New Biology – a modern approach 3

Chapter 22: Reproduction

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Structured Questions
Core Section

|!|EQA02200001|!|
Complete the following paragraph with suitable words selected from the list below:
ovulation fertilisation development chromosome number tail cytoplasm
head protective membrane meiosis mitosis cell membrane neck
uterine lining

When a sperm comes in contact with an ovum, it penetrates the jelly coat surrounding the ovum by the
enzyme secreted from its (i)_________________. The (ii)_________________ remains outside the ovum. A
(iii)_________________ develops on the ovum surface to prevent the entry of further sperms. The nucleus of
the sperm fuses with the ovum nucleus, so called the (iv)_________________. This restores the
(v)_________________. The zygote undergoes its first (vi)_________________ to form a ball of cells which
then develops into an embryo.
(3 marks)
##
(i) head (1/2 mark)
(ii) tail (1/2 mark)
(iii) protective membrane (1/2 mark)
(iv) fertilisation (1/2 mark)
(v) chromosome number (1/2 mark)
(vi) mitosis (1/2 mark)
_________
(3 marks)##

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|!|EQB02200002|!|
STS Connections
* Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
HOPE TO HAVE A BABY
Artificial insemination of a woman with her husband’s sperm (AIH) allows an infertile
couple to have a child without a third party being involved. If the husband cannot produce
sperm, then sperm from a donor might be used (AID).
In vitro fertilization, or IVF is used to treat women whose ovaries are functioning but
whose oviducts are blocked, or where sperm motility of the partner is poor. The woman is
treated hormonally to super-ovulate. Ova are taken out of the women’s ovary and mixed with
a nutrient solution and semen for fertilization. The fertilized ova undergo cell division to form
balls of cells. Several balls of cells are replaced into the woman’s uterus. If all go well, normal
pregnancy and birth will follow.
(i) Suggest TWO possible causes, in each sex, of infertility.
(1) In female. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) In male. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) (1) State the part where fertilization takes place naturally. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Describe how a sperm comes in contact with an ovum. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Why are several balls of cells replaced in a female’s uterus after IVF? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) What is the aim of inducing super-ovulation? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) Non-functioning of the ovary. (1 mark)
Blockage of the oviduct. (1 mark)
(2) Low sperm count. (1 mark)
Poor sperm motility. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) oviduct (1 mark)
(2) The sperm swims in watery fluid by flapping its tail. (2 marks)
(iii) To ensure the success of pregnancy. (1 mark)

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(iv) To allow several ova mature at the same time. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

|!|EQA02200003|!|
The following diagrams show the male and female reproductive systems in humans.

(i) (1) Name the type of cell division that takes place in part A and part C to produce gametes.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) There are 46 chromosomes in a human body cell. How many chromosomes are present in a
gamete? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Part B in the male corresponds to part D in the female.
(1) State a function common to both sexes. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State another function that occurs in the male only. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) (1) Using the letters given, state the part that is for embryo development. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Describe and explain the changes that this part will undergo in preparation for pregnancy.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) Name the process that occurs if there is no fertilization after ovulation. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Besides surgical method, state ONE birth control method that a male can practise. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) (1) meiosis (1 mark)
(2) 23 (1 mark)
(ii) (1) For transmitting urine out of the body. (1 mark)
(2) For transmitting semen out of the body. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) E (1 mark)
(2) Richly supplied with blood vessels to make the uterine lining thicker and spongy. (1 mark)
It is to provide nutrients and oxygen for embryo development. (1 mark)
(3) menstruation (1 mark)
(iv) To wear condom during intercourse. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

|!|EQA02200004|!|
The diagram below shows the human male reproductive system:

1
2

(i) Explain why the male secondary sexual characteristics are not affected after structure 1 is tied and cut.
(4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) (1) Describe
how a condom should be used. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State how a condom contributes to contraception. (2 marks)
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(iii) When one sperm starts penetrating the cell membrane of an egg, the egg membrane undergoes some
changes so that no more sperms can enter the cell. This is to prevent polyspermy.
Explain why polyspermy must be avoided. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Male secondary sexual characteristics are controlled
by male sex hormones in the blood. (1 mark)
Tying and cutting structure 1 will not affect their production in the testis, (1 mark)
secretion into the blood (1 mark)
and transport in the blood. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) Condom is rolled over the erect penis (1 mark)
before sexual intercourse / mating / copulation takes place. (1 mark)
(2) It forms a barrier (1 mark)
to prevent any sperm from meeting the egg. (1 mark)
(iii) To prevent the chromosome number of the zygote from getting larger than normal; (1 mark)
otherwise the zygote would die / be unable to divide by mitosis (1 mark)
/ there would be no embryo formation.
__________
(10 marks)##

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|!|EQA02200005|!|
The diagram below shows the structure of a human sperm:

(i) The above cell can be found in a fluid. Name this fluid and describe how it can be transferred from a
male to a female. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Compare the content of structure A in a sperm with that in a neurone. Explain the importance of such a
difference in the sperm. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Sperms collected from a male may not fertilize an egg. Even if fertilisation occurs, there is a delay for
several hours. However, sperms collected from the uterus are able to do so immediately.
Suggest an explanation. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Vigorous beating of the sperm tails helps the sperms to move along the female reproductive tract. State
the source of energy to achieve this. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Semen. (1 mark)
During sexual intercourse / mating / copulation, (1 mark)
the erect penis of the male is inserted into the vagina of the female. (1 mark)
Ejaculation occurs, transferring the fluid into the vagina. (1 mark)
(ii) The chromosome number of the sperm is half that of the neurone. (1 mark)
This is to restore the normal diploid chromosome number (1 mark)
during fertilisation. (1 mark)
(iii) Sperms obtain their full ability to fertilize an egg in the female reproductive tract. (1 mark)
(iv) By respiration (1 mark)
in the mitochondria (1 mark)
__________
(10 marks)##
|!|EQB02200006|!|
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* The photomicrograph below shows a section which contains several sperm tubules in the human testis:

lumen of the tubule

(i) A diploid cell in A differentiates into sperms towards B, roughly along the line indicated in the
photomicrograph.
(1) Name the process by which sperms are formed. State the number of sperms produced by a
diploid cell. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Draw a labelled diagram of a sperm in the box below. (3 marks)

(ii) Mature sperms are released into the lumen of the tubules and transferred to the epididymis. State
the fate of these cells during ejaculation. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Some cells outside the tubules (region C) can synthesize testosterone which is a male sex hormone.
Give the chemical nature of this hormone and state how it can travel from the testis to the target
organs in the body. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) The process is called meiosis. (1 mark)

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A diploid cell can produce four sperms. (1 mark)
(2)
nucleus
mitochondria

middle piece tail

head
Structure of a sperm
Diagram (correct and clear) (1 mark)
Title (1/2 mark)
Labels (any 3) (11/2 marks)
(ii) Epididymis temporarily storing sperms contract, (1 mark)
forcing them to move along the sperm ducts.
Seminal fluid is secreted into the sperm ducts and mixed with sperms to form semen (1 mark)
which is finally discharged out of the body through the urethra of the erect penis. (1 mark)
(iii) Chemical nature of testosterone: fat / lipid / steroid (1 mark)
Travelling medium: by blood (1 mark)
__________
(10 marks)##

|!|EQA02200007|!|
(i) What is meant by 'fertilisation'? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What are the advantages of 'internal fertilisation' over 'external fertilisation'? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) State the advantages of sexual reproduction. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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##
(i) Fertilisation is the fusion of haploid (n) male and female gametes to form a diploid (2n) zygote.
(2 marks)
(ii) It is a more secure method / there is less wastage of gametes. It does not require water as the medium /
can solve the problem of desiccation on land / it can take place on land. (2 marks)
(iii) Variation takes place as a result of the fusion of two nuclei from different gametes. (2 marks)
_________
(6 marks)##

|!|EQB02200008|!|
* Study the following table and then answer the questions:

No. of eggs produced each time Type of fertilisation Duration of parental care after birth
Cod 4-6 million External --
Frog 1000-2000 External --
Bird 5-10 Internal 3 weeks
Cat 4 Internal 4 weeks
Man 1 Internal 18 years

(i) Where does the development of fertilised eggs in frogs and cats take place? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Explain why numerous eggs are produced by frogs but only a few by cats. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) State, with reasons, which of the above eggs has
(1) the largest amount of yolk. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) the smallest amount of yolk. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) According to the table, which way of reproduction do you think is the most efficient? Why?
(4 marks)
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##
(i)
Place for the development of fertilised eggs
frog outside the mother (in water) (1 mark)
cat inside the body (uterus) (1 mark)
(ii) The place for the development of the fertilised eggs of frogs is in water and there is a risk of being
eaten by other animals, i.e. the wastage of eggs is high. (2 marks)
Therefore, numerous eggs are produced by the frog in order to increase the chances of fertilisation. The
fertilised eggs of cats develop inside the mother's body and the death rate is lower. Therefore only a
few eggs are produced by cats. (2 marks)
(iii) (1) The eggs of birds have the largest amount of yolk because the young develops outside the body of
the mother. (3 marks)
(2) Mammals (cat and man) have the smallest amount of yolk because the fertilised eggs obtain food
from the mother. (2 marks)
(iv) The mode of reproduction in mammals is the most efficient because they produce only a few offspring
which have a high rate of survival, and they show parental care. (4 marks)
_________
(15 marks)##

|!|EQA02200009|!|
The following diagram shows the structure of a human ovary:

(i) What is structure X? (1/2 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What is Y? (1/2 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________

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(iii) Give a comparison between the ovum and a sperm with respect to their
(1) sizes,
(2) shapes, and
(3) methods of locomotion. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) Follicle. (1/2 mark)
(ii) Yellow body. (1/2 mark)
(iii)
Ovum Sperm
(1) Size larger smaller
(2) Shape spherical tadpole-like
(3) Locomotion stationary/cannot move can swim
(1 mark each) (3 marks)
_________
(4 marks)##

|!|EQB02200010|!|
* The following graph shows the cyclic development of the uterine wall of a woman:

(i) How many times does menstruation occur within the time period indicated in the diagram?
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) On which days does ovulation take place? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) How long does menstruation of this woman last? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) How long does each menstrual cycle of this woman last? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________

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(v) What does the dotted line indicate? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vi) Describe the change that takes place in the ovary from 10th to 20th day. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vii) Give ONE example for each of the following:
(1) an organism which is able to reproduce asexually.
(2) an organism which is not able to reproduce sexually.
(3) an organism which carries out external fertilisation.
(4) an organism which carries out internal fertilisation with mainly external embryonic development.
(4 marks)
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) twice (1 mark)
(ii) day 20 and 52 (2 marks)
(iii) 5 days (1 mark)
(iv) 32 days (1 mark)
(v) The dotted line indicates the uterine lining continues to thicken because the fertilised egg implants on it
(i.e. pregnancy takes place). (2 marks)
(vi) Within this period one follicle in the ovary enlarges. (1 mark)
(vii) (1) Amoeba/ Hydra. (1 mark)
(2) Mammals. (1 mark)
(3) Frog/fish. (1 mark)
(4) Bird. (1 mark)
_________
(12 marks)##
|!|EQA02200011|!|
The following diagram shows the structures of the urino-genital system of a man:

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(i) (1) Name the structure which is responsible for the production of sperms. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Give the names of the structures which store sperms. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What would happen to a man if H failed to be located in I but remained inside the abdominal cavity?
Explain. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) (1) Name the secretion of both structures C, D and E. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State the functions of their secretion. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Name TWO types of fluids which pass through J during certain physiological activities. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) Which structure of a flowering plant is analogous to structure H? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) testis (1 mark)
(2) Epididymis and seminal vesicle. (2 marks)
(ii) He will be sterile because the body temperature inside the abdominal cavity is too high for the
production of sperms. (2 marks)
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(iii) (1) The secretion of both structures C, D and E is seminal fluid. (1 mark)
(2) Its functions:
It provides fuels (nutrients) to activate the sperms for locomotion. (1 mark)
It acts as a lubricant to facilitate the swimming of sperms. (1 mark)
It contains buffers to protect the sperms against the acidic condition of the female reproductive
tract. (1 mark)
(iv) Semen and urine. (2 marks)
(v) Anther. (1 mark)
_________
(12 marks)##

|!|EQA02200012|!|
The following diagram shows the front view of the urino-genital system of a woman:

(i) (1) What is A? (1/2 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Where does it come from? (1/2 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State the differences between the gametes produced in B and those by a man with reference to the
(1) genetic make-up for sex-determination. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) amount of food reserve. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) By what means can the gametes produced by B be drawn from the abdominal cavity to the cavity C?
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Name the structure where fertilisation takes place. (1 mark)
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(v) What is the main difference between the nuclei of the gametes produced by B and those of the somatic
cells (body cells)? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vi) Describe the change of C
(1) during ovulation.
(2) if the ovum is fertilised.
(3) if the ovum is not fertilised. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vii) (1) How is a sperm adapted to swim up the female reproductive tract in order to fertilise the egg cell?
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) What will happen in a woman in order to assist in such kind of locomotion? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) Ureter. (1/2 mark)
(2) It comes from one of the kidneys. (1/2 mark)
(ii)
Gametes produced in B Gametes produced by a man
(1) Genetic make-up for X chromosome X or Y chromosome
sex-determination

(2) Amount of food large amount no food reserve

reserve

(1/2 mark each) (2 marks)

(iii) The oviduct (D) is lined with cilia which set up currents to draw the gametes produced by B (ova) to
the cavity of C (uterus). (2 marks)
(iv) Oviduct. (1 mark)
(v)
Nuclei of the gametes produced by B Other somatic cells
haploid (n) diploid (2n) (2 marks)
(vi) (1) C becomes thicker and spongy. (1 mark)
(2) If the ovum is fertilised, C becomes much thicker because implantation of the embryo takes place.

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(1 mark)
(3) If the ovum is not fertilised, all the thickened uterine lining will be shed. (1 mark)
(vii) (1) It has a tail for swimming. (1 mark)
(2) The muscular wall of the vagina contracts to provide wave-like motion in order to assist in the
locomotion of sperms. (1 mark)
__________
(13 marks)##

|!|EQA02200013|!|
The diagram below shows the structure of the female reproductive system in mammals:

(i) (1) Name the product of A. (1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Name the process for the release of the product of A. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Describe the roles played by B during
(1) the development of a foetus. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) the birth of a foetus. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) ovum (1 mark)
(2) ovulation (1 mark)
(ii) (1) - provide a constant internal environment for the development of the embryo (1 mark)
- formation of placenta (1 mark)
(2) provides powerful contraction to expel the infant (1 mark)
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_________
(5 marks)##

|!|EQB02200014|!|
* The diagram below shows the uterus of a pregnant woman:

(i) Name blood vessels A and B. State THREE differences in the composition of the blood in these
vessels.
(4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

(ii) Name fluid C and state its functions. (21/2 marks)

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) (1) Name THREE nutrients which pass from the mother's blood to the embryo's blood. (11/2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Give ONE function of each nutrient to the embryo. (3 marks)
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(iv) Name the process by which the nutrients pass from mother's blood into the embryo. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) State TWO functions of the placenta other than being the structure for the exchange of substances
between the mother and the embryo. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vi) Explain why the blood systems of the mother and the embryo are separate. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) A - umbilical artery
B - umbilical vein (1/2 mark each) (1 mark)
Blood in umbilical artery Blood in umbilical vein
carries deoxygenated blood carries oxygenated blood
less nutrients more nutrients
more nitrogenous wastes less nitrogenous wastes
(1 mark each) (3 marks)

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(ii) Fluid C - amniotic fluid (1/2 mark)
Functions:
- keep the embryo moist (1 mark)
- as a watery cushion to support the embryo so as to protect the embryo from mechanical injuries
(1 mark)
(iii) (1) glucose, amino acids and calcium (or any minerals) (1/2 mark each) (11/2 marks)
(2) Glucose - oxidised to release energy
Amino acids - for growth of the embryo
Calcium - for bone formation
Iron - for formation of haemoglobin (any 3) (3 marks)
(iv) diffusion (1 mark)
(v) - to separate the blood systems of the mother and embryo (1 mark)
- to secrete hormones (1 mark)
(vi) - to prevent the high blood pressure of maternal blood from breaking the delicate embryonic blood
vessels (1 mark)
- to prevent harmful substances / bacteria from entering the embryo (1 mark)
__________
(16 marks)##

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Extension Section

|!|EQA02200015|!|
Irene put a potato tuber in a pot and covered it with soil of 2 cm thickness. After several days, a short shoot
grew out.

(i) As the shoot grew up, part B became smaller in size. Explain. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Name the tissue which transports
(1) food in part A; (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) water in part C. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Describe the formation of a new tuber. (4 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) The starch stored in part B was used in respiration to release energy (2 marks)
for the growth of the new plant. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) phloem (1 mark)
(2) xylem (1 mark)
(iii) Green leaves develop and make sugar in photosynthesis. (2 marks)
The sugar is transported down by the phloem to the tip of an underground stem. (1 mark)
Sugar is converted to starch which is the stored in the new tuber. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##
|!|EQA02200016|!|
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Tim observed a group of flowers in the school garden.

He picked a group of the flowers and dissected one flower in the laboratory.
The following diagram shows what he saw:

(i) (1) Name part A. (1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Explain how the position of A suggests that the flowers are wind-pollinated. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Name part B. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Part C, which is very small in size, is produced in a large amount. Explain. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) (1) Name part D. (1 mark)
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(2) State the fate of part D after fertilization. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
##
(i) (1) anther (1 mark)
(2) The anthers hang outside the flower (1 mark)
for catching wind to carry the mature pollen grains away. (1 mark)
(ii) stigma (1 mark)
(iii) To compensate for the loss during transfer onto the stigma by wind. (2 marks)
To be easily carried away by wind. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) ovary (1 mark)
(2) It changes into the fruit. (1 mark)
_________
(9 marks)##

|!|EQB02200017|!|
* Below are two diagrams showing a flower (A) and an underground structure (B) of a flowering plant:
(Diagrams (A) and (B) are NOT taken from the same plant species.)

1
2

Diagram A Diagram B

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(i) (1) Name structure 1. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Describe how structures 1 and 2 are involved in the reproduction of the plant by self-pollination.
(5 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) (1) Name the type of asexual reproduction shown in diagram B. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) State and explain ONE significance of organ 3 to the plant apart from reproduction. (3 marks)
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##
(i) (1) anther (1 mark)
(2) Pollen grains produced from structure 1 by meiosis (1 mark)
land on structure 2. (1 mark)
The pollen grains stimulated by structure 2 germinate and form pollen tubes (1 mark)
which transfer the male gametes to the female gametes (1 mark)
for fertilisation / zygote formation. (1 mark)
(ii) (1) vegetative propagation (1 mark)
(2) To allow the plant to survive in adverse conditions such as winter. (1 mark)
Under favourable conditions, the bud of organ 3 can develop into a new plant (1 mark)
using the food stored in the organ for growth. (1 mark)
___________
(10 marks)##

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|!|EQB02200018|!|
* The diagram below shows a flower of a certain plant species:

anther
stigma

A
B

(i) A student wanted to ensure that plant crosses only with another plant of the same species. State the
procedures that he had to perform. (3 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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(ii) State the role of structure A after fertilisation has taken place. (3 marks)
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(iii) Explain whether the cells of the stigma have the same genetic composition as those of structure B.
(3 marks)
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(iv) With reference to the diagram, the presence of a certain structure indicates that this is an insect-
pollinated flower. Name this structure. (1 mark)
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##
(i) Cut off the anthers before they reach maturity. (1 mark)
Brush pollen grains from the desired plant’s anthers onto the stigma of the flower. (1 mark)
Cover the plant with a plastic bag to prevent unwanted pollination. (1 mark)
(ii) Structure A will become the seed (1 mark)
which will form into a new plant (1 mark)
after germination. (1 mark)

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(iii) They have the same genetic composition (1 mark)
because they are derived from the same zygote / seed (1 mark)
which grows by repeated mitotic divisions. (1 mark)
(iv) nectary (1 mark)
__________
(10 marks)##

|!|EQA02200019|!|
The diagram below shows a flower of grass:

(i) With reference to the diagram, state TWO features that suggest it is a wind-pollinated flower.
(2 marks)
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(ii) State the role(s) of the ovary of this flower after fertilisation takes place. (3 marks)
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(iii) (1) State how A are produced. (2 marks)
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(2) State the significance of the process mentioned in (1). (3 marks)
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##
(i) Any two of the following: (2 marks)
- feathery stigma
- stigma / anthers hang outside the petals
- pollen grains (A) are produced in large numbers / carried in the air
(ii) The ovary will become the fruit (1 mark)
which aids seed dispersal (1 mark)
and protects the seeds. (1 mark)
(iii) (1) A are produced by the diploid cells of the anthers (1 mark)
that undergo meiotic divisions. (1 mark)
(2) By halving the chromosome number in pollen grains / A by meiosis, (1 mark)
the normal diploid chromosome number can be restored (1 mark)
during fertilisation / fusion of male and female gametes. (1 mark)
__________
(10 marks)##

|!|EQA02200020|!|
Below are two diagrams showing (A) a flower of a certain plant and (B) the human female reproductive
system:

(A) (B)
(i) (1) Name the structures responsible for female gamete production in the flower and the human
reproductive system, respectively. (2 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Are the female gametes haploid or diploid? Explain your answer. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(ii) State the site of fertilisation in humans. (1 mark)

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(iii) Describe briefly the events that lead to the formation of a fruit with seeds after fertilisation.
(4 marks)
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##
(i) (1) Flower – ovule (1 mark)
Human reproductive system – ovary (1 mark)
(2) Haploid. (1 mark)
Their parent cells are diploid cells (1 mark)
which divide by meiosis to form haploid gametes. (1 mark)
(ii) oviduct (1 mark)
(iii) A fertilised ovum in an ovule becomes the embryo. (1 mark)
The ovule develops into a seed. (1 mark)
The ovary enlarges and becomes the fruit. (1 mark)
Stigma and style wither and drop off. (1 mark)
_________
(10 marks)##

|!|EQA02200021|!|
The diagram below shows a young potato plant:

(i) Is structure Y a root or a stem? Give reason(s) for your answer. (11/2 marks)
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(ii) What type of underground structure is Y? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What kind of storage food can be found in Y? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) Explain what would happen to the size of X and Y during the growth period of this plant. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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(v) From which part of structure Y has the shoot developed? (1 mark)
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(vi) What are the other THREE types of vegetative propagating organs? Give ONE example of a plant for
each of them. (3 marks)
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##
(i) Structure Y is a stem because it has buds and scale leaves. (1/2 mark each) (11/2 marks)
(ii) Y is a stem tuber. (1 mark)
(iii) starch (1 mark)
(iv) X grows larger because the food manufactured by the leaves is accumulated. (11/2 marks)
Y becomes smaller because the stored food is used up for growth of the shoot. (11/2 marks)
(v) axillary bud (1 mark)
(vi)
Types of vegetative propagating organ Plants
rhizome ginger/lotus/water lily
bulb onion/tulip
corm Gladiolus
(1 mark each) (3 marks)
__________
(101/2 marks)##

|!|EQB02200022|!|
* The diagram below is a vertical section of an onion bulb:

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(i) Which of the labels is the stem? (1/2 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Can this plant carry out sexual reproduction? Explain. (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) What will be the fate of structures E and F? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) (1) What is D? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Describe its function. (2 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________
(3) How is D formed? (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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(v) Name H. What is its function? (11/2 marks)
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(vi) What change will take place in B during the growing reason of this plant? (1 mark)
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##
(i) G (1/2 mark)
(ii) Yes. (1 mark)
It possesses flowers which contain both (1 mark)
male and female reproductive organs / anthers and carpels. (1 mark)
(iii) E will become the apical bud / terminal bud. (1 mark)
F will develop into a new bulb/ daughter bulb. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) D is a scale leaf. (1 mark)
(2) It protects the bulb and prevents water loss. (2 marks)
(3) When the fleshy scale leaves have lost their stored food, they wither/ dry up and become D.
(2 marks)
(v) Adventitious root. (1/2 mark)
It is responsible for absorbing water and mineral salts. (1 mark)
(vi) B will form the foliage leaves. (1 mark)
___________
(13 marks)##

|!|EQA02200023|!|
Study the diagram below:

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________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) What type of storage organ does this structure belong to? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) How old is this structure? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Explain what will happen to the size of D during the growing season. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) (1) What is E? (1 mark )
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) What is its function? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) How does structure F develop up to the relative size as structure D? (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) Corm. (1 mark)
(ii) 3 years of age. (1 mark)
(iii) During the growing season, the food substance stored in D is used up and (1 mark)
therefore it decreases in size. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) Adventitious root. (1 mark)
(2) To absorb water and mineral salts. (1 mark)
(v) Food manufactured in the leaves passes down to the base of the shoot/F. (1 mark)
It becomes swollen with food and increases in size as structure D. (2 marks)
__________
(9 marks)##

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|!|EQB02200024|!|
* Study the following two flowers: (They are not shown to the same scale.)

(i) Which one of the above is an insect-pollinated flower? (1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________
(ii) What are the differences between these two flowers based on structures A and D and the products of B?
(8 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iii) State and explain TWO other features of flower Y which represent adaptations to its type of pollination.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(iv) (1) What is G? (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) Describe the function of G. (1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(v) (1) Name the part(s) where meiosis occurs. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
(2) What are the products of the above process? (2 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
(vi) What will be the fate of structures C, D, E and H after fertilisation? (3 marks)
_______________________________________________________________________________
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##
(i) Flower X. (1 mark)
(ii)
Structures Flower X Flower Y
A (stigma) - sticky flat surface - large and feathery surface
- enclosed in the corolla - outside the flower (2 marks)
D (petal) - irregular-shaped - no special shape
- modified into a platform
structure for the landing
of insects (2 marks)
Products of B - large - small
(pollen grain) - heavy - light
- rough and sticky - smooth and dry
- small in number - numerous (4 marks)
(iii) The flower is small and inconspicuous. (1 mark)
The anthers are large and hang outside the flower. (1 mark)
(iv) (1) G is the nectary. (1 mark)
(2) It secretes nectar to attract insects. (1 mark)
(v) (1) ovary and anther (2 marks)
(2) The ovary produces ovum. The anther produces pollen grains. (2 marks)
(vi) After fertilisation,
C and D will drop off. (1 mark)
E will become the fruit wall. (1 mark)
H will become a seed. (1 mark)
__________
(20 marks)##

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