I

IRC i 87-1984
GUIDELINES F,OR THE DESIGN
AND
ERECTION OF F ALSEWORK
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
1996
IRC: 87-1984
GUIDE LINES .FOR THE DESIGN
AND
. ERECTION OF FALSEWORK
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
Published by
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
Jamnagar House, Shahjahan Road,
New Delhi-110 011
1996
Price Rs. 36
(Plus packing & postage)
IRC : 87-1984
First Published March, 1984.
Reprinted : August, 1996
(Rights of Publication and of Translation are reserved)
Printed at M/s. Sagar Printers and
New Delhi-110003 (1000 cop1es)
Clause No
Introduction
I. Scope
2. Definitions
3. Materials
3.1. Genera)
CONTENTS
3.2. Specifications for Materials
3.3. New Materials
3.4. Formwork Accessories
3.5. Form Coatings or Release Agents and Sealants
for Formwork
4. Design
5.
6.
4.1. General
4.2. Loads
4.3. Permissible Stresses
4.4. Overturning
4.5. Deflection Limits
4.6. , Analysis
4. 7. Lateral and Diagonal Bracings
4.8. Shores
4.9. Proprietary Items
4.10. Foundation of Faisework
4.11. Special requirements for Prestressed Concrete
4.12. Common Deficiencies in design
Plans
Site Operations
6. I. General
6.2. Erection
6.3. Concreting Operations and Application of Loads
6.4. Removal of Forrnwork
IRC: 87-1984
Page No.
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IRC:
6.5. Precautions for Special Structures
6.6. Re-use and Maintenance of Formwork
6.7. Check for Workmanship
7. Special Formwork
7.1. Slip Forms
7.2. TravelHng Forms
7.3. Extreme Weather Condition
8. Trusses or Girders used as Falsework
Appendix 1 : Information to be supplied by
manufacturers of proprietary systems ..
Appendix 2: Typical connec,tion details of
falsework
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IRC : 87-1984
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN AND ERECTION
OF FALSEWORK FOR ROAD BRIDGES
INTRODUCTION
The draft of the 'Guide1ines for the Design and Erection of
False work for Road Bridges' was prepared by a Subcommittee
(personnel given below) of the Bridges Committee and was .finalised
by them in their meetings held on the 23rd, 24th and 25th Novem-
ber, 1978. The draft of the Guidelines were approved by the
Bridges Committee in their meetings held on the 12th & 13th
February, 29th & 30th December, 1981 and 6th March, 1982.
G. Venkatesu1u
S.C. Motwani
K.D. Bali
T.S. Chandrasekhar
G.S. Iyer
D.N. Khurana
G.C. Mathur
N.Y. Merani
A.D. Narain
K. Suryanarayana Rao
P.S. Sandhawalia
J.S. Sodhi
... Convenor
... Member-Secretary
Rep. of M,s. Gammon (India)
Ltd. (S.R. Sivaswamy)
Rep. of U.P.S.B.C. Ltd.
(Brijendra Singh)
Rep. of Mfs. Indian Plywood.
Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Bombay (Lt. Col. G.B. Singh)
Rep. of N.B.C.C. (A.I. Ibrahim)
Rep. of C.A.I. (T.M. Menon)
Director General (Road Development) and Addl. Secretary
to the Govt. of India Ex-officio.
These guidelines were approved by the Executive Committee
in their meeting held on 21st -July, 1983 and by the Councilin their
108th meeting held at Pondicherry on 21st August, 1983 subject
to the condition that the comments made thereon should be taken
into consideration by the Member-Secretary and the Convenor of
the Bridges Committee and they were authorised to make any
changes considered necessary in light of the comments made by the
members of the Council. The comments of the members of the
Council were again considered by the Bridges Committee in their
meeting held at New Delhi on 16,th December, 1983 and the
guidelines were finalised for publication.
1. SCOPE
These guidelines apply to the design, fabrication, erection and
stripping of falsework built from mostly structural materials and
used as temporary structures for supporting most type of permanent
concrete bridge structures.
1
IRC: 87-1984
The guidelines prescribe only the minimum requirements and
are to be supplemented by design judgement andexperience.
2. DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of these guidelines, the following definitions
shall apply :
2.1. Base Plate
A device used to transfer the vertical load from a structural
member to its foundation. or foundation structure element in such a
way as to distribute the load ..
2.2. Bay Length
The distance between the centre lines of two adjacent shores.
2.3. Blinding
A layer of lean concrete 50 to 100 mm thick, put down on
soil to seal it and provide a clean bed for construction work.
2.4. Bracing
The system of members (diagonal and horizontal) which acts
in compression or tension and stiffens a frame against deformation.
2.5. Coupler or Clamp
A device for connecting together the component parts of
tubular shores and bracings.
2.6. Dead Load
The self weight of a member being designed or analysed.
2. 7. Falsework
The total temporary structure system including the formwork
for the permanent structure during erection and until it becomes
self supporting.
2.8. Forkhead
A 'U'-shaped housingto take joists or stringers.
FormworkjForms
A part of the falsework used as mould for the poured con
2
IRC: 87-1984
crete. It consists of the sheeting and its immediate supporting or
stiffening members.
2.10. Frame
A fabricated principal unit of falsework made from timber or
steel (tubular or rolled steel sections).
2.11. Grade Stress
The appropriate safe-working stress level of timber.
2.12. Guard Rail or Hand Rail
A ho_rizontal rail secured to uprights and erected along the
exposed of. scaffolds to prevent persons from falling off an
edge or losmg their balance.
2.13. Lift
The height of concrete formed and cast in one pour.
2.14. Load Bearing Member
Any component of a structure which is directly subjected to
load.
2.15. Prop/Shore
Individual vertical or inclined member used to support loads.
2.16. Resb'lring or Reproppiog
. . A system used during the construction operation in which the
ongmal shores are removed and replaced in a planned sequence to
avoid any damage to partially cured concrete.
2.17. Scaffold/Scaffolding
Any elevated platform and .its supporting structure
used for supportmg workmen or matenals or bothand in the
context of these guidelines is deemed to comprise wooden or steel
members. It includes similarly constructed means of access and
egress.
2.18. Shim
A thin piece, usually, of wood, metal or stone used for adjust-
ing the formwork. '
3
IRC : 87-1984
2.19. Shock Load
The load imparted to.a structure due to impact of material.
2.20. Sill or Sole Plate
A footing or bearing (usually of wood) which distributes the
vertical shoring loads to the ground or slab below.
2.21. Strut
A member in compression.
2.22. Stud
A vertical or horizontal stiffener fixed to the back of the form
sheeting.
2.23. Superimposed Load or Imposed Load
Any load that a member is required to support in addition to
its own self weight. It includes loads such as that of concrete,
forming material, falsework material, workmen, equipment and
wind forces, etc.
2.24. Tier
A unit or frame or shore erected one above another in a
vertical direction.
2.25. Transom
A cross beam or horizontal scaffold tube.
2.26. Wedge
A piece of strong timber or metal which tapers in its. length
and is used to adjust elevation or line to tighten or release form-
work. Folding wedges comprise a pair of wedges laid one above
the other with thick ends apart.
2.27. Yoke
In a vertical slip form, a yoke in the form of inverted 'U'
which carries the wall forms and is itself carried and. raised by a:
jack or a screw arrangement.
3. MATERIALS
3 .1. General
The permitted materials for falsework in the context
4
IRC; 87-1984
of these guidelines are timber, steel, plywood, concrete and
masonry.
3. 2. Specification for Materials
. All the. shaH conform to the specified quality
wtth the mtended purpose and actual site conditions as
applicable. .Where materials or components and their uses are
covered by existing IS or IRC Standards as shown in Table 1
them to the satisfaction of supplementary
reqmrements, If any, ansing out of these guidelines shall be
ensured.
TABLE 1
Material Principal use Minimum size
(l) (2) (3)
(a) Timber (i) Form,
shoring and
scaffolding
(ii) Form for
deck soffit,
beam sides
and other
vertical
surfaces 25 mm
. (iii) Beam soffi.t 50 rnm
CoJumn sides. 30.mm
(iv) Props 75 x 100 mm
(v) BalJies for
shores
for bracings
100mm dia
75 mm dia
I
Specification Remarks
and design
data sources
(4) (5)
IS : 883* Soft woods of
partially seasoned
stock are
recommended for
formwork since
fully dried timber
swells excessively
when it becomes
wet and green
timber will dry
out and warp
during hot
weather.
-do-
-do-
-do
-do-
*IS : 883 Code of Practice for Use of Structural Timber in Building.
5
IRC : 87-1984
IRC : 87-1984
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Form work com-
(b) Ply- Forms and 6mm IS : 4990** Plywood ponents such as
wood Form linings provides large plates, prop,
Sheeting and area of joint frames, accesso-
panels 12mm free smooth ries and trestles, etc.
concrete surface, (iv) Clamps/ IS:2750@@
. easy in handling, Couplers for
light weight, tubular
fiexibiHty of use, centering
capacity to with- (d) A_Jumi- Light.weight Manufac-
stand hot and mum panels and turer's
cold c1iinates,.no A ]Joys forming systems data
shrinkage shoring and
cupping or falsework
twisting, high (e) Fibre Precast concrete Manufac- This material is a
resistance to Glass construction turer's glass fibre rein-
impact load and and architectural data forced plastic
vibration, as of concrete product, exceJJent
bonding. cast concrete
reusability. surfaces can be
(c) Steel (i) Sheet Plate Fo.rms and Form IS:226+ Steel forms can
moulded to any
shape without
-linings 3,15 mm IS:2062* stand repetitive
joints or seems.
with form IS:961@ use. (f) Precast 37 mm
vibrators IS:l?77 -dO-'-
concrete
(ii) RoUed Form s.upports IS:961@ Steel framing and (g) Asbes- Column forms UsuaHy left in
Sections and shoring & IS:226+ bracing can be tos and duct formers position and
tubes framing, shoring IS:l161** used in conjunc- cement provides the
IS:1977 tion with timber finished surface
IS:2062* and plywood (h) Lami- Circular column Manufac-
panel system. nated forms, formers turer's
(i) angles pres:;ed for small ducts data
50x50x6mm paper,
(ii) flats tubes
50x6 min (Card
(iii) tubes
Board)
40mmdia (i) Hard Form panels and -do-
~ o m i n l bore board G.I.Jining
with wall with minimum 12 mm
thickness lining thick
4.05 mm (j) .Plastics; Formliners -do-
(iii) Proprietary Forms can be Design data to be
Polyete.; for decorative
Systems obtained for obtained from
rene, concrete
round, square the manufacturer
Polyeth-
rectangular or of the proprietary
elene,
Polyvin-
polygonal shapes. syst_ems.
ylchlo-
ride
**IS 4990 Specification for Plywood for Concrete Shuttering :work. (k) Rubber
Form lining -do-
+IS 226 Specification for Structural Steel (Standard Quality) and void
*IS 2062 Specification for Structural Steel (Welding Quality) forms
@IS 961 Specification for Structural Steel (High Quality)
@@ IS: 2750 Specification for Steel Scaffoldings. IS 1977 Specification for Structural Steel (High Steel)
**IS 1161 Specification for Tubes for Structural purposes.
Note : The sizes given in Table 1 are only indicatice of the minimum require-
ments and shaU be derived from the actual detailed design.
6 7
IRC : 87-1984
3 .3. New Materials
Several new materials like aluminimn alloys, fibre gl?.ss,
asbestos cement, plastics at;Id rubber, etc, are available
can be used for false work. As these matenals are not yet m
common use it shall not be interpreted to exclude tbe use of any
such which can meet quality and safety requirements for
the work. In the designs in which these new materials are used,
the manufacturer's specifications and data shall be adopted after
tests are conducted on them to verify the parameters, if necessary.
3.4. Formwork Accessories
. For the of form ties, form anchors and form hangers
permissible stress shall -to the r_elevant standards as well as
design data based on test evtdence pubhsh.ed by manufacturers.
3 .4.1. Form. ties: A for in is a tensile unit adopted for
holding concrete forms against the active pressure of placed
plastic concrete.. Form ties. are also manufactured part pro-
prietary system.
3.4.2. Form anchors: Form anchors are devices used in-the
securing of formwork to previously placed of aqequate
strength. The devices normally m the concrete
during placement. Actual load carrymg capacity of. the anchors
depends on the strength of c_oncrete in which they are embedded,
the area of contact between the concrete and anchor and the depth
of embedment. Manufacturers. also publish design data .and. test
information to assist in the selectton of proper form anchor devtces.
3.4.3. Form hangers: Forni hangers are often. tised to sus-
pend formwork from a supporting structure.
3.5. Form Coatings or Release Agents and Sealants for
Formwork
3.5.1. Form coatings: Form coatings or sealants are usually
applied to contact surface manufacture or in the field
to serve one or more of the followmg purposes:
(a) to sealthe contact surface and-joints from intrusion of moisture or
Joss of moisture and cement slurry.
(b) to a]ter the texture of the contact surface.
(c) to improve the durability of the contact surface.
(d) to release of form from concrete during stripping.
3.5.2. Release agents: Form release agents are applied to
form contact suifaces to prevent bond and thus facilitate stripping.
8
IRC : 87-1984
They may be applied permanently to form materials during
manufacture or in the field or may be applied to the form before
each use. The release agents shall be checked for compatibility
with form surfaces, plastic concrete including admixtures and
requirements for the application of further materials to the
ha.rdened concrete.. They shall be kept off construction joints
surfaces and reinforcing steel by applying before the reinforcement
is laid. Care shall be taken to ..,,Isure that excessive application of
release agent does not cause staining of concrete surface or retard
curing. Where exposed aggregate work or other type of concrete
surface finish is desired, release agents may be designed suitably.
3.5.3. Manufacturer's recommendations: Manufacturer's reco-
mmendations shall be followed in the use of coatings, sealants and
release agents, but independent investigation of their performance
is recommended before use.
3.5.4. Form insulation: These are usually used for prote-
ction of concrete in cold weather. These shall be used as per
manufacturer's recommendations.
3.5.5. Sealants: In order to get smooth concrete surface
finish and prevent escape of cement slurry, use of laminated tar
paper or similar sealant can be permitted.
3.5.6. Laminated tar paper (craft paper): These are mostly
used to give a smooth surface and to prevent leakage of cement
slurry. These shaH be used as per manufacturer's recommen-
dations.
4. DESIGN
4.1. General
4.1.1. Falsework shall be designed to meet the requirements
of the permanent structure, taking into account the actual
conditions of materials, environment and site conditions. Methods
of easy dismant(:lling and erection shall be catered for.
4.1.2. Falsework may be designed in accordance with
relevant IRC Codes in force for design of permanent structures
unless otherwise mentioned herein.
4. 1.3. Careful attention shall be paid to the detailing of
connections and function with a view to avoid gross errors leading
to significant damage or failure. It shall be ensured that local
9
IRC : 87-1984
failures do not lead to progressive collapse involving the entire
structure.
4.2. Loads
4. 2.1. False work shall be designed to cater for the vertical,
horizontal and other loads as specified in the subsequent
4.2.2. Vertical loads: Vertical loads sbali comprise (a) Dead
load, and (b) Superimposed load.
4.2.2. I. Dead load
(a) Dead load shaH include the self weights of the falsework structures
including formwork.
(b) Any ancilliary temporary work connected to and supported by the
falsework structure.
(c) Permanent structure supported by the falsework.
Self weights shall be determined to clause 205 of
IRC:6 except for the following items for which the unit weights
giv,en in clause 4.2.2.1.1. shall apply.
4. 2.2.1.1. The following unit weights shall be adopted in the
absence of actual measurements:
(a) Wet concrete including reinforcement
(b) Timber (soft wood)
... 26 KN/m
1
... 6 KNjm
3
(c) Formwork (sheeting main and secondary bearers) ... Actual weight
(d) Scaffold tube ... 45 Njm
For falsework composed of scaffold tube fittings, the addi-
tional weight of fittings may be estimated for by increasing the self
weight of the vertical and horizontal members by 15 per cent.
Similarly, in the case of falsework built with fabricated frames,
the additional weight of fittings may be estimated at 5 per cent of
the total weight of the frames and bracings.
4.2.2.2. Superimposed loads
4.2.2.2.1. Superimposed loads shall include the following :
(a) Construction personnel
(b) Plant and equipment including the impact .and surge-
Special consideration shall be given to items of plant which cause
vibration and to the effect on form work of external bolt on vibra
tors and prestressing equipment. Large horizontal forces may
10
IRC : 87-1984
develop in pumped c.oncrete pipe runs though surcharge will usually
be smaller. The pipes be anchored, specially at
bends and the effect of blowmg out the hoe shall also be considered.
(c) Stacking of meterials-This normally occurs from stor-
age of pots on the formwork prior to
concretmg. If there IS hkehhooJ that formwork will be used for
substantial storage of material, this shall be designed for and
clearly indicated on the drawings.
(d) Surcharge on concrete-This is of particular importance
when _formwork has been designed to carry thin slabs of con-
crete, as It Is common practice initially to deposit the concrete in
heaps.
(e) Impact due to deposition of concrete-This can be due to
the deJ?osition of concrete from over-head skips, but has generally
a mfluence. Where formwork is p:utic'ularly susceptible to
thts type of over-load, and even greater general superimposed
shal.l b: used. However, deflection is frequently the ruling
destgr cntena and a temporary over load which causes only tem-
porary excess deflection may be permissible. .
(f) Prestressing loads-The forces and deformation of the
associated with prestressing are often transferred to the
supportmg falsework. Allowance shall be made in the falsework
design to accommodate either the force or the movement involved.
4.2.2.2.2. Uniforrilally distributed of 3.6 kNJm2 of the
forms be assumed to cater for the superimposed loads
except m specified cases where actual estimation of individual
elements shall be done.
4.2.3. Lateral loads : The lateral loads shall comprise :
(a) Lateral pressure of fresh concrete
(b} EnvhtJnmentaJ loads
(c) Miscellaneous
4.2. 3 .I. Lateral pressure of fresh concrete
4.2.3.1.1. The factors effecting lateral pressure on forms are:
(a) Density of concrete-Denser concrete increases the
hydrostatic pressure.
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IRC: 87-1984
(b) Rate of placing-The maximum lateral pressure is pro-
portionate to the rate of plaeing, upto a limit equal to the full fluid
pressure.
(c) Vibration-Internal vibration results in increase of late-
ral pressure locally.
(d) Temperature of concrete-Higher l t e ~ l pressure results
from low temperature effecting the setting time.
(e) Slump-Concrete with high slump will cause larger
lateral pressure.
(f) Method of discharge and compaction-If the concrete is
placed by pumps, the lateral pressure will decrease.
(g) Width and depth of section-For thicker walls or columns
the pressure may be reduced due to arching effects. The depth of
the section influences the hydro-_static pressure.
4.2.3. 1.2. In general a minimum value of 20 kNfm2 shall be
adopted in the design. This value is valid for the rate of rise of
concrete at lm/h at 25C and slump 40 mm without admixtures.
In case of significant differences, specialised literature may be
referred to.
4.2.3 .2. Environmental loads
4.2.3.2.1. Wind-Falsework shall be designed for the same
loads as specified for the permanent structures.
4.2.3.2.2. Water-Where it is necessary for falsework, sup-
ports to be placed in :flowing water, the effect ofthe forces caused
by the :flow shall be considered. These will include-
(a) Water forces
(b) Forces from floating debris.
The supports shall be protected against (b) above by provi-
sion of fenders and cut waters, foundations shall be weB protected
against the effect of scour.
4.2.3.3. Miscellaneous loads : Other horizontal forces . may
result in from the following cases and may be catered for wherever
appropriate.
(a) Movements of the permanent structures imposed on
12
IRC: 87-1984
the falsework due to thermal or other effects like post tensioning
operations.
(b) External ties and anchorages.
4.2.3.4. Design values of total lateral load : Certain horizon-
tal forces are identifiable and can be calculated but there may be
others which may not either be foreseen or estimated. As such,
an amount eq.ual to 1 per cent of the total design vertical load of
falsework in any direction shall be added to the calculated lateral-
loads to arrive at the design load.
The design value of the total lateral load however shall not
be less than 3 per cent of the total design vertical load. The point
of application of the loading may be assumed at the soffit of the
formwork.
4.3. Permissible Stresses
4.3.1. The permissible stresses shall not exceed the basic
values specified in relevant codes for permanent structures.
(a) Timber.,-The permissible stresses in timber shall con-
form to IS : 883 or IS: 3629.
(b) Steel-The permissible stresses shall be those as recom-
mended in IRC : 24 as appropriate to the steel being used and
the use to which it is put.
(c) ':fubular sections-Permissible stresses in. tubular sections
shall be those as recommended in IS : 806.
(d) Masonry- The permissible stresses shall be those as
recommended in IRC : 40.
(e) Other materials-Where material chosen for the false-
work is other than those mentioned above, the permissible stresses
may be those . as recommended by the manufacturer after tests.
The permissible stresses chosen may also .be related Jo the ultimate
strength or to other physical characteristics, and it will be neces-
sary to choose which criteria are critical in the light of the form,
extent and consequence of any possible failure.
4.3.2. An over stress of 33! per cent shall be permitted for
wind load combination onlyo No over .stress shall be permitted
for any other load combination.
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IRC: 87-1984
4.3.3. lrt case of reusable components in steel, timber, etc.,
the values of permissible stresses shall be reduced, if necessary,
considering the number of reuses and the actual degree of
deterioration.
4.4. Over-turning
Factor of safety against shall be taken as 1.33.
4.5. Deflection Limits
In general, the deflection of members in form work is limited
by the tolerances specified for permanent works. In general, the
calculated deflection of unsupported areas of form faces shall not
exceed 3 mm or 0.003 of the span whichever is least.
4.6. Analysis
4.6.1. Load transfer systems : The system which transfers the
loads to the false work shall be examined to ensure that all possible
changes in the conditions of load transfer are provided for. Rela-
tive deflections between the permanent structure and the falsework
including settlement of the foundations, may cause high local con-
centrations of load.
Adjustable or non-adjustable distance pieces, including jacks
and similar devices are often used to transfer loads. In case of
screw jacks its capacity shall be checked for a minimnm of 3 per
cent of the vertical load acting horizontally at top of jack.
4.6.2. Statical redundancy : Statical redundancy or indeter-
minacy shall be allowed for in the design, wherever applicable.
4.6.3. Connections : Eccentric loading and/or partial conti-
nuity in structural members can be caused by the of
secondary moments through semi-pinned joints and connections for
bracing. This applies particularly to falsework constructed of
scaffold tubes or similar members.
4.6.4. Special loading conditions : The design or sequence of
construction the structure may give rise to special,
or unusual loadmg conditiOns on the falsework. Where this is so
it shall be clearly. by the of such permanent
. works so that Jt may be taken mto account m the design of the
falsework.
4.6.5. Reversal of loading : Reversal of moments and stres
ses may occur during erection and dismantling of the falsework
and shall be accounted for in the design.
14
IRC: 87-1984
4. 7. . and Diagonal Br.acings
4. 7. I. Diagonal bracings in both the longitudinal and lateral
directions shall connect the shores or props of the upper and lower
bays of the falsework at splice or jojnt as the case may be.
(i) The bottom horizontal bracing shaH be within 600 mm . of the
bottom.
(ii) Top horizontal bracing shaU be within 600 mm from top.
(iii) horizontal bracings shaH be designed to suit the
des1gn reqUirements. .
(iv) The diagonal bracings sball be at slope between 30 and . 60 to the
horizontal.
4. 7.2. The falsework system shall be designed to transfer all
lateral loads to the ground or to completed construction of adequ-
ate strength and stiffness already in place in such a manner as to
safety at times. Diagonal bracing must be provided in
verttcal and honzontal planes where required to provide Stiffness
and to prevent buckling of individual members .. A laterally braced
system sha11 be anchored to ensure stability. Diagonal bracing
must be capable of resisting the overturning moment.
4.8. Shores
4.8. I. All shores shaJJ have a firm bearing. Inclined shores
shall be braced securely against slipping or sliding. The bearing
end.s of shores shall be c.ut square. and have a tight fit and splices.
Splices shaiJ be secure agamst bendmg and buckling. Connections
of shore !o other framing shall be adequate to prevent the
shores from falling out when reverse bending causes upward
deflection of the forms.
. 4.8.2. Timber shores, where used, shall meet the following
requuements :
(a) The numbe! of splicings in any shore shall be kept to the minimum.
The rnatchmg ends of shores to be spJiced shall be cut square for
proper seating. As far as practicable, locations of splices
be staggered .
(b) The minimum sizes of timber used for splicing shall be 450 mm x
75 mmx40mm.
(c) All splice fastening shall be adequate.
(d) Metal splice pieces of adequate size may be used in place of timber.
(e) Lap spJices shall be prohibited.
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IRC : 87-1984
4.9. Proprietary Items
When proprietary forms, shoring or components are used,
the manufacturers' recommendations for safe working loads shall
be supported by data sheets and test reports for components by
an approved testing organisation. Necessary details required to
be furnished by the manufacturer are given in Appendix-].
4.1 0. Foundation of Falsework
4.10.1. Purpose of foundations : Where the falsework rests
on ground, or with permanent construction at ground level, it is
necessary to distribute the loading from the falsework into the
soil or works below in a reliably safe distributive manner to
control within acceptable limits any total or differential settle-
ments. The details of the site conditions and the safe bearing
pressures for use in the design shall form part of design briefs.
4.1 0.2. Falsework supported on foundations of the permanent
construction : Where the vertical loads from the falsework are
transferred to the ground, a check shall be made that the ground
can safely receive the loading. In some instances, tbe loads may
be carried into pile caps or foundation bases. The use of parts of
the foundation of the permanent works as a foundation for the
falsework shall minimize the possibility of settlement at those
points. When of the falsework is on
tions and the remamder of the falsework dtstnbutes tts loadmg
directly to the ground, the possibilities of the differential settlements
shall be considered.
4.10.3. Falsework supported on permanent construction above
oround level : Where it is intended to support the falsework on
permanent constr1:1ction, it is essential to. determine if
any, which the des1gn of permanent works 1mposes on the mc1dence
and distribution of load from the falsework. It is essential to
determine the strength of the permanent works to receive loading
based on the rate of gain of strength and maturity of concrete in
the structure.
4.10.4. Falsework supported on the ground: The loads from
the falsework shall be applied to the ground through. distribution
members which may be of timber, steel base plate occasionally
precast to ensure in" contact with the ground.
T.he alignment of these d1stnbutwn members must be controlled
so that the shores of the falsework system are centrally placed,
on the member. These ground distribution members shall not
16

1
IRC : 87-1984
us'ually be subject to critical stresses, but such a possibility shall
not be overlooked.
4.10.5. Foundation supports comprising piles or other deep
ground insertions shall be designed and installed to specific designs
and drawings. The settlement characteristics of these measures
will need to be evaluated. Where there is a likelihood of the
foundation becoming flooded, precautions shall be taken to direct
such flood waters away from the area and the installed foundations
to safely withstand the dire.ct and indirect consequences of such
flooding including scour, undermining or weakening of ground
strata.
4.11. Special Requirements for Prestressed Concrete
4.11.1. The structural designer shall indicate special require-
ments, if any, for prestressed construction. Where required, it may
be necessary to provide appropriate means of lowering or remov-
ing the form work before full prestress is applied to prevent
damage due to upward deflection of resilient formwork.
11.2. The restraint to shrinkage of concrete shall be kept
to a minimum and the hogging of members due to prestressing
force and the elastic deformation of form work or false work shall be
considered in the design and removal of the form work.
4.12. Common Deficiencies in Design
Some avoidabie common design deficiencies leading or contri
buting to failure, are :
(a) Lack of sufficient aJJowance in design for special loads.
(b) Inadequate shoring or reshoring.
(c) Improper positioning of shores at different levels where high
faJsework is involved. This may create reverse bending.
(d) Inadequate provisions (especially where beam hangers are used) to
prevent rotation or twisting of beam forms, particularly when slabs
frame into them on only one side or slabs of unequal spans frame
into beams.
(e) Inadequate provision against upiift.
(f) Insufficient allowance for unsymmetrical or eccentric loading due
to placement sequence.
(g) Inauequate design of form ties or clamps.
(h) Inadequate protection against scour, where applicable, and
(i) Poor foundation conditions of site not accounted for in design.
(j) Lack of proper adjustment of shims and wedges during-concreting.
17
IRC : 87-1984
5. PLANS
5.1. Falsework plans shall include the followinginformation:
(a) Design assumptions-All major design values and loading condi-
tions shaH be shown on these drawings. They include assumed
values of superimposed load, rate of placement, mass of moving
equipment which may be on formwork; foundation pressu-
res, and other pertinent information, if applicable.
(b) Types of materials, sizes, lengths and connection details.
(c) Sequence of removal of forms and shores.
(d) Anchors, form ties, shores and braces.
(e) Field adjustment of the form during placing of concrete.
(f) Working scaffolds and gangways.
(g) Weepholes, vibrator holes, or access doors for inspection and plac-
ing of concrete.
(h) Construction joints, expansion joints.
(i) Sequence of concrete placements and minimum/maximum eiapsed
time between adjacent placements.
(j) Chamfer strips or grade strips for exposed corners and construction
joints.
{k) Foundation details for falsework.
(I) Special provisions such as protection from flood water, ice and
debris at stream crossings.
(m) Form coatings and release agents.
(n) Means of obtaining specified concrete.
(o) Location of box outs, pipes, ducts, conduits and miscellaneous
inserts in the concrete, attached to or penetrating the forms.
(p) Location and spacing of rubber pads where shutter vibrations are
used.
6. SITE OPERATIONS
6. l. General
6.1.1. The site operations are broadly divided into the
operations of erection of falsework, concreting (applications of
loads) and dismantling of falsework.
6.1.2. Proper coordination and communication between
the design, construction and supervision agencies shall be ensured
in respect of all aspects of formwork at site.
6.1.3. The preparation and erection of falseworkjformwork
requires the same skill and attention to details as that of the
permanent structure. Falsework shall always be regarded as a
structure in its own right, the stability of which at all stages of
18
,I
IRC : 87-1984
construction is permanent for safety of the permanent structure as
well as the personnel working at site.
6.1.4. Constant emphasis shall be laid upon attention to
details. It is possible that the omission of a bolt or ineffective
fixing of securing devices or the failure to tighten up an item pro-
perly, may lead to local instability which might place the whole
structure in jeopardy. The checking ofwork done shall be pain-
staking and thor'ough while at the same time the workmanship
should be meticulous. Care and time spent in erection connot be
substituted by checks and supervision at a later stage.
6.1.5. The required standards of workmanship shall be
taught to the less experienced workmen and they shall be made
to realise the importance of this. The supervisory staff shall, for
their part, demand required standards of workmanship at every
stage. -
6.2. Erection
The following points require particular attention during
erection :
{i) Check whether the assumed design loads and sequences are com-
. patible with the actual conditions at site.
{ii) The field practice follows the working drawings/instructions from
the Any changes found necessary shall be effected in
consultation with all concerned.
(iii) Check immediately before loading that the formwork has not
deteriorated and is still in accordance with the design.
{iv) Check the adequacy of the foundations for the formwork in respect
of bearing capacity and settlement characteristics.
(v) Suitable precautions as necessary to guard against excessive storage
of materials on a recently formed deck before this is self-supporting
are taken.
(vi) Partial formwork shall not be left in place without proper support.
{vii) Whether the wedges are of sufficient height to allow raising the
forms to the required position after any settlement/elastic shortening
of the prop occurs. Wedges should be used only at one end of a
prop.
(viii) For night construction, adequate. lighting facilities with electric
wire:> duly protected and insulated shall be provided.
(ix) All construction equipments like cranes, hoists etc. shaH only be
operated by experienced staff.
(x) No distribution member shaH be set or bedded into ground which is
frozen.
(xi) No distribution member shall be founded over ground which has
19
IRC : 87-1984
previously been excavated locally and backfilled without proper
precautions.
(xii) Edges subject to erosion such as the edges of slopes and terraces
shall be protected against eroding forces.
(xiii) Any rock outcrops, 9uried tocks or obstructions which are uncove-
red and not indicated on the drawings shall.be reported to the desig-
ner as they can result in differential settlements.
(xiv) All foundation members set in the ground to distribute the loads
from the vertical members shaH be set level.
(xv) Splicing of timber shall be done with the help of MS bolts and nuts.
Nail joints, if unavoidable, shall be properly designed.
(xvi) In respect of proprietary components, the manufacturer's recom-
mendations shall be rigidly adhered to.
(xvii) Where mud falsework is to be used for minor bridges and culverts,
following precautions shall be observed:
(a) The earthen bed shaJJ be properly compacted to eliminate settle-
ments.
(b) The contact surface between the falsework and the concrete
shall be made water proof by suitable. means.
(c) Proper berm and retaining arrangement/slope shalJ be provided
at ends of raised earth.
(d) Piers shall be enveloped by earth on both sides to avoid
unbalanced earth pressure from one side only.
6.2.2. Props supporting fromwork .having out of plumb align-
ment and runners located eccentric in prop heads seriously reduce
their load carrying capacity even. iii proprietary systems. Props
shall be checked for verticality by plumbing and props in each row
eyeing through the remainders.
Proprietary form work support. system shall specify safe work-
ing loads and factors of safety at specified tolerances. They shall
indicate whether the information given is based on the yield or on
the collapse value of the unit and whether the values given are
based on calculations or actual tests. The recommended safe
working loads shall not apply to any . prop in . defective condition
or to any prop erected outside the specified tolerances. Factor of
safety for the first use shall not be less than 2 and may be increa-
sed suitably for subsequent use.
Normal tolerances shall be such that no runner shall be
placed with its centre-line more than 25 mm eccentric tQ the centre
of the prop head and/or no prop shall be erected :more than lf
0
(I in 40) out of plumb. In case any of the (ollowing defects are
noticed, prop may be set aside, discarded or returned to workshops
or depots for attention or s,crap : .
20
~
tRC: 871984
(i) A tube with a bend, crease or any noticeable lack of straightness.
(ii) A tube with more than superficial corrosion.
(iii) A bent head or base plate.
(iv) An incorrect or damaged correcting pin.
are:
6.3. Concreting Operations and the Application of Loads
6.3.1. Points for check before and during these operations
(i) Whether proper permission to commence the placement of concrete
has been accorded ?
(ii) Whether the reinforcement and falsework have been checked ?
(iii) Whether the forms are clean and free from wood-shavings, grit etc ?
(iv) Whether form oil has been applied ? Form oil should be avoided
for concrete surfaces on which plastering is to be done; on such
surfaces, whitewash is desirable. If form oil is applied; it should be
checked that form oil is not applied or splashed carelessly on the
reinforcement or prestressing tendon and anchorages.
(v) Where camber has been provided, the free (top) surface of the
concrete should never be finished fiat but should also be cambered
to the same extent as the form.
(vi) Whether all forms are mortar tight ?
(vii) Whether the sequence and rate of concreting, that is, of placement is
as per the design brief?
(viii) Whether all precautions have been taken to prevent accidental impact
and scouring/flooding of foundations ?
(ix) Whether adequate precautions have been taken to keep unne-cessary
materials away from the falsework ?
(x) Whether adequate access ramps etc. in the correct positions have
been provided for the smooth flow of men, materials and machines ?
(xi) Whether the forms are in the correct position in space and adequa-
tely braced to remain there and the forms are dimensiona)Jy accurate
to produce finished concrete of the required dimensions ?
(xii) The props and bracings shall be watched during the placement of
concrete and its vibration and any members which may tend to work
loose or wedges which shift should be attended to. An agreed
system of communication between the man below and the man in
charge of concreting operations should be established so that concre-
ting can be stopped instantly if at all it becomes necessary to do so.
(xiii) Platforms for the movement of workers and mechanised concrete
buggies (used in large works) shaH be separate and should not place
load upon the reinforcing steel. If this is unavoidable, steel chairs
shall be placed under the reinforcement at adequate spacing to
prevent deformation of the reinforcement.
(xiv) Arrangements for field adjustments and constant inspections of
forms, shores and foundations during placing of concrete both by
supervising as well as construction agency to be ensured (to stop
21
JRC : 87-1984
leaks, tightening wedges, and clamps, to adjust shores and for timely
action against disturbances, etc).
6.4. Removal of Formwork
6.4 1. Forms shall not be struck off until the concrete has
reached a strength at least twice the stress to which the concrete
may be subjected at the time of removal of form work. The
strength referred to shall be that of concrete using the same cement
and aggregates with the same proportions and cured under condi-
tions of temperature and moisture similar to those existing on the
work Where possible, the formwork shall be left longer as it
would assist the curing. Proper precautions ishall be taken to
allow for the decrease in the rate of hardening of concrete that
occurs during cold weather.
Note 1 : In normal circumstances and where ordinary Portland
cement is used, forms may generally be removed after
the expiry of the following peroids :
(a) Walls, columns and vertical 24 to 48 hours as may be decided by
faces of all structural) the Engineer-in-Charge.
members.
(b) Slabs (props left under)
(c) Beams and arches soffits
(Props left under)
(d) Removal of props under
slabs
(e) Removal of props under
beams and arches
3 days
7 days
7-14 days
14-21 days
For other cements, the stripping time recommended for
ordinary Portland cement may be suitably modified.
Note 2 : The number of props left under, their sizes and disposition shall be
such as to be able to safely carry the fuJJ dead load of the slab, beam
or arch, as the case may be, together with any live load likely to
occur during curing or further construction.
6.4.2. Falsework shall be gradualJy and uniformly lowered
in such a manner so as to avoid any shock or vibration or injurious,
stresses in any part of the structure.
6.4.3. Immediately after removal of the formwork, the
concrete shall be carefully inspected. Defects, if any, shall be
made good as soon as practicable.
6.4.4. Where the side shutters also support the flange of the
22
IRC: 87-1984
T-Beam, such shutters shall be removed only after the flange
concrete attains sufficient maturity.
6.4.5. For prestressed units, the side forms shall be released
as early as possible after 9 hours, but within 24 hours, at the latest,
and the soffit forms shall permit without restraint deformation of
the member .prestress is applied. Form supports and soffit
forms for cast-m-sttu members shall not be removed until sufficient
prestress has been applied to carry the dead load, any formwork
supported by the member and anticipated construction loads.
6 ..4.6. All fromwork shall be removed without .impact or
. hkely. to damage the concrete. Removal operations shall be
earned out m proper sequence so that the structure is not subjected
to excessive or eccentric loads. Soffit fromwork shall not be
all?'Yed, to fall to the level below (a practice known as'crash
stnkmg) but shall be lowered in a controJJed manner to prevent
probable damage to structure as well as formwork.
6.4.7. Where the shape of the member is such that the form-
work had re-entrant angles, the form work shall be removed as soon
as possible after the concrete has set to avoid shrinkage cracks due
to the restraint.
. 6.4.8. Where internal metal parts are permitted, they or
then removable parts shall be extracted without causing any
damage to the concrete and remaining holes filled with mortar.
No permanently embedded metal part shall have less than 25 mm
cover to the finished concrete surface.
6.4.9. Premature release of props to allow soffit formwork
to removed, followed by replacement of the props, is normally
advisable only when careful control can be exercised. Such
procedures shall be .effectively supervised and subject to the
approval of the Engmeer responstble for the design of the
structure.
6.5. Precautions for Special Structures
6.5.1. Prestressed concrete structures : The falsework shall be
so arranged as to ensure no stress reversal in the permanent
member on prestressing. The foundation shall be adequate for the
loads expected to be transferred on prestressing.
The falsework shall be set at a higher level to allow for
deflection and shortening of the end supports.
23
IRC: 87-1984
6.5.2. Arch : The sequenee of erection and
removal of centering shall be as per the design. Normally wedges
should be struck in pairs from the crown outwards to the springings.,
loosening them gradually without shock to the arch rings.
6.5.3. Marine works : Due provision shall be made for
catering to forces specific to marine environments such as tides,
waves, adverse wind conditions, etc. Timber shuttering or false-
work which are likely to be affected by marine borers shall be
avoided and if at all used for very short periods shall be inspected
and the material examined at close intervals to detect the presence
of these borers.
The formwork materials shall be protected aganist corrosion.
The frequency of inspection shall be suitably increased.
6.5.4. Composite construction : Falsework of members
which are parts of a composite construction shall be erected with
due care to ensure proper bearing, rigidity and lightness, to prevent
settlement or deflections beyond allowable limits. Wedges, shims,
jacks, etc. should be provided so as to permit adjustment, if required
during concreting,
6.5.5. For special structures requiring complicated formwork
of the type not already used, it may be desirable to test a mock-up
of the scheme to ensure satisfactory results.
6.6. Re-use and Maintenance of Formwork
The number of reuses of formwork is entirely the responsibi-
lity of the contractor, subject to the condition that it continues to
produce the specified result. Forms which are to be reused shall
be carefully cleaned and properly repaired between uses. Concrete
or mortar film sticking to the form face or the joining surfaces shall
be completely removed after each use. When not required for
immediate reuse, the formwork materials shall be properly stored.
Wooden components in particular shall be protected from adverse
weather conditions during storage. Metal components shall be
cleaned and painted periodically. Threaded parts shall be oiled/
greased after thorough cleaning and removal of dirt or slurry. Free
movement of the telescopic components shall be ensured by
periodic cleaning/oiling.
6.7. Check for Workmanship
6. 7.1. Checking shall be thorough and records of checks
carried out should be maintained for important works. Checks
24
IRC : 87-1984
should be made at critical stages of erection and it is suggested that
checking be done when:
(a) the foundation for the falsework is prepared and before vertical
members are erected,
(b) the falsework structure has attained a height of one and a half times
its least plan dimension,
(c) the falsework reaches the level of support of formwork, and
(d) immediately before the loads are applied,
6.7.2. Checking shall be timely and shall never be hurried
up. Such checking shall be based on a system concept with check
lists suitably standardised. The check list in general cater to
the following functional areas:
(i) The structure is in accordance with the detailed drawings;
(ii) The structural dimensions are within agreed tolerances;
(iii) The foundatiOI;IS are adequate and fully bedded;
(iv) The verticals are true;
(v) Bracings a[}d ties are provided and properJy connected;
(vi) The component materials are free from defects;
(vii) The planned sequence of concreting is fully understood and appre-
ciated, including placement of concrete in layers;
(viii) Facilities shall be provided to the safety supervisor in exercising his
normal functions; . . . .
(ix) The falsework shall . be maintained in a serviceable state .until
rendered redundant by the maturity of the concrete; .
(x) In case the timber posts need to be spliced are the ends made square
to abut against each other;
(xi) Is the splicing done with timber plates and using proper nuts and
bolts?
(xii) Are suitable cleats provided at crossings or junctions of any two
members.?
(xiii) Are proper lateral supports of scantlings given to the vertical faces
of the webs of beams ?
(xiv) Is every individual beam supported independently right up to
the ground level ?
. (xv) Whether weep holes or vibrator holes, clean out hQl.e.s and tempo-
rary openings for placing concrete up to height of opening arid
inspection windows are provided ?
(xvi) Whether safe scaffold platform is available for workmen to reach
forms? .
(xvii) Whether fittings for form vibrators are provided ?
(xviii) Whether adequate lighting arrangements have been made, if
required? and
25
IRC : 87-1984
(xix) Whether requirements of safety regulations have been met with at
the working area '?
7. SPECIAL FORMWORK
7 .1. Slipforms
7.1.1. General : Slipforms can be used for vertical structures,
such as beams, piers and wells etc. These.forms are usually moved
by jacks riding on steel rods or pipes embedded in or attached to
the hardened concrete. The movement of forms may be conti-
nuous process until the structure is . completed or in a phased
sequence of finite placements.
Slipforms shall be designed, constructed and the sliding
operations carried out under the supervision ofpersons experienced
in slipform work.
Jacking rods or pipes may be left in place or withdrawn as
conditions permit.
The design of the yokes must provide for adequate clearance
to instal horizontal reinforcing bars and embedments in their
correct locations prior to concreting.
Forms shall be of about one nietre height and may be of
timber, plywood or steel. Special care must be taken in building
the forms and arranging the jacks so that the forms will draw
straight without twist.
Forms shall be conitructed with a slight batter so that they
will be self-clearing as they slide. A range of 6 tnm to 8 mm in a
height of 1 m of form is indicative of current practice.
7.1.2. Sliding operations : The sliding speed is determined
by the rate of setting and hardening of the freshly placed concrete,
the rate at which the concrete can be supplied, placed and
compacted, and the rate at which reinforcement steel ~ ~ be
supplied and fixed. When using . ordinary Portland cement, the
average sliding speed is in the range of 150 mm - 300 mm per
hour;
Alignment and plumbness of the structure shall be checked
at the beginning and at least once in eight h o u ~ s of operation.
7.2. TraveUing Forms
7.2.1. Travelling forms consist of formwork mounted on
26
IRC : 87-1984
moveable frames or scaffolding called travellers. After the purpose
of the form work is served at one section of the structure, the
forms are released and moved along the structure to the next sec..;
tion tobe concreted.
7.2.2. Travelling forms are suitable for many types of
bridges particularly where a number of repetitions are involved.
These forms can be used both for members of constant cross
section and variable cross section.
7 .2.3. Each set of forms and travellers shall be designed for
the particular job. Forms are attached to the traveller moun!ed
on wheels, skids, etc. Jacks are generally used for deshuttenng
and for adjustment to profile at the next section.
7 .2.4. Tra veiling cantilever form work for cantilever bridges
is a particular example of use of travelling forms for bridge deck
construction. Such formworks, because of their importance .and
large loads involved, are designed with the same care as that for a
permanent structure.
7.2.5. Cantilever formwork eliminates falsework altogether.
The deck is constructed as a series of segments progressively
cantilevering out of the pier. The forms are suspended from a
structural frame anchored to the already concreted segment of
the deck and cantilevering out to sustain the forms for the next
segment.
7.2.6. The cantilever forms shaJI be so arranged as to facili-
tate continuous concreting of the entire segment in .one operation.
Necessary provision shall be made to enable adjustments in profile
to cater to the camber requirements of the bridge deck.
7 .3. Extreme Weather Conditions
FalseworkfFormwork in extreme weather conditions shall
require supplemental design and specification depending upon the
necessity in each case which are outside the purview of these
guidelines.
8. TRUSSES OR GIRDERS USED AS FALSEWORK
The design criteria, the permissible stresses and deflection
_limitsshall conform to those specified in IRC : 24.
27
IRC : 87-1984
Appendix-]
(Clause 4.9)
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY MANUFACTURERS
OF PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS
A-1. General
A-1.1. The information which the manufacturer is required
to supply shall be in such detail as to obviate unsafe use of the
equipment due to the intention of the manufacturer not having
been made clear or due to wrong assumptions on the part of the
user.
A-1.2. The user shall refer problem or problems
of erection/assembly not in keeping with the intended use of the
equipment, to the manufacturer of the equipment.
A-2. Information required
A-2.1. The manufacturers of proprietary systems shall
'supply the following information:
(a) Description of basic functions of equipment.
(b) List of items of equipment available, giving range of sizes, spans and
such like, with manufacturer's identification numbers or other
. .
(c) Tpe basis on which the safe working loads have been determined
and whether the. factor of safety given applies to collapse or yield .
. (d) Whether the supplier's data are based on or t.ests. This
shall be clearly stated as there may wide variations between
results obtained by either method. . .
(e) Instructions for use and. maintenance; .including any .points which
require special attention during erection, especia1ly where safety .js
concerned.
(f) Detailed dimensional information, as follows :
(i) Overall dimensions and depths and widths of members.
(ii) Line drawings inc1uding perspectives and photographs showing
normal uses.
(iii) Self weight.
(iv) Full dimensions of connections and any special positioning
arrangements.
(v) Sizes of members, including tube diameters and thicknesses of
material. .
(vi) Any permanent camber built in to the equipment.
(vii) Sizes of holes and dimensions giving their positions.
28
(g) Data relating to strength of equipment as follows :
(i) Average failure loads as determined by tests.
IRC: 87-1984
(ii) Recommended maximum working loads for various conditions
of use.
(iii) Working resistance moments derived from tests.
(iv) Working shear capacities derived from tests.
(v) Recommended factors of safety used in assessing recommended
loads and deflections based ori test results.
(vi) Deflections under load together with recommended pre-camber
and limiting deflections.
(vii) If working loads depend . on calculations, working stresses
should be stated. If deflections depend on theoretical moments
of inertia or equivalent moments of inertia rather than tests,
this should be noted.
(viii) Information on the design .of sway bracing against wind and
other horizontal loadings.
(ix) Allowable loading relating to maximum extension of bases
andjor heads.
29
TYPICAL CO
NNECTIO
Fillets
form
allow gr somettmes
b
out t
ehind feath o mfiltrate
and so f ered edges
have to fins whi h
e repatred c

achieved
Y .crampin ,
actiOn bet g
andeen
Integra) filJet
N DETAILS OF Appendix2
FORMWORK
Grout
fins
(SKETCH NO 3)
(SKETCH NO .4)
31
IRC: 81-1984
Staggerin
facilitate 8.J?t;tts to
formworktgtdtty of
Folding
with wedges
h
square
s oulders
IRC: 87-1984
(SKETCH NO 5)
(SKETCH N o. 6)
Typical d
struts b of
runners bgJ. against
ocks
Jute. or rubb
used as gask er packing
grout to prev:ent
Rebate in
forms to
allow
tight Joint
_j
Typical suppo t
arrange r
incr ments for
med struts
Ground
Typical
arrange-
ment of
offset
m form-
work
Ty.
p1cal arran-
gement of
'incr an
med shore
JRC : 87-1984
Placing of runner in a forkhead
Wedges
(SKETCH NO. 11)
34
Slope ternced to receive
timber sole plates
/
IRC : 871984
./
/
/
Base details on slopes
(SKETCH NO. 12)
35
Concrete or other
similar hard material
Sole
PI ates
IRC: 87-1984
Section
Timber bearer
Elevation
Bracing to be parallel to ground line
Position of bottommost horizontal bracing
(SKETCH NO. 13)
Forkhead
.-'--
----------- --
~ -----
--- ---=-_;;;;.
--- ,-- --- ----
. ;_:::::. - ----=- ::
..-- -;:::::::- --=- -
---- ~ . ___ ..:::::::.
"---.:--. -----=-------=:::
,..-__ _,_ _______ -:;..:.;:;--:::::..
----:_- 0
-- --
~ ~
;:::::::::::- ~
-
. -:::=- -===-=------= :-
.::::---- --
Timber wedge cut
to correct angle
Forkhead detail at inclined deck
(SKETCH NO. 14)
36
(