consisted of white and brown parts:
brown
white
black
(i) Name the brown part. (1 mark)

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(ii) There is a black circle at the centre of the brown part.
(1) Name the black circle. (1 mark)
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(2) State the change of the black circle in bright light and its significance. (3 marks)
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(3) Choose and arrange four of the following eye parts in a correct sequence for light to pass through.
vitreous humour, retina, lens, cornea. (2 marks)
black circle
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(iii) On looking at a distant object, the lens becomes thinner. Explain how this is brought about.
(2 marks)
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(i) iris (1 mark)
(ii) (1) pupil (1 mark)
(2) It constricts to reduce the amount of light entering the eye. (2 marks)
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2007 71
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This does not cause harm to the eye. (1 mark)
(3) black circle  lens  vitreous humour  retina (2 or 0 marks)
(iii) It is due to relaxation of the ciliary muscle. (1 mark)
This increases the tension of the suspensory ligaments and pulls the lens into a flattened shape.
(1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
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Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list below:
relax smaller longer thinner thicker right upwards contract
upside down increases reduces retina optic nerve choroids
When looking at near objects, the ciliary muscles (i)_______________. The ring of the ciliary body
becomes (ii)_______________ in diameter. This (iii)_______________ the tension of the suspensory
ligaments. The lens becomes (iv)_______________ due to its elasticity and bend light rays more. So the
image of the near object falls onto the (v)_______________. The image formed is real and
(vi)_______________.
(3 marks)
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(i) contract (1/2 mark)
(ii) smaller (1/2 mark)
(iii) reduces (1/2 mark)
(iv) thicker (1/2 mark)
(v) retina (1/2 mark)
(vi) upside down (1/2 mark)
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(3 marks)##
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STS Connections
* Steven’s mother finds that her skin is chapped and dry. She is a full-time housewife.
(i) State ONE natural factor that can be potentially harmful to her skin as she goes to an open market.
Suggest a precaution for protection. (2 marks)
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(ii) State ONE artificial factor that can be potentially harmful to her skin as she washes the dishes. Suggest
a precaution for protection. (2 marks)
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(iii) Without looking at the coin, she can tell whether it is a $5 coin or a $1 coin by touching them only.
Explain. (5 marks)
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(i) Ultra-violet light. (1 mark)
Apply suntan lotion before going out. (1 mark)
(ii) Detergent. (1 mark)
Wear gloves when washing dishes with a detergent. (1 mark)
(iii) At the fingertip, there are touch receptors in the skin for detecting stimuli. (1 mark)
As the nerve endings in the receptors are stimulated, (1 mark)
nerve impulses are sent to the brain to give the sensation. (2 marks)
Then according to the previous memory stored, the brain interprets the message and enables Steven’s
mother to do so. (1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
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* Ella held a tapped tuning fork and heard the sound from the fork.
(i) From the experiment, draw a conclusion about sound. (1 mark)
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(ii) Name the unit used to measure the loudness of a sound. (1 mark)
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(iii) Arrange four of the following parts in a correct sequence through which sound waves travel from the
pinna to the cochlea:
ear ossicles, round window, ear canal, oval window, eardrum. (2 marks)
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(iv) An amplifier is linked to a Hi-Fi set to make the sound effect louder. In a human ear, there is also such
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an apparatus. State the amplifier in a human ear. (1 mark)
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(v) Describe how the cochlea enables a human to hear. (4 marks)
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(i) Sound is produced by vibrations. (1 mark)
(ii) Decibel – dB. (1 mark)
(iii) ear canal  eardrum  ear ossicles  oval window (2 or 0 marks)
(iv) ear ossicles (1 mark)
(v) The receptor cells in the cochlea are stimulated by the incoming vibrations. (1 mark)
Nerve impulses are formed and transmitted along the auditory nerve (2 marks)
to the brain where they are interpreted as a sensation of hearing. (1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
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The following diagram represents the front view of a human eye in dark condition:
(i) Name parts A, B and C. (11/2 marks)

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(ii) (1) How will structure C change in bright light condition? (1 mark)
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(2) Briefly describe how the above process can take place. (2 marks)
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(3) Why is the change described in (1) a reflex action? State FOUR differences between a reflex action
and a voluntary action. (5 marks)
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(iii) State THREE functions of structure A. (3 marks)
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(iv) (1) Is this a left eye or a right eye? (1/2 mark)
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(2) Which structure in the diagram can help you to answer the above question? (1 mark)
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(i) A - sclera (sclerotic coat)
B - iris
C - pupil (1/2 mark each) (11/2 marks)
(ii) (1) Structure C will become smaller/ constricted in bright light. (1 mark)
(2) With the contraction of the circular muscle and relaxation of the radial muscle of the iris, the size
of the pupil (structure C) will become smaller. (2 marks)
(3) It is a reflex action because it does not involve the cerebrum. (1 mark)
Reflex action Voluntary action
unconscious (not under conscious control) under control of the will
of will)
inborn not inborn, acquired through learning and experience
faster in action slower in action
same stimulus gives the same responses same stimulus may give different responses
(each point 1 mark) (4 marks)
(iii) The functions of structure A:
- to maintain the shape of the eyeball (1 mark)
- to protect the eyeball (1 mark)
- to provide anchorage for the eye muscles (1 mark)
(iv) (1) left eye (1/2 mark)
(2) structure D (1 mark)
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(14 marks)##
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The graph below shows the relative numbers of rods and cones in different regions of the retina of the human
eye:
(i) Which curve represents the distribution of rods? (1 mark)

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(ii) What happens to the distribution of both rods and cones at point S on the retina? Explain your answer.
(3 marks)
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(iii) What is the difference in the distribution of rods and cones at point T on the retina? What does point T
represent? (2 marks)
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(iv) According to the graph, state which part of the retina is most efficient in detecting objects
(1) clearly and sharply. (1 mark)
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(2) in dim light. (1 mark)
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(3) in colour. (1 mark)
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(i) X (1 mark)
(ii) Both rods and cones are absent at point S. Point S is the blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the
eyeball. (3 marks)
(iii) Rods are absent and cones are most numerous at point T. Point T is the yellow spot. (2 marks)
(iv) (1) point T (1 mark)
(2) sides of the retina (1 mark)
(3) point T (1 mark)
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(9 marks)##
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The diagram below shows a mammalian eye as seen from the front when the eye is exposed to dim light:
(i) Name the white and brown structures. (2 marks)

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(ii) Draw a diagram to show the eye exposed to bright light. (2 marks)
(iii) State ONE function of the white structure. (1 mark)

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(iv) Explain fully how the nervous system and muscles bring about the alteration in (ii). (6 marks)
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(v) What is the significance of the alteration in (ii)? (1 mark)
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(vi) Name the layer right beneath the white structure and describe its function. (2 marks)
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(i) white: sclera (1 mark)
brown: iris (1 mark)
(ii)
The eye exposed to bright light (2 marks)
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(iii) It protects the internal structures of the eye.
It maintains the shape of the eyeball.
It provides anchorage for the eye muscles. (any one) (1 mark)
(iv) The photoreceptors are stimulated by the change in light intensity. (1 mark)
The receptors send out nerve impulses. (1 mark)
The nerve impulses are transmitted through the nerves to the brain. (1 mark)
The nerve impulses are sent from the brain to the muscle of the iris, making circular muscles contract
and radial muscles relax. (3 marks)
(v) The reflex reduces the amount of light entering the eye to protect the eye. (1 mark)
(vi) choroids (1 mark)
It absorbs excess light to avoid internal reflection of light. (1 mark)
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(14 marks)##
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Extension Section
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* A girl having one eye covered by a piece of cardboard was guided to focus on the same object which was
switched to different positions:
Position Description
A Far away from the girl
B Far away from the girl first and moving towards her
C Near the girl The graph below shows
D Near the girl first and moving away from her
the changes of the
tension on the suspensory ligaments in her uncovered eye when she saw the object at different positions.
tension on
suspensory
ligaments
I II III IV time
(i) State
(1) what happened to the tension on the suspensory ligaments in each time period (I, II, II and IV), and
(5 marks)
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(2) the positions (A, B, C or D) of the object in each time period. (4 marks)
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(ii) Describe how the changes in periods II and IV were brought about and the effects of the changes on the
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curvature of the lens. (4 marks)
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(iii) The girl was short-sighted and the minimum curvature of her lens was x. Would the minimum
curvature of her lens be higher or lower than x before she got the eye defect? (1 mark)
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(iv) (1) Draw a ray diagram to show how an image of a distant object is formed on her retina. State the
position of the lens, retina and image focused on your diagram. (2 marks)
(2) On the same diagram, show how an image of the same object would be formed on her retina if she
did not have the eye defect. (1 mark)
(3) Suggest how the situation you drew for (2) can be restored. (1 mark)
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(i) (1) period I: the tension remained at a low level (1 mark)
period II: the tension increased and reached a higher level (11/2 marks)
period III: the tension remained at a high level (1 mark)
period IV: the tension decreased to a low level (11/2 marks)
(2) period I: position C
period II: position D
period III: position A
period IV: position B (1 mark each) (4 marks)
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(ii) In period II, the girl was looking at an object moving away from her. Her ciliary muscles relaxed and
the tension on suspensory ligaments was hence increased. The curvature of the lens was then
decreased.
In period IV, the girl was looking at an object moving towards her. Her ciliary muscles contracted and
the tension on suspensory ligaments was hence decreased. The curvature of the lens was then
increased. (4 marks)
(iii) higher (1 mark)
(iv) (1), (2) (the dotted lines represent the light rays for (2))
image
focused
(2)
lens image
focused
(1)
retina
correct incoming light rays (parallel lines) (1/2 mark)
correct lens (convex lens) (1/2 mark)
correct position of image focused in (1) (in front of the retina) (1 mark)
correct position of image focused in (2) (on the retina) (1 mark)
(3) Wear a concave lens. (1 mark)
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(18 marks)##
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STS Connections
* Adam was having dinner with his family in the brightly lit dinner room. He was asked by his mother to go to
the kitchen to take an apple. He then went to the dim kitchen and did not switch on the light.
(i) Describe and explain how his pupil changed when he went into the kitchen. (4 marks)
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(ii) Three red apples were placed on the table in the kitchen. Their images were formed on the retina of
Adam’s eye at three different positions. Which apple would Adam probably pick up? Explain your
choice. (also explain why he would not take the other two apples) (11 marks)
apple 1
apple 2
apple 3
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(iii) If Adam were colour-blind, would he take the same apple in (ii)? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
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(i) In the iris of his eyes, the radial muscles contracted and the circular muscles relaxed. The pupils
dilated to allow more light to enter the eyes for a clearer vision. (4 marks)
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(ii) Adam would take apple 3. It was because the image of apple 3 fell on the periphery of the retina on
which rods, sensitive to light of low intensity, were abundant. The image was the sharpest and clearest
among the three images formed. (5 marks)
He would not take apple 1 since the image of apple 1 fell on the blind spot.
There were no photoreceptors on the blind spot and as a result the image was not detected and Adam
could not see apple 1. (3 marks)
He would not take apple 2 since the image of apple 2 fell on the yellow spot. There were no rods on the
yellow spot. Cones were concentrated at this point but they were sensitive to light of high intensity
only. (3 marks)
(iii) He would take the same apple. Colour blindness is caused by the absence of certain type(s) of cones.
However, the photoreceptors responsible in this case were rods, not cones. (3 marks)
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(18 marks)##
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* The diagram below shows a section through a human eye:
(i) (1) What is A? What change will take place in A if the eye is to focus on a near object? Briefly
describe how this change is carried out. (51/2 marks)
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(2) Describe another change in the eye for focusing on near objects. (1 mark)
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(ii) If rays of light from a near object come into focus at a point behind the retina,
(1) what would the eye defect be? (1 mark)
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(2) what type of lens would be suitable for correcting this eye defect? (1 mark)
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(iii) Why do most aged people wear spectacles of convex lens? (2 marks)
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(iv) (1) Name B and C. (1 mark)
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(2) Name the two types of cells which are found on C and D but absent in B. (1 mark)
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(v) List the structures in the eye that are transparent. (2 marks)
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(vi) Describe how you can show that you have a blind spot in your right eye by using a card with a cross
and dot marked on it. (2 marks)
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(vii) State ONE disadvantage of seeing things with only one eye. (1 mark)
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(viii) State THREE structures in which the eyes are protected. (3 marks)
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(ix) Explain the following cases:
(1) When you go into a cinema from bright sunshine, you cannot see the seats at first, but gradually
they become visible. (2 marks)
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(2) If you are trying to see a faint star in the night sky, it is better to look slightly to one side of it
rather than straight at it. (2 marks)
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(i) (1) A is lens. (1/2 marks)
It becomes more convex/ thicker to focus on a near object. (1 mark)
The ciliary muscles contract. (1 mark)
The circumference of the ciliary body decreases. (1 mark)
The suspensory ligaments slacken/
The tension on suspensory ligaments is released. (1 mark)
The lens becomes more convex due to its own elasticity. (1 mark)
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(2) The pupil becomes constricted/ smaller. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) long sight (1 mark)
(2) convex lens/converging lens (1 mark)
(iii) The lens of most aged people loses its elasticity and it cannot become more convex when focusing on
near objects. (2 marks)
(iv) (1) B - blind spot
C - retina (1/2 mark each) (1 mark)
(2) rods and cones (1/2 mark each) (1 mark)
(v) cornea, aqueous humour, lens, vitreous humour (1/2 mark each) (2 marks)
(vi) Cover the left eye. Put the card in front of the head with the cross on the left and dot on the right. Look
at the cross with the right eye while moving the card gradually towards the head. At one point you
cannot see the dot. (2 marks)
(vii) You cannot judge the distance of an object. (1 mark)
(viii) The eyes are protected by:
the bony orbit of the skull, (1 mark)
the tears secreted by tear glands, and (1 mark)
the eyelids. (1 mark)
(ix) (1) This is because the visual purple has been broken down by the bright sunshine and it takes a while
for the rods to re-make it. (2 marks)
(2) We use rods to see a faint star in the night sky and rods are located at the periphery of the retina.
(2 marks)
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(241/2 marks)##
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Chapter 15 Question

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New Biology – a modern approach 2

Chapter 15: Detecting environmental conditions

(i) Name the brown part. (1 mark)

(i) Name parts A, B and C. (11/2 marks)

(i) Which curve represents the distribution of rods? (1 mark)

(i) Name the white and brown structures. (2 marks)

(iii) State ONE function of the white structure. (1 mark)

The eye exposed to bright light (2 marks)

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