Annotated Bibliography

Lynzey Gallagher
Ahrons, C. R. (2007). Family Ties After Divorce: Long Term Implications for Children. Family Process ,
53- 65.
This journal researches the long term implications of divorce. The journal
discussion three different longitudinal studies conducted. The research revealed
many different findings. First through conducting the interview with the adult-
children and using a scale to measure the relationship between their parents shows
that the majority of parent 20 years later have a good relationship where they get
along. In families where there were no ongoing serious conflicts, the fathers were
show to stay more involved in the children lives. Whereas, low father
involvement revealed that the relationships between the father and children
worsened. The study also showed that more children felt closer to their step
father and would consider them a parent, than those with a stepmother. Parent-
child relationships continue throughout the life course, and parental divorce
during any developmental transition potentially alters family relationships.
Whether these family relationships remain stable, improve, or get worse depends
on a complex interweaving of both pre- and post divorce factors

This research would be useful to show the affects of divorce as children grow into
adulthood

Averdijk, M., Malti, T., Eisner, M., & Ribeaud, D. (2011). Parental Separation and Child
Aggressive and Internalizing Behavior: An Event History Calendar Analysis. Springer
Science+Business Media , 184-200.
This research conducted was used to explore and understand common threads
between young childrens emotional wellbeing, the quality of the co-parental
relationship, and post-separation paternal involvement. The findings showed that
children 67 years old who lived with both parents normally tended to have
better emotional wellbeing than similar aged children living with one parent,
where inter-parental hostility was present, and had a significant association with
young childrens emotional wellbeing.
Information gained revealed that it was not really the family type that mattered, as
much as the children whose parents had a hostile inter-parental relationship.
These children tended to have poorer emotional wellbeing than children whose
parents did not have a hostile relationship.

Bastaits, K., Ponnet, K., & Mortelmans, D. (2012). Parenting of Divorced Fathers and the
Association with Children's Self-Esteem. Journal Of Youth And Adolescence, 41(12), 1643-
1656.
The article Parenting of Divorced Father and the Association with Childrens Self
Esteem researches the support and control of fathers in different family structures.
The Different family structures were non- residential fathers, fathers in joint
custody, and married fathers. This study also looked in to how a fathers parenting
and childs self esteem are related. . The results showed that non residential
fathers were less supportive and controlling than joint custody fathers and married
fathers. The results also showed that fathers who are supportive of their children
have children with higher self esteem in each of the different family structures.
One thing noted in the article was the amount of time spent with children was
unequally distributed depending on what type of living arrangement was set up
with child; because of this the parenting was expected to differ.
I think this article would be useful in my research because it would cover how
children are affected emotionally both positive and negative in conjunction with
their fathers and the time spent with them.
Baxter, J., Weston, R., & Qu, L. (2011). Family structure, co-parental relationship quality, post-
separation paternal involvement and children's emotional wellbeing. Journal of Family
Studies , 86-109.
This journal researches links that occur between the emotional wellbeing of
children aged 67 years of age, the quality of the co-parenting relationship and the
paternal involvement post-separation. The research found that while children 6
7 years old who lived with both parents normally tended to have better emotional
wellbeing than similar aged children living with one parent, where inter-parental
hostility was present had a significant association with young childrens
emotional wellbeing. The fact was that it was not really the family type that
mattered, as much as children whose parents had a hostile inter-parental
relationship. These children tended to have poorer emotional wellbeing than
children whose parents did not have a hostile relationship.

This research will help show different living arrangements affect childrens
emotional well being.

Bornovalova, M. A., Huibregtse, B. M., Hicks, B. M., Keyes, M., McGue, M., & Iacono, W.
2013). Tests of a direct effect of childhood abuse on adult borderline personality disorder
traits: A longitudinal discordant twin design. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1),
180-194. doi:10.1037/a0028328
This study examines the association between sexual, emotional, and physical
abuse in childhood (before age 18) and borderline personality disorder (BPD)
traits at age 24. Also, examined were the effects of symptoms of childhood
externalizing and internalizing disorders between childhood abuse and BPD traits.
Results of the study show that the association between childhood abuse and BPD
traits come from common genetic influences that are sometimes associated with
internalizing and externalizing disorders. I think this research could be useful to
help show how in adolescent the things that happen can alter people in different
way. People than carry this with them and when they have children pass on some
of these traits to them or can become a learned part of their behavior. Discussed
in this article is externalization and internalizing in children who in their
adulthood develop BPD which can be associated to childhood abuse.

Bornovalova, M. A., Blazei, R., Malone, S. H., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2012, August 13).
Disentangling the Relative Contribution of Parental Antisociality and Family Discord to
Child Disruptive Disorders. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment.
Advance online Publication. doi: 10.1037/a0028607

This researches aim is to, bring light on the inconsistencies in the general
literature by extending research on the relative effects of parental antisociality,
maladaptive parenting, marital discord, and divorce on ADHD, ODD and CD in
large (over 1200 families), well- characterized epidemiological sample of
preadolescent girls and boys recruited from the community The result of this
research showed that parents with AAB differed from parent without AAB.
Mothers with AAB had more conflict with the children in their relationships than
mothers without AAB. Couples where at least one parent had AAB were more
likely to divorce. Anti- social couples that stayed married were more likely to
have problems in marriage. Another piece of information from the research was
that parent-child relationships where physical punishment

This research will help explain how parents who suffer from different type of PD
struggle with their relationships with their children. This may not be the case
with every situation, when dealing with AAB parents had a hard time not only in
their marriages but also in raising their children. This could have an impact on
their child as they develop also.

Chen, J.-D., & George, R. A. (2005). Cultivating Resilience in Children From Divorced
Families. The Family Journal , 452-455.
Chens journal states that a childs perception and understanding of divorce and
the events that occur during will determine how resilient they will be before,
during, and after the events relating to divorce. Research found and discussed in
this journal all shows reports that multiple approaches are most effective when
providing support for children. Peer support groups are a suggestion for children
dealing with divorce, this type of program can help provide a space where the
current situations are normalized through the children. Another aspect in
helping children adapt to the situation of divorce is parent education in regards to
divorce. Divorce educational programs show to be a very effective resource in
improving resilience in children. Research suggests preventative services for both
children and parents are the most effective ways in developing these resilience
strategies. The conclusion states that using preventative measures will have the
best impact in the long term.

Compas, B. E., Forehand, R., Thigpen, J. C., Keller, G., Hardcastle, E. J., Cole, D. A., & ... R
Roberts, L. (2011). Family group cognitivebehavioral preventive intervention for
families of depressed parents: 18- and 24-month outcomes. Journal Of Consulting And
Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 488-499. doi:10.1037/a0024254
This study examine the effects at 18- and 24-month follow-ups of a family group
cognitivebehavioral preventive intervention and the mental health outcomes of
children and parents of families who have parents with a history of major
depressive disorder (MDD). The study looks at parents with a history of MDD
and their 9- to 15-year-old children. Also looked at are childrens internalizing,
externalizing, anxiety/depression, and depressive symptoms; episodes of MDD
and other psychiatric diagnoses; and parents depressive symptoms and episodes
of MDD. These were looked at 18 and 24 months after the study began. The
study results show that with good intervention children can help curb symptoms
significantly.

This can be a useful piece of information, the fact that parents and children can
suffer from PD, or in this case, major depression disorder, that treatment is
available to help some of symptoms of these PD.
Dillman Taylor, D., Purswell, K., Lindo, N., Jayne, K., & Fernando, D. (2011). The impact of
child parent relationship therapy on child behavior and parent-child relationships: An
examination of parental divorce. International Journal Of Play Therapy, 20(3), 124-137.
doi:10.1037/a0024469
The article The impact of child parent relationship therapy on child behavior and
parent-child relationships: An examination of parental divorce is about a Child
Parent Relationship Therapy (CPRT). CPRT is a 10-session process and it
purpose is intended for parents of children ages 3 to 10 years who may be
struggling with emotional and/or behavioral problems. The 10 sessions are 2
hours long and are group based sessions that involve parent training. The parents
attend this alone without their children present. CPRT groups were separated
with the intention of divorcing or had divorced within the past year, had a child
between the ages of 2 and 10, and had at least partial custody of the child. The
purpose of this research project was to examine how useful CPRT is with
divorced parents. Researchers used inductive analysis to understand the how the

Ebling, R., Pruett, K. D., & Pruett, M. (2009). GET OVER IT: PERSPECTIVES ON
DIVORCE FROM YOUNG CHILDREN. Family Court Review, 47(4), 665-681.
doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2009.01280.x
This journal article is a Qualitative research using families under certain criteria.
The criteria used in order for families to be a part of the study included; that a
child 6 years of younger have to be the biological child of parties, no substantial
history of the parents have substance abuse, and not significant history of physical
spousal or child abuse with the family. Families were randomly selected bringing
the total of 161 families down to 41 and then were assigned either a preventative
intervention or treatment as usual from the court. Of the 41 families the
childrens ages ranged from 3.5 to 7.5 years old. An initial questionnaire was
taken as a baseline and the 6 months later, and again 15-18 months after the
process began. The purpose of this study was to help get a better understanding of
young childrens understanding of divorce and family related changes. Another
purpose was to see how children are adjusting to the divorce. The conclusion to
this study was that young children understand more about divorce than normally
assumed. Direct questions that were asked to the children proved to be less useful
than non verbal communication through playing and drawing pictures.
I feel this research would be useful to help get a better understanding of how
young children feel about divorce. Even though at younger ages it is hard for
them to express feelings or show understanding this research may give insight in
to this.



Freedman, B., Kalb, L., Zablotsky, B., & Stuart, E. (2012). Relationship Status Among Parents
of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Population-Based Study. Journal Of
Autism & Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 539-548. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1269
This study examines a nationally representative sample of families of children
that have been diagnosed with an ASD (Autism Spectrum disorder). This study
also looks in to getting a better understanding of the parental relationship
dissolution and termination. These are stated to be important factors because they
have been associated with poor out child outcomes for all families. Children from
parents that are divorced have been showed to have lower achievement,
adjustment, and over all wellbeing when compared to children whose parents
remain married.

Kim, H. S. (2011). Consequences of Parental Divorce for Child Development. American
SociologicalReview , DOI: 10.1177/0003122411407748.
This journal researches the effects of divorce on the development of childrens
cognitive and non-cognitive traits. The research includes pre, in, and post divorce
times periods. Data was used from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-
Kindergarten Class. The results of the data of the 3,585 children showed that only
about 4% of the children experienced parental divorce between 1
st
and 3
rd
grade.
The data found that set back in children that experience divorce are stage-and
domain specific. The summary of the data gathered shows several different
findings. First off children of divorce experienced setbacks in math test scores
during and after the divorce. In divorce effect on interpersonal skills and negative
combined effects during the in and post divorce time frames. There were shown to
be in- divorce effects on the internalizing behavior dimension. There was no set
back in reading scores for children in- divorce stages.
This research can be useful in showing how kids are affected by divorce previous
to, during, and after divorce. This research also shows that it affects their work in
school, which can also be linked to other emotional issues.


Kalmijn, M., & De Graaf, P. M. (2012). Life Course Changes of Children and Well-Being of
Parents. Journal Of Marriage And Family, 74(2), 269-280.
The article focuses and studies on how life changes with children can also effect
parents well being also. The study was conducted by taking a survey of parents
using longitudinal information. The data that was used came from two different
waves. Then the researchers studied and analyzed the effects of, childrens
union formation, parenthood, and union dissolution on changes in depressive
symptoms of parents. Mothers are greatly affected by the childs well being.
There is a decline in well being when their children separate. Both fathers and
mother well beings increase as they children become parents and marry.
The summary of this research showed that a childs life course transition does
significantly affect the well being of parents. If it is something like marriage and
parenthood happen well being is positive. The research also showed that mother
and father are affected differently when it comes to life course changes in their
childs life. Divorce in a childs life affected the mothers well being more
negatively then the fathers.

Kruk, E. (2010). PARENTAL AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES TO
CHILDREN'S NEEDS IN THE DIVORCE TRANSITION: FATHERS'
PERSPECTIVES. Journal Of Men's Studies, 18(2), 159-178
This journal studies fathers who have been divorced and their experiences with
their children throughout the divorce. This study also strives to uncover more
about the father relationships with their children and find out what their
perceptions of their childs needs, parental responsibilities, and other needs of
their children are during the course of the divorce. This study mainly focuses on
father and child attachment during and after the divorce. The journal also
concludes that shared parenting is also associated with decreased conflict
between parents and shared parental responsibility is associated with better
outcomes for children
I feel like this research could be useful to show a fathers perspective in divorce.
This research could also be useful to show how children can be affected
emotionally by being separated from one parent of the other.
Neale, B., & Flowerdew, J. (2007). New Structures, New Agency: The Dynamics of Child-
Parent Relationship after Divorce. International Journal of Childrens Rights , 2542.

This journal research focuses on long term experiences of young people that are
living with divorced or separated parents. The conclusion of the data shows that
focus need to be more on the relationships than actual contact. Quality of
relationships has more of a positive impact on the childrens lives than quantity.
There are many different factors and influences that also need to be taken into
accounts such as siblings, residential arrangements, and relationships between
parents and their ability to move on after the relationship and dissolved.

This research would be useful to show how the quality of time spent with children
who are in a divorced situation can impact children


Olino, T. M., Klein, D. N., Dyson, M. W., Rose, S. A., & Durbin, C. (2010). Temperamental
emotionality in preschool-aged children and depressive disorders in parents: Associations
in a large community sample. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 119(3), 468-478.
doi:10.1037/a0020112
This article researches positive and emotionality, negative emotionality, and
behavioral inhibition, using an interview based diagnosis of parental depressive
disorders. The sample is taken from a community of 536 children who are three
years of age. This study looks in to how parents with depressive disorders affect
the temperament of their child. The hypothesis of this research was that that if
early childhood temperament was something that became a risk factor, that it
could be associated with risk markers, for instance that the parents have
depression. The findings showed that young child temperament cold be associated
with parental depression but that it I a complex situation with other factors that
contribute, and all dimensions should be focused on rather than just the main
effects.
This article will be useful to help explain the effects that parental disorder can end
up also having an effect on the children that they are raising. This will also help
explain signs that can be seen in early ages, that certain temperaments can be pick
up on early and looking at the parents history of personality disorders can help
shed a light on if their child could have the same disorder early on.
Robbers, S., Bartels, M., Beijsterveldt, C. C., Verhulst, F., Huizink, A., & Boomsma, D. (2011).
Pre-divorce problems in 3-year-olds: a prospective study in boys and girls. Social
Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(4), 311-319. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0199-x

This research show that girls age threes year old had higher pre-divorce
externalizing problems when compared to girls this age whose parents stayed
married. The studied also shows that girls who demonstrate signs of externalizing
problems at the age of 12 years old is not caused by the parents divorcing but by
the conditions that were going on before the divorce happened. Externalizing
problems that occur in girls precede and predict in parent divorce that occurs
later on. Boys had a higher rate of externalizing than girls. Boys whose parents
were divorced after the age of three did not show more problems with
externalizing than boys who parents were married. Teachers of the children
reported that there was no significance different between children with married
parents and children with divorced parents when it came to externalizing or
internalizing problems.
This research is useful because it shows how boys and girls deal with divorce
differently. The research shows differences in internalizing and externalizing for
boy and girls. This could help other research by knowing that different genders
handle feelings about divorce differently.


Shumaker, D. M., Miller, C., Ortiz, C., & Deutsch, R. (2011). THE FORGOTTEN BONDS:
THE ASSESSMENT AND CONTEMPLATION OF SIBLING ATTACHMENT IN
DIVORCE AND PARENTAL SEPARATION. Family Court Review, 49(1), 46-58.
doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2010.01352.x
This journal focuses on the sibling attachment theory. The journal discusses how
little regard goes in to considering the relationships between siblings in post-separation
parenting plans. Discussed are the similarities between the impact of foster care
placements upon sibling relationships and divorce / separation and sibling relationships.
Even though these are two different situations split caretaking arrangements, alienation,
and high conflict divorce each strain the relationships between siblings. The article
suggests that sibling relationships are just as important to a childs development as the
bonds between parents and their children. Divorce and family conflict can negatively
impact the quality of sibling relationships short term, long term though this may lessen as
the negative influences of the divorce lessen.
This research can be used to show the importance of sibling relationships shows that it is
an important part of attachment and plays a dramatic role in the development of children
with siblings and how this impacts children emotional well being.
Vlez, C. E., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J., & Sandler, I. (2011). Protecting Children from the
consequences of Divorce: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Parenting on Children's
coping Processes. Child Development, 82(1), 244-257. doi:10.1111/j.1467-
8624.2010.01553.x
This article researches if intervention-induced changes in relationships between a
mother and child that have quality and disciplined. Two different time frames of
6 months which is short term and 6 years which is long term changes childrens
coping processes. This research has a sample of 240 kids that were ages 912.
The end result of the study basically showed that when the child and mothers
relationship has resources to build and strengthen the bond that it improves the
childrens coping skills. This study also shows that when the relationship
between the mother and child is strong this in return helps the child during the
coping process, such as a divorce. This study also helps show how parenting
programs are useful when it comes to children and helping them through the
coping process. Experimental trails also help show coping can develop through
parent programs.

Wilson, S., & Durbin, C. (2012). Parental personality disorder symptoms are associated with
dysfunctional parent-child interactions during early childhood: A multilevel modeling
analysis. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, And Treatment, 3(1), 55-65.
doi:10.1037/a0024245
This research examines the effect of parental personality disorders (PD)
symptoms on parent- child interaction behaviors. The sample used for this
research consists of 145 mothers, father, and their children which range from 3-6
years of age. The research shows that parents who show more signs of PD
symptoms generally have more negative parenting. The results of this study gave
more information and evidence that personality pathology reflects dysfunction
that is manifested in different contexts including parent and child relationships.
This research study will support other studies that show that parents who have
personality disorders generally have some effect on their children, whether it is
even just be a little bit. This type of research will help further explain how parent
child interaction is effected by PD.

Wymbs, B. T., Pelham, W. r., Molina, B. G., Gnagy, E. M., Wilson, T. K., & Greenhouse, J. B.
(2008). Rate and predictors of divorce among parents of youths with ADHD. Journal Of
Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 76(5), 735
This study showes that married parents of youth that were diagnosed with ADHA
in childhood had a shorter length of marriage than parents of children without
ADHD. Parents of youths that were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood were
likely to divorce by the time their child was 8 years old and parents of youth
without ADHD. This was the first study of its kind and although it should not be
said that child who have ADHD are the factor in a poor marriage but there are
variables that predict the occurrence and rate of divorce. Measures used divorce
history was something that was measured, in follow up visits mother had to tell
marital status. The years of marriage between biological parents in the children in
study were also measured. Children and parents distal variables were also
measured. Proximal child variables were measured, such as the severity of DBDs
in the youth of the child and the same for parents was measured also.
I think this study would be useful because it can show how personality disorders
can affect not only the people who are suffering from them but how they can
affect other around them. This research could be useful for other research
providing information about support for not only the people affected but also
other members of the family unit.