1. THE SECRETARY OF THE G.R. No.

167707
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
AND NATURAL RESOURCES, THE
REGIONAL EXECUTIVE Present:
DIRECTOR, DENR-REGION VI,
REGIONAL TECHNICAL PUNO, C.J.,
DIRECTOR FOR LANDS, QUISUMBING,
LANDS MANAGEMENT BUREAU, YNARES-SANTIAGO,
REGION VI PROVINCIAL CARPIO,
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ,
RESOURCES OFFICER OF KALIBO, CORONA,
*

AKLAN, REGISTER OF DEEDS, CARPIO MORALES,
DIRECTOR OF LAND AZCUNA,
REGISTRATION AUTHORITY, TINGA,
DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM CHICO-NAZARIO,
SECRETARY, DIRECTOR OF VELASCO, JR.,
PHILIPPINE TOURISM NACHURA,
**

AUTHORITY, REYES,
Petitioners, LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, and
BRION, JJ.

- versus -


MAYOR JOSE S. YAP, LIBERTAD
TALAPIAN, MILA Y. SUMNDAD, and
ANICETO YAP, in their behalf and Promulgated:
in behalf of all those similarly situated,
Respondents. October 8, 2008

x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

DR. ORLANDO SACAY and G.R. No. 173775
WILFREDO GELITO, joined by
THE LANDOWNERS OF
BORACAY SIMILARLY
SITUATED NAMED IN A LIST,
ANNEX A OF THIS PETITION,
Petitioners,


- versus -


THE SECRETARY OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
AND NATURAL RESOURCES, THE
REGIONAL TECHNICAL
DIRECTOR FOR LANDS, LANDS
MANAGEMENT BUREAU,
REGION VI, PROVINCIAL
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL
RESOURCES OFFICER, KALIBO,
AKLAN,
Respondents.

x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

D E C I S I O N

REYES, R.T., J .:


AT stake in these consolidated cases is the right of the present occupants of Boracay Island to
secure titles over their occupied lands.

There are two consolidated petitions. The first is G.R. No. 167707, a petition for review
on certiorari of the Decision
[1]
of the Court of Appeals (CA) affirming that
[2]
of the Regional Trial Court
(RTC) in Kalibo, Aklan, which granted the petition for declaratory relief filed by respondents-claimants
Mayor Jose Yap, et al. and ordered the survey of Boracay for titling purposes. The second is G.R. No.
173775, a petition for prohibition, mandamus, and nullification of Proclamation No. 1064
[3]
issued by
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo classifying Boracay into reserved forest and agricultural land.

The Antecedents

G.R. No. 167707

Boracay Island in the Municipality of Malay, Aklan, with its powdery white sand beaches and
warm crystalline waters, is reputedly a premier Philippine tourist destination. The island is also home to
12,003 inhabitants
[4]
who live in the bone-shaped islands three barangays.
[5]


On April 14, 1976, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
approved the National Reservation Survey of Boracay
Island,
[6]
which identified several lots as being occupied or claimed by named persons.
[7]


On November 10, 1978, then President Ferdinand Marcos issued Proclamation
No. 1801
[8]
declaring Boracay Island, among other islands, caves and peninsulas in thePhilippines,
as tourist zones and marine reserves under the administration of the Philippine Tourism Authority
(PTA). President Marcos later approved the issuance of PTACircular 3-82
[9]
dated September 3, 1982,
to implement Proclamation No. 1801.

Claiming that Proclamation No. 1801 and PTA Circular No 3-82 precluded them from filing an
application for judicial confirmation of imperfect title or survey of land for titling purposes, respondents-
claimants Mayor Jose S. Yap, Jr., Libertad Talapian, Mila Y. Sumndad, and Aniceto Yap filed a
petition for declaratory relief with the RTC in Kalibo, Aklan.

In their petition, respondents-claimants alleged that Proclamation No. 1801 and PTA Circular
No. 3-82 raised doubts on their right to secure titles over their occupied lands. They declared that they
themselves, or through their predecessors-in-interest, had been in open, continuous, exclusive, and
notorious possession and occupation in Boracay sinceJune 12, 1945, or earlier since time
immemorial. They declared their lands for tax purposes and paid realty taxes on them.
[10]


Respondents-claimants posited that Proclamation No. 1801 and its implementing Circular did
not place Boracay beyond the commerce of man. Since the Island was classified as a tourist zone, it
was susceptible of private ownership. Under Section 48(b) of Commonwealth Act (CA) No. 141,
otherwise known as the Public Land Act, they had the right to have the lots registered in their names
through judicial confirmation of imperfect titles.

The Republic, through the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), opposed the petition for
declaratory relief. The OSG countered that Boracay Island was an unclassified land of the public
domain. It formed part of the mass of lands classified as public forest, which was not available for
disposition pursuant to Section 3(a) of Presidential Decree (PD) No. 705 or the Revised Forestry
Code,
[11]
as amended.

The OSG maintained that respondents-claimants reliance on PD No. 1801 and PTA Circular
No. 3-82 was misplaced. Their right to judicial confirmation of title was governed by CA No. 141 and
PD No. 705. Since Boracay Island had not been classified as alienable and disposable, whatever
possession they had cannot ripen into ownership.

During pre-trial, respondents-claimants and the OSG stipulated on the following facts: (1)
respondents-claimants were presently in possession of parcels of land in Boracay Island; (2) these
parcels of land were planted with coconut trees and other natural growing trees; (3) the coconut trees
had heights of more or less twenty (20) meters and were planted more or less fifty (50) years ago;
and (4) respondents-claimants declared the land they were occupying for tax purposes.
[12]


The parties also agreed that the principal issue for resolution was purely legal: whether
Proclamation No. 1801 posed any legal hindrance or impediment to the titling of the lands in
Boracay. They decided to forego with the trial and to submit the case for resolution upon submission of
their respective memoranda.
[13]


The RTC took judicial notice
[14]
that certain parcels of land in Boracay Island, more particularly
Lots 1 and 30, Plan PSU-5344, were covered by Original Certificate of Title No. 19502 (RO 2222) in the
name of the Heirs of Ciriaco S. Tirol. These lots were involved in Civil Case Nos. 5222 and 5262 filed
before the RTC of Kalibo, Aklan.
[15]
The titles were issued on
August 7, 1933.
[16]


RTC and CA Dispositions

On July 14, 1999, the RTC rendered a decision in favor of respondents-claimants, with
a fallo reading:

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, the Court declares that
Proclamation No. 1801 and PTA Circular No. 3-82 pose no legal obstacle to the
petitioners and those similarly situated to acquire title to their lands in Boracay, in
accordance with the applicable laws and in the manner prescribed therein; and to
have their lands surveyed and approved by respondent Regional Technical Director
of Lands as the approved survey does not in itself constitute a title to the land.

SO ORDERED.
[17]


The RTC upheld respondents-claimants right to have their occupied lands titled in their
name. It ruled that neither Proclamation No. 1801 nor PTA Circular No. 3-82 mentioned that lands in
Boracay were inalienable or could not be the subject of disposition.
[18]
The Circular itself recognized
private ownership of lands.
[19]
The trial court cited Sections 87
[20]
and 53
[21]
of the Public Land Act as
basis for acknowledging private ownership of lands in Boracay and that only those forested areas in
public lands were declared as part of the forest reserve.
[22]


The OSG moved for reconsideration but its motion was denied.
[23]
The Republic then
appealed to the CA.

On December 9, 2004, the appellate court affirmed in toto the RTC decision, disposing as
follows:

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing premises, judgment is hereby
rendered by us DENYING the appeal filed in this case and AFFIRMING the decision
of the lower court.
[24]



The CA held that respondents-claimants could not be prejudiced by a declaration that the
lands they occupied since time immemorial were part of a forest reserve.

Again, the OSG sought reconsideration but it was similarly denied.
[25]
Hence, the present
petition under Rule 45.

G.R. No. 173775

On May 22, 2006, during the pendency of G.R. No. 167707, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
issued Proclamation No. 1064
[26]
classifying Boracay Island into four hundred (400) hectares of
reserved forest land (protection purposes) and six hundred twenty-eight and 96/100 (628.96) hectares
of agricultural land (alienable and disposable). The Proclamation likewise provided for a fifteen-meter
buffer zone on each side of the centerline of roads and trails, reserved for right-of-way and which shall
form part of the area reserved for forest land protection purposes.

On August 10, 2006, petitioners-claimants Dr. Orlando Sacay,
[27]
Wilfredo Gelito,
[28]
and other
landowners
[29]
in Boracay filed with this Court an original petition for prohibition, mandamus, and
nullification of Proclamation No. 1064.
[30]
They allege that the Proclamation infringed on their prior
vested rights over portions of Boracay. They have been in continued possession of their respective
lots in Boracay since time immemorial. They have also invested billions of pesos in developing their
lands and building internationally renowned first class resorts on their lots.
[31]



Petitioners-claimants contended that there is no need for a proclamation reclassifying Boracay
into agricultural land. Being classified as neither mineral nor timber land, the island
is deemed agricultural pursuant to the Philippine Bill of 1902 and Act No. 926, known as the first Public
Land Act.
[32]
Thus, their possession in the concept of owner for the required period entitled them to
judicial confirmation of imperfect title.

Opposing the petition, the OSG argued that petitioners-claimants do not have a vested right
over their occupied portions in the island. Boracay is an unclassified public forest land pursuant to
Section 3(a) of PD No. 705. Being public forest, the claimed portions of the island are inalienable and
cannot be the subject of judicial confirmation of imperfect title. It is only the executive department, not
the courts, which has authority to reclassify lands of the public domain into alienable and disposable
lands. There is a need for a positive government act in order to release the lots for disposition.

On November 21, 2006, this Court ordered the consolidation of the two petitions as they
principally involve the same issues on the land classification of Boracay Island.
[33]

Issues

G.R. No. 167707

The OSG raises the lone issue of whether Proclamation No. 1801 and PTA Circular No. 3-82
pose any legal obstacle for respondents, and all those similarly situated, to acquire title to their occupied
lands in Boracay Island.
[34]


G.R. No. 173775

Petitioners-claimants hoist five (5) issues, namely:

I.
AT THE TIME OF THE ESTABLISHED POSSESSION OF PETITIONERS IN
CONCEPT OF OWNER OVER THEIR RESPECTIVE AREAS IN BORACAY, SINCE
TIME IMMEMORIAL OR AT THE LATEST SINCE 30 YRS. PRIOR TO THE FILING
OF THE PETITION FOR DECLARATORY RELIEF ON NOV. 19, 1997, WERE THE
AREAS OCCUPIED BY THEM PUBLIC AGRICULTURAL LANDS AS DEFINED
BY LAWS THEN ON JUDICIAL CONFIRMATION OF IMPERFECT TITLES OR
PUBLIC FOREST AS DEFINED BY SEC. 3a, PD 705?

II.
HAVE PETITIONERS OCCUPANTS ACQUIRED PRIOR VESTED RIGHT OF
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OVER THEIR OCCUPIED PORTIONS
OF BORACAY LAND, DESPITE THE FACTTHAT THEY HAVE NOT APPLIED YET
FOR JUDICIAL CONFIRMATION OF IMPERFECT TITLE?

III.
IS THE EXECUTIVE DECLARATION OF THEIR AREAS AS
ALIENABLE AND DISPOSABLE UNDER SEC 6, CA 141 [AN]
INDISPENSABLE PRE-REQUISITE FOR PETITIONERS TO OBTAIN TITLE UNDER
THE TORRENS SYSTEM?

IV.
IS THE ISSUANCE OF PROCLAMATION 1064 ON MAY 22, 2006, VIOLATIVE OF
THE PRIOR VESTED RIGHTS TO PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF
PETITIONERS OVER THEIR LANDS IN BORACAY, PROTECTED BY THE DUE
PROCESS CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION OR IS PROCLAMATION 1064
CONTRARY TO SEC. 8, CA 141, OR SEC. 4(a) OF RA 6657.

V.
CAN RESPONDENTS BE COMPELLED BY MANDAMUS TO ALLOW THE
SURVEY AND TO APPROVE THE SURVEY PLANS FOR PURPOSES OF THE
APPLICATION FOR TITLING OF THE LANDS OF PETITIONERS IN
BORACAY?
[35]
(Underscoring supplied)

In capsule, the main issue is whether private claimants (respondents-claimants in G.R. No.
167707 and petitioners-claimants in G.R. No. 173775) have a right to secure titles over their occupied
portions in Boracay. The twin petitions pertain to their right, if any, to judicial confirmation of imperfect
title under CA No. 141, as amended. They do not involve their right to secure title under other pertinent
laws.

Our Ruling

Regalian Doctrine and power of the executive
to reclassify lands of the public domain

Private claimants rely on three (3) laws and executive acts in their bid for judicial confirmation
of imperfect title, namely: (a) Philippine Bill of 1902
[36]
in relation to Act No. 926, later amended and/or
superseded by Act No. 2874 and CA No. 141;
[37]
(b) Proclamation No. 1801
[38]
issued by then President
Marcos; and (c) Proclamation No. 1064
[39]
issued by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. We shall
proceed to determine their rights to apply for judicial confirmation of imperfect title under these laws and
executive acts.

But first, a peek at the Regalian principle and the power of the executive to reclassify lands of
the public domain.

The 1935 Constitution classified lands of the public domain into agricultural, forest or
timber.
[40]
Meanwhile, the 1973 Constitution provided the following divisions: agricultural, industrial or
commercial, residential, resettlement, mineral, timber or forest and grazing lands, and such other
classes as may be provided by law,
[41]
giving the government great leeway for classification.
[42]
Then the
1987 Constitution reverted to the 1935 Constitution classification with one addition: national
parks.
[43]
Of these, onlyagricultural lands may be alienated.
[44]
Prior to Proclamation No. 1064 of May
22, 2006, Boracay Island had never been expressly and administratively classified under any of these
grand divisions. Boracay was an unclassified land of the public domain.

The Regalian Doctrine dictates that all lands of the public domain belong to the State, that the
State is the source of any asserted right to ownership of land and charged with the conservation of such
patrimony.
[45]
The doctrine has been consistently adopted under the 1935, 1973, and 1987
Constitutions.
[46]


All lands not otherwise appearing to be clearly within private ownership are presumed to
belong to the State.
[47]
Thus, all lands that have not been acquired from the government, either by
purchase or by grant, belong to the State as part of the inalienable public domain.
[48]
Necessarily, it is
up to the State to determine if lands of the public domain will be disposed of for private ownership. The
government, as the agent of the state, is possessed of the plenary power as the persona in law to
determine who shall be the favored recipients of public lands, as well as under what terms they may be
granted such privilege, not excluding the placing of obstacles in the way of their exercise of what
otherwise would be ordinary acts of ownership.
[49]


Our present land law traces its roots to the Regalian Doctrine. Upon the Spanish conquest of
the Philippines, ownership of all lands, territories and possessions in thePhilippines passed to the
Spanish Crown.
[50]
The Regalian doctrine was first introduced in the Philippines through the Laws of the
Indies and the Royal Cedulas, which laid the foundation that all lands that were not acquired from the
Government, either by purchase or by grant, belong to the public domain.
[51]


The Laws of the Indies was followed by the Ley Hipotecaria or the Mortgage Law of 1893. The
Spanish Mortgage Law provided for the systematic registration of titles and deeds as well as
possessory claims.
[52]


The Royal Decree of 1894 or the Maura Law
[53]
partly amended the Spanish Mortgage Law
and the Laws of the Indies. It established possessory information as the method of legalizing
possession of vacant Crown land, under certain conditions which were set forth in said
decree.
[54]
Under Section 393 of the Maura Law, an informacion posesoria or possessory information
title,
[55]
when duly inscribed in the Registry of Property, is converted into a title of ownership only after
the lapse of twenty (20) years of uninterrupted possession which must be actual, public, and
adverse,
[56]
from the date of its inscription.
[57]
However, possessory information title had to be perfected
one year after the promulgation of the Maura Law, or until April 17, 1895. Otherwise, the lands would
revert to the State.
[58]


In sum, private ownership of land under the Spanish regime could only be founded on royal
concessions which took various forms, namely: (1) titulo real or royal grant; (2) concesion especial or
special grant; (3) composicion con el estado or adjustment title; (4) titulo de compra or title by
purchase; and (5) informacion posesoria or possessory information title.
[59]


The first law governing the disposition of public lands in the Philippines under American rule
was embodied in the Philippine Bill of 1902.
[60]
By this law, lands of the public domain in the Philippine
Islands were classified into three (3) grand divisions, to wit: agricultural, mineral, and timber or forest
lands.
[61]
The act provided for, among others, the disposal of mineral lands by means of absolute grant
(freehold system) and by lease (leasehold system).
[62]
It also provided the definition by exclusion of
agricultural public lands.
[63]
Interpreting the meaning of agricultural lands under the Philippine Bill of
1902, the Court declared in Mapa v. Insular Government:
[64]



x x x In other words, that the phrase agricultural land as used in Act No.
926 means those public lands acquired from Spain which are not timber or
mineral lands. x x x
[65]
(Emphasis Ours)

On February 1, 1903, the Philippine Legislature passed Act No. 496, otherwise known as the
Land Registration Act. The act established a system of registration by which recorded title becomes
absolute, indefeasible, and imprescriptible. This is known as the Torrens system.
[66]


Concurrently, on October 7, 1903, the Philippine Commission passed Act No. 926, which was
the first Public Land Act. The Act introduced the homestead system and made provisions for judicial
and administrative confirmation of imperfect titles and for the sale or lease of public lands. It permitted
corporations regardless of the nationality of persons owning the controlling stock to lease or purchase
lands of the public domain.
[67]
Under the Act, open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession
and occupation of agricultural lands for the next ten (10) years preceding July 26, 1904 was sufficient
for judicial confirmation of imperfect title.
[68]


On November 29, 1919, Act No. 926 was superseded by Act No. 2874, otherwise known as
the second Public Land Act. This new, more comprehensive law limited the exploitation of agricultural
lands to Filipinos and Americans and citizens of other countries which gave Filipinos the same
privileges. For judicial confirmation of title, possession and occupation en concepto dueo since time
immemorial, or since July 26, 1894, was required.
[69]


After the passage of the 1935 Constitution, CA No. 141 amended Act No. 2874 on December
1, 1936. To this day, CA No. 141, as amended, remains as the existing general law governing the
classification and disposition of lands of the public domain other than timber and mineral lands,
[70]
and
privately owned lands which reverted to the State.
[71]


Section 48(b) of CA No. 141 retained the requirement under Act No. 2874 of possession and
occupation of lands of the public domain since time immemorial or since July 26, 1894. However, this
provision was superseded by Republic Act (RA) No. 1942,
[72]
which provided for a simple thirty-year
prescriptive period for judicial confirmation of imperfect title. The provision was last amended by PD
No. 1073,
[73]
which now provides for possession and occupation of the land applied for since June 12,
1945, or earlier.
[74]


The issuance of PD No. 892
[75]
on February 16, 1976 discontinued the use of Spanish titles as
evidence in land registration proceedings.
[76]
Under the decree, all holders of Spanish titles or grants
should apply for registration of their lands under Act No. 496 within six (6) months from the effectivity of
the decree on February 16, 1976. Thereafter, the recording of all unregistered lands
[77]
shall be
governed by Section 194 of the Revised Administrative Code, as amended by Act No. 3344.

On June 11, 1978, Act No. 496 was amended and updated by PD No. 1529, known as the
Property Registration Decree. It was enacted to codify the various laws relative to registration of
property.
[78]
It governs registration of lands under the Torrens system as well as unregistered lands,
including chattel mortgages.
[79]


A positive act declaring land as alienable and disposable is required. In keeping with the
presumption of State ownership, the Court has time and again emphasized that there must be
a positive act of the government, such as an official proclamation,
[80]
declassifying inalienable public
land into disposable land for agricultural or other purposes.
[81]
In fact, Section 8 of CA No. 141 limits
alienable or disposable lands only to those lands which have been officially delimited and classified.
[82]


The burden of proof in overcoming the presumption of State ownership of the lands of the
public domain is on the person applying for registration (or claiming ownership), who must prove that
the land subject of the application is alienable or disposable.
[83]
To overcome this presumption,
incontrovertible evidence must be established that the land subject of the application (or claim) is
alienable or disposable.
[84]
There must still be a positive act declaring land of the public domain as
alienable and disposable. To prove that the land subject of an application for registration is alienable,
the applicant must establish the existence of a positive act of the government such as a presidential
proclamation or an executive order; an administrative action; investigation reports of Bureau of Lands
investigators; and a legislative act or a statute.
[85]
The applicant may also secure a certification from the
government that the land claimed to have been possessed for the required number of years is alienable
and disposable.
[86]


In the case at bar, no such proclamation, executive order, administrative action, report, statute,
or certification was presented to the Court. The records are bereft of evidence showing that, prior to
2006, the portions of Boracay occupied by private claimants were subject of a government proclamation
that the land is alienable and disposable. Absent such well-nigh incontrovertible evidence, the Court
cannot accept the submission that lands occupied by private claimants were already open to disposition
before 2006. Matters of land classification or reclassification cannot be assumed. They call for proof.
[87]


Ankron and De Aldecoa did not make the whole of Boracay Island, or portions of it,
agricultural lands. Private claimants posit that Boracay was already an agricultural land pursuant to
the old cases Ankron v. Government of the Philippine Islands (1919)
[88]
and De Aldecoa v. The Insular
Government (1909).
[89]
These cases were decided under the provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902
and Act No. 926. There is a statement in these old cases that in the absence of evidence to the
contrary, that in each case the lands are agricultural lands until the contrary is shown.
[90]


Private claimants reliance on Ankron and De Aldecoa is misplaced. These cases did not have
the effect of converting the whole of Boracay Island or portions of it into agricultural lands. It should be
stressed that the Philippine Bill of 1902 and Act No. 926 merely provided the manner through which
land registration courts would classify lands of the public domain. Whether the land would be classified
as timber, mineral, or agricultural depended on proof presented in each case.

Ankron and De Aldecoa were decided at a time when the President of the Philippines had no
power to classify lands of the public domain into mineral, timber, and agricultural. At that time, the
courts were free to make corresponding classifications in justiciable cases, or were vested with implicit
power to do so, depending upon the preponderance of the evidence.
[91]
This was the Courts ruling
in Heirs of the Late Spouses Pedro S. Palanca and Soterranea Rafols Vda. De Palanca v.
Republic,
[92]
in which it stated, through Justice Adolfo Azcuna, viz.:

x x x Petitioners furthermore insist that a particular land need not be
formally released by an act of the Executive before it can be deemed open to private
ownership, citing the cases of Ramos v. Director of Lands and Ankron v. Government
of the Philippine Islands.

x x x x

Petitioners reliance upon Ramos v. Director of Lands and Ankron v.
Government is misplaced. These cases were decided under the Philippine Bill of
1902 and the first Public Land Act No. 926 enacted by the Philippine Commission
on October 7, 1926, under which there was no legal provision vesting in the Chief
Executive or President of the Philippines the power to classify lands of the public
domain into mineral, timber and agricultural so that the courts then were free to make
corresponding classifications in justiciable cases, or were vested with implicit power
to do so, depending upon the preponderance of the evidence.
[93]


To aid the courts in resolving land registration cases under Act No. 926, it was then necessary
to devise a presumption on land classification. Thus evolved the dictum inAnkron that the courts have
a right to presume, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that in each case the lands are
agricultural lands until the contrary is shown.
[94]




But We cannot unduly expand the presumption in Ankron and De Aldecoa to an argument that
all lands of the public domain had been automatically reclassified as disposable and alienable
agricultural lands. By no stretch of imagination did the presumption convert all lands of the public
domain into agricultural lands.

If We accept the position of private claimants, the Philippine Bill of 1902 and Act No. 926 would
have automatically made all lands in the Philippines, except those already classified as timber or
mineral land, alienable and disposable lands. That would take these lands out of State ownership and
worse, would be utterly inconsistent with and totally repugnant to the long-entrenched Regalian
doctrine.

The presumption in Ankron and De Aldecoa attaches only to land registration cases brought
under the provisions of Act No. 926, or more specifically those cases dealing with judicial and
administrative confirmation of imperfect titles. The presumption applies to an applicant for judicial or
administrative conformation of imperfect title under Act No. 926. It certainly cannot apply to
landowners, such as private claimants or their predecessors-in-interest, who failed to avail themselves
of the benefits of Act No. 926. As to them, their land remained unclassified and, by virtue of the
Regalian doctrine, continued to be owned by the State.

In any case, the assumption in Ankron and De Aldecoa was not absolute. Land classification
was, in the end, dependent on proof. If there was proof that the land was better suited for non-
agricultural uses, the courts could adjudge it as a mineral or timber land despite the
presumption. In Ankron, this Court stated:

In the case of Jocson vs. Director of Forestry (supra), the Attorney-General
admitted in effect that whether the particular land in question belongs to one class or
another is a question of fact. The mere fact that a tract of land has trees upon it or
has mineral within it is not of itself sufficient to declare that one is forestry land and
the other, mineral land. There must be some proof of the extent and present or future
value of the forestry and of the minerals. While, as we have just said, many
definitions have been given for agriculture, forestry, and mineral lands, and that
in each case it is a question of fact, we think it is safe to say that in order to be
forestry or mineral land the proof must show that it is more valuable for the forestry or
the mineral which it contains than it is for agricultural purposes. (Sec. 7, Act No.
1148.) It is not sufficient to show that there exists some trees upon the land or that it
bears some mineral. Land may be classified as forestry or mineral today, and, by
reason of the exhaustion of the timber or mineral, be classified as agricultural land
tomorrow. And vice-versa, by reason of the rapid growth of timber or the discovery of
valuable minerals, lands classified as agricultural today may be differently classified
tomorrow. Each case must be decided upon the proof in that particular
case, having regard for its present or future value for one or the other
purposes. We believe, however, considering the fact that it is a matter of public
knowledge that a majority of the lands in the Philippine Islands are agricultural lands
that the courts have a right to presume, in the absence of evidence to the contrary,
that in each case the lands are agricultural lands until the contrary is
shown. Whatever the land involved in a particular land registration case is
forestry or mineral land must, therefore, be a matter of proof. Its superior value
for one purpose or the other is a question of fact to be settled by the proof in
each particular case. The fact that the land is a manglar [mangrove swamp] is not
sufficient for the courts to decide whether it is agricultural, forestry, or mineral land. It
may perchance belong to one or the other of said classes of land. The Government,
in the first instance, under the provisions of Act No. 1148, may, by reservation, decide
for itself what portions of public land shall be considered forestry land, unless private
interests have intervened before such reservation is made. In the latter case,
whether the land is agricultural, forestry, or mineral, is a question of proof. Until
private interests have intervened, the Government, by virtue of the terms of said Act
(No. 1148), may decide for itself what portions of the public domain shall be set
aside and reserved as forestry or mineral land. (Ramos vs. Director of Lands, 39 Phil.
175; Jocson vs. Director of Forestry, supra)
[95]
(Emphasis ours)

Since 1919, courts were no longer free to determine the classification of lands from the facts of
each case, except those that have already became private lands.
[96]
Act No. 2874, promulgated in 1919
and reproduced in Section 6 of CA No. 141, gave the Executive Department, through the President,
the exclusive prerogative to classify or reclassify public lands into alienable or disposable, mineral or
forest.
96-a
Since then, courts no longer had the authority, whether express or implied, to determine the
classification of lands of the public domain.
[97]


Here, private claimants, unlike the Heirs of Ciriaco Tirol who were issued their title in
1933,
[98]
did not present a justiciable case for determination by the land registration court of the
propertys land classification. Simply put, there was no opportunity for the courts then to resolve if the
land the Boracay occupants are now claiming were agricultural lands. When Act No. 926 was
supplanted by Act No. 2874 in 1919, without an application for judicial confirmation having been filed by
private claimants or their predecessors-in-interest, the courts were no longer authorized to
determine the propertys land classification. Hence, private claimants cannot bank on Act No. 926.

We note that the RTC decision
[99]
in G.R. No. 167707 mentioned Krivenko v. Register of
Deeds of Manila,
[100]
which was decided in 1947 when CA No. 141, vesting the Executive with the sole
power to classify lands of the public domain was already in effect. Krivenko cited the old cases Mapa
v. Insular Government,
[101]
De Aldecoa v. The Insular Government,
[102]
and Ankron v. Government of the
Philippine Islands.
[103]


Krivenko, however, is not controlling here because it involved a totally different issue. The
pertinent issue in Krivenko was whether residential lots were included in the general classification of
agricultural lands; and if so, whether an alien could acquire a residential lot. This Court ruled that as an
alien, Krivenko was prohibited by the 1935 Constitution
[104]
from acquiring agricultural land, which
included residential lots. Here, the issue is whether unclassified lands of the public domain are
automatically deemed agricultural.


Notably, the definition of agricultural public lands mentioned in Krivenko relied on the old
cases decided prior to the enactment of Act No. 2874, including Ankron and De Aldecoa.
[105]
As We
have already stated, those cases cannot apply here, since they were decided when the Executive did
not have the authority to classify lands as agricultural, timber, or mineral.

Private claimants continued possession under Act No. 926 does not create a
presumption that the land is alienable. Private claimants also contend that their continued
possession of portions of Boracay Island for the requisite period of ten (10) years under Act No.
926
[106]
ipso facto converted the island into private ownership. Hence, they may apply for a title in their
name.

A similar argument was squarely rejected by the Court in Collado v. Court of
Appeals.
[107]
Collado, citing the separate opinion of now Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno inCruz v.
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources,
107-a
ruled:

Act No. 926, the first Public Land Act, was passed in
pursuance of the provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902. The law
governed the disposition of lands of the public domain. It prescribed
rules and regulations for the homesteading, selling and leasing of
portions of the public domain of the Philippine Islands, and
prescribed the terms and conditions to enable persons to perfect
their titles to public lands in the Islands. It also provided for the
issuance of patents to certain native settlers upon public lands, for
the establishment of town sites and sale of lots therein, for the
completion of imperfect titles, and for the cancellation or
confirmation of Spanish concessions and grants in the Islands. In
short, the Public Land Act operated on the assumption that title to
public lands in the Philippine Islands remained in the government;
and that the governments title to public land sprung from the Treaty
of Paris and other subsequent treaties between Spain and the
United States. The term public land referred to all lands of the
public domain whose title still remained in the government and are
thrown open to private appropriation and settlement, and excluded
the patrimonial property of the government and the friar lands.

Thus, it is plain error for petitioners to argue that under the Philippine Bill of
1902 and Public Land Act No. 926, mere possession by private individuals of
lands creates the legal presumption that the lands are alienable and
disposable.
[108]
(Emphasis Ours)

Except for lands already covered by existing titles, Boracay was an unclassified land of
the public domain prior to Proclamation No. 1064. Such unclassified lands are considered
public forest under PD No. 705. The DENR
[109]
and the National Mapping and Resource Information
Authority
[110]
certify that Boracay Island is an unclassified land of the public domain.

PD No. 705 issued by President Marcos categorized all unclassified lands of the public
domain as public forest. Section 3(a) of PD No. 705 defines a public forest as amass of lands of the
public domain which has not been the subject of the present system of classification for the
determination of which lands are needed for forest purpose and which are not. Applying PD No. 705,
all unclassified lands, including those in Boracay Island, are ipso facto considered public forests. PD
No. 705, however, respects titles already existing prior to its effectivity.

The Court notes that the classification of Boracay as a forest land under PD No. 705 may
seem to be out of touch with the present realities in the island. Boracay, no doubt, has been partly
stripped of its forest cover to pave the way for commercial developments. As a premier tourist
destination for local and foreign tourists, Boracay appears more of a commercial island resort, rather
than a forest land.

Nevertheless, that the occupants of Boracay have built multi-million peso beach resorts on the
island;
[111]
that the island has already been stripped of its forest cover; or that the implementation of
Proclamation No. 1064 will destroy the islands tourism industry, do not negate its character as public
forest.

Forests, in the context of both the Public Land Act and the Constitution
[112]
classifying lands of
the public domain into agricultural, forest or timber, mineral lands, and national parks, do not
necessarily refer to large tracts of wooded land or expanses covered by dense growths of trees and
underbrushes.
[113]
The discussion in Heirs of Amunategui v. Director of Forestry
[114]
is particularly
instructive:

A forested area classified as forest land of the public domain does not lose
such classification simply because loggers or settlers may have stripped it of its forest
cover. Parcels of land classified as forest land may actually be covered with grass or
planted to crops by kaingin cultivators or other farmers. Forest lands do not have to
be on mountains or in out of the way places. Swampy areas covered by mangrove
trees, nipa palms, and other trees growing in brackish or sea water may also be
classified as forest land. The classification is descriptive of its legal nature or
status and does not have to be descriptive of what the land actually looks
like. Unless and until the land classified as forest is released in an official
proclamation to that effect so that it may form part of the disposable agricultural lands
of the public domain, the rules on confirmation of imperfect title do not
apply.
[115]
(Emphasis supplied)

There is a big difference between forest as defined in a dictionary and forest or timber land as
a classification of lands of the public domain as appearing in our statutes. One is descriptive of what
appears on the land while the other is a legal status, a classification for legal purposes.
[116]
At any rate,
the Court is tasked to determine the legalstatus of Boracay Island, and not look into its physical
layout. Hence, even if its forest cover has been replaced by beach resorts, restaurants and other
commercial establishments, it has not been automatically converted from public forest to alienable
agricultural land.

Private claimants cannot rely on Proclamation No. 1801 as basis for judicial
confirmation of imperfect title. The proclamation did not convert Boracay into an agricultural
land. However, private claimants argue that Proclamation No. 1801 issued by then President Marcos in
1978 entitles them to judicial confirmation of imperfect title. The Proclamation classified Boracay,
among other islands, as a tourist zone. Private claimants assert that, as a tourist spot, the island is
susceptible of private ownership.

Proclamation No. 1801 or PTA Circular No. 3-82 did not convert the whole of Boracay into an
agricultural land. There is nothing in the law or the Circular which madeBoracay Island an agricultural
land. The reference in Circular No. 3-82 to private lands
[117]
and areas declared as alienable and
disposable
[118]
does not by itself classify the entire island as agricultural. Notably, Circular No. 3-82
makes reference not only to private lands and areas but also to public forested lands. Rule VIII, Section
3 provides:

No trees in forested private lands may be cut without prior authority from
the PTA. All forested areas in public lands are declared forest
reserves. (Emphasis supplied)

Clearly, the reference in the Circular to both private and public lands merely recognizes that
the island can be classified by the Executive department pursuant to its powers under CA No. 141. In
fact, Section 5 of the Circular recognizes the then Bureau of Forest Developments authority to declare
areas in the island as alienable and disposable when it provides:

Subsistence farming, in areas declared as alienable and disposable by the
Bureau of Forest Development.

Therefore, Proclamation No. 1801 cannot be deemed the positive act needed to
classify Boracay Island as alienable and disposable land. If President Marcos intended to classify the
island as alienable and disposable or forest, or both, he would have identified the specific limits of each,
as President Arroyo did in Proclamation No. 1064. This was not done in Proclamation No. 1801.

The Whereas clauses of Proclamation No. 1801 also explain the rationale behind the
declaration of Boracay Island, together with other islands, caves and peninsulas in the Philippines, as a
tourist zone and marine reserve to be administered by the PTA to ensure the concentrated efforts of
the public and private sectors in the development of the areas tourism potential with due regard for
ecological balance in the marine environment. Simply put, the proclamation is aimed at administering
the islands for tourism and ecological purposes. It does not address the areas alienability.
[119]


More importantly, Proclamation No. 1801 covers not only Boracay Island, but sixty-four (64)
other islands, coves, and peninsulas in the Philippines, such as Fortune and Verde Islands in Batangas,
Port Galera in Oriental Mindoro, Panglao and Balicasag Islands in Bohol, Coron Island, Puerto Princesa
and surrounding areas in Palawan, Camiguin Island in Cagayan de Oro, and Misamis Oriental, to name
a few. If the designation of Boracay Island as tourist zone makes it alienable and disposable by virtue
of Proclamation No. 1801, all the other areas mentioned would likewise be declared wide open for
private disposition. That could not have been, and is clearly beyond, the intent of the proclamation.

It was Proclamation No. 1064 of 2006 which positively declared part of Boracay as
alienable and opened the same to private ownership. Sections 6 and 7 of CA No. 141
[120]
provide
that it is only the President, upon the recommendation of the proper department head, who has the
authority to classify the lands of the public domain into alienable or disposable, timber and mineral
lands.
[121]


In issuing Proclamation No. 1064, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo merely exercised the
authority granted to her to classify lands of the public domain, presumably subject to existing vested
rights. Classification of public lands is the exclusive prerogative of the Executive Department, through
the Office of the President. Courts have no authority to do so.
[122]
Absent such classification, the land
remains unclassified until released and rendered open to disposition.
[123]


Proclamation No. 1064 classifies Boracay into 400 hectares of reserved forest land and 628.96
hectares of agricultural land. The Proclamation likewise provides for a 15-meter buffer zone on each
side of the center line of roads and trails, which are reserved for right of way and which shall form part
of the area reserved for forest land protection purposes.
Contrary to private claimants argument, there was nothing invalid or irregular, much less
unconstitutional, about the classification of Boracay Island made by the President through Proclamation
No. 1064. It was within her authority to make such classification, subject to existing vested rights.

Proclamation No. 1064 does not violate the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law. Private claimants further assert that Proclamation No. 1064 violates the provision of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) or RA No. 6657 barring conversion of public forests into
agricultural lands. They claim that since Boracay is a public forest under PD No. 705, President Arroyo
can no longer convert it into an agricultural land without running afoul of Section 4(a) of RA No. 6657,
thus:

SEC. 4. Scope. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 shall
cover, regardless of tenurial arrangement and commodity produced, all public and
private agricultural lands as provided in Proclamation No. 131 and Executive Order
No. 229, including other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.

More specifically, the following lands are covered by the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program:

(a) All alienable and disposable lands of the public domain
devoted to or suitable for agriculture. No reclassification of
forest or mineral lands to agricultural lands shall be
undertaken after the approval of this Act until Congress,
taking into account ecological, developmental and equity
considerations, shall have determined by law, the specific
limits of the public domain.

That Boracay Island was classified as a public forest under PD No. 705 did not bar the
Executive from later converting it into agricultural land. Boracay Island still remained an unclassified
land of the public domain despite PD No. 705.

In Heirs of the Late Spouses Pedro S. Palanca and Soterranea Rafols v. Republic,
[124]
the
Court stated that unclassified lands are public forests.


While it is true that the land classification map does not categorically
state that the islands are public forests, the fact that they were unclassified
lands leads to the same result. In the absence of the classification as mineral or
timber land, the land remains unclassified land until released and rendered open to
disposition.
[125]
(Emphasis supplied)

Moreover, the prohibition under the CARL applies only to a reclassification of land. If the land
had never been previously classified, as in the case of Boracay, there can be no prohibited
reclassification under the agrarian law. We agree with the opinion of the Department of Justice
[126]
on
this point:

Indeed, the key word to the correct application of the prohibition in Section
4(a) is the word reclassification. Where there has been no previous classification of
public forest [referring, we repeat, to the mass of the public domain which has not
been the subject of the present system of classification for purposes of determining
which are needed for forest purposes and which are not] into permanent forest or
forest reserves or some other forest uses under the Revised Forestry Code, there can
be no reclassification of forest lands to speak of within the meaning of Section 4(a).

Thus, obviously, the prohibition in Section 4(a) of the CARL against the
reclassification of forest lands to agricultural lands without a prior law delimiting the
limits of the public domain, does not, and cannot, apply to those lands of the public
domain, denominated as public forest under the Revised Forestry Code, which have
not been previously determined, or classified, as needed for forest purposes in
accordance with the provisions of the Revised Forestry Code.
[127]


Private claimants are not entitled to apply for judicial confirmation of imperfect title
under CA No. 141. Neither do they have vested rights over the occupied lands under the said
law. There are two requisites for judicial confirmation of imperfect or incomplete title under CA No. 141,
namely: (1) open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession and occupation of the subject land
by himself or through his predecessors-in-interest under a bona fide claim of ownership since time
immemorial or fromJune 12, 1945; and (2) the classification of the land as alienable and disposable
land of the public domain.
[128]


As discussed, the Philippine Bill of 1902, Act No. 926, and Proclamation No. 1801 did not
convert portions of Boracay Island into an agricultural land. The island remained an unclassified land of
the public domain and, applying the Regalian doctrine, is considered State property.

Private claimants bid for judicial confirmation of imperfect title, relying on the Philippine Bill of
1902, Act No. 926, and Proclamation No. 1801, must fail because of the absence of the second element
of alienable and disposable land. Their entitlement to a government grant under our present Public
Land Act presupposes that the land possessed and applied for is already alienable and
disposable. This is clear from the wording of the law itself.
[129]
Where the land is not alienable and
disposable, possession of the land, no matter how long, cannot confer ownership or possessory
rights.
[130]


Neither may private claimants apply for judicial confirmation of imperfect title under
Proclamation No. 1064, with respect to those lands which were classified as agricultural lands. Private
claimants failed to prove the first element of open, continuous, exclusive, and notorious possession of
their lands in Boracay since June 12, 1945.

We cannot sustain the CA and RTC conclusion in the petition for declaratory relief that private
claimants complied with the requisite period of possession.

The tax declarations in the name of private claimants are insufficient to prove the first element
of possession. We note that the earliest of the tax declarations in the name of private claimants were
issued in 1993. Being of recent dates, the tax declarations are not sufficient to convince this Court that
the period of possession and occupation commenced on June 12, 1945.

Private claimants insist that they have a vested right in Boracay, having been in possession of
the island for a long time. They have invested millions of pesos in developing the island into a tourist
spot. They say their continued possession and investments give them a vested right which cannot be
unilaterally rescinded by Proclamation No. 1064.

The continued possession and considerable investment of private claimants do not
automatically give them a vested right in Boracay. Nor do these give them a right to apply for a title to
the land they are presently occupying. This Court is constitutionally bound to decide cases based on
the evidence presented and the laws applicable. As the law and jurisprudence stand, private claimants
are ineligible to apply for a judicial confirmation of title over their occupied portions in Boracay even with
their continued possession and considerable investment in the island.

One Last Note

The Court is aware that millions of pesos have been invested for the development
of Boracay Island, making it a by-word in the local and international tourism industry. The Court also
notes that for a number of years, thousands of people have called the island their home. While the
Court commiserates with private claimants plight, We are bound to apply the law strictly and
judiciously. This is the law and it should prevail. Ito ang batas at ito ang dapat umiral.

All is not lost, however, for private claimants. While they may not be eligible to apply for
judicial confirmation of imperfect title under Section 48(b) of CA No. 141, as amended, this does not
denote their automatic ouster from the residential, commercial, and other areas they possess now
classified as agricultural. Neither will this mean the loss of their substantial investments on their
occupied alienable lands. Lack of title does not necessarily mean lack of right to possess.

For one thing, those with lawful possession may claim good faith as builders of
improvements. They can take steps to preserve or protect their possession. For another, they may
look into other modes of applying for original registration of title, such as by homestead
[131]
or sales
patent,
[132]
subject to the conditions imposed by law.

More realistically, Congress may enact a law to entitle private claimants to acquire title to their
occupied lots or to exempt them from certain requirements under the present land laws. There is one
such bill
[133]
now pending in the House of Representatives. Whether that bill or a similar bill will become
a law is for Congress to decide.

In issuing Proclamation No. 1064, the government has taken the step necessary to open up
the island to private ownership. This gesture may not be sufficient to appease some sectors which view
the classification of the island partially into a forest reserve as absurd. That the island is no longer
overrun by trees, however, does not becloud the vision to protect its remaining forest cover and to strike
a healthy balance between progress and ecology. Ecological conservation is as important as economic
progress.

To be sure, forest lands are fundamental to our nations survival. Their promotion and
protection are not just fancy rhetoric for politicians and activists. These are needs that become more
urgent as destruction of our environment gets prevalent and difficult to control. As aptly observed by
Justice Conrado Sanchez in 1968 in Director of Forestry v. Munoz:
[134]


The view this Court takes of the cases at bar is but in adherence to public
policy that should be followed with respect to forest lands. Many have written much,
and many more have spoken, and quite often, about the pressing need for forest
preservation, conservation, protection, development and reforestation. Not without
justification. For, forests constitute a vital segment of any country's natural
resources. It is of common knowledge by now that absence of the necessary green
cover on our lands produces a number of adverse or ill effects of serious
proportions. Without the trees, watersheds dry up; rivers and lakes which they supply
are emptied of their contents. The fish disappear. Denuded areas become dust bowls.
As waterfalls cease to function, so will hydroelectric plants. With the rains, the fertile
topsoil is washed away; geological erosion results. With erosion come the dreaded
floods that wreak havoc and destruction to property crops, livestock, houses, and
highways not to mention precious human lives. Indeed, the foregoing observations
should be written down in a lumbermans decalogue.
[135]


WHEREFORE, judgment is rendered as follows:

1. The petition for certiorari in G.R. No. 167707 is GRANTED and the Court of Appeals
Decision in CA-G.R. CV No. 71118 REVERSED AND SET ASIDE.

2. The petition for certiorari in G.R. No. 173775 is DISMISSED for lack of merit.

SO ORDERED.

2. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, G.R. No. 151910
Petitioner,
Present:

PUNO, C.J., Chairperson,
- versus - SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ,
CORONA,
AZCUNA, and
GARCIA, JJ.
LUDOLFO V. MUOZ,
Respondent. Promulgated:

October 15, 2007
x ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x

DECISION

AZCUNA, J.:

Before this Court is a Petition for Review on Certiorari, under Rule 45 of the 1997 Rules of
Civil Procedure, seeking to set aside the August 29, 2001 Decision
[1]
of the Court of Appeals (CA) in
CA-G.R. CV No. 58170, as well as its January 29, 2002 Resolution, which affirmed the October 3, 1997
Decision
[2]
of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Ligao, Albay, Branch 13, granting the application for
land registration of respondent Ludolfo V. Muoz.

The following facts prompted the present controversy.

On June 14, 1996, respondent filed an Application for Registration of Title of a parcel of
residential land before the RTC of Ligao, Albay containing an area of 1,986 square meters situated,
bounded, and described as follows:

A PARCEL OF LAND (Lot No. 2276 of the Cadastral Survey of Ligao) with
the building and improvements thereon, situated in the Barrio of Bagonbayan,
Municipality of Ligao, Province of Albay. Bounded on the S., along line 1-2, by Lot
No. 2277, Ligao Cadastre; on the W., along Line 2-3, by Mabini Street; on the N.,
and E., along lines 3-4-5-6-4-7, by Lot 2284; and on the S., along line 7-8, by Lot
2281; and along line 8-1, by Lot 2278 all of Ligao Cadastre, containing an area of
ONE THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY SIX (1,986) square meters.
[3]



In his application for registration, respondent averred that no mortgage or encumbrance of any
kind affects his property and that no other person has an interest, legal or equitable, on the subject lot.
Respondent further declared that the property was acquired by donation inter vivos, executed by the
spouses Apolonio R. Muoz and Anastacia Vitero on November 18, 1956, and that the spouses and
their predecessors-in-interest have been in possession thereof since time immemorial for more than 70
years.

On November 7, 1996, petitioner Republic of the Philippines, through the Office of the Solicitor
General (OSG), opposed the application on the following grounds:

(1) That neither the applicant nor his predecessors-in-interest have
been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of the
land in question since June 12, 1945 or prior thereto (Sec. 48[b], C.A. 141 as
amended by P.D. 1073).

(2) That the muniment/s of title and/or the tax payment/s receipt/s
of application/s, if any, attached to or alleged in the application, do not constitute
competent and sufficient evidence of a bona fide acquisition of the lands acquired
for or his open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation
thereof in the concept of owner since June 12, 1945 or prior thereto. Said
muniment/s of title as well as the title do not appear to be genuine and that the tax
declaration/s and/or tax payment receipt/s indicate the pretended possession of
application to be of recent vintage.

(3) That the claim of ownership in fee simple on the basis of
Spanish title or grant can no longer be availed of by the applicant who has failed to
file an appropriate application for registration within the period of six (6) months from
February 16, 1976 as required by P.D. No. 892. From the records, it appears that the
instant application was recently filed.

(4) That the parcel applied for is part of the public domain belonging
to the Republic of the Philippines not subject to private appropriation.

(5) That this application was filed beyond December 31, 1987, the
period set forth under Sec. 2, P.D. No. 1073 and therefore, is filed out of time.
[4]



In respondents Answer to Opposition, he professed that the land in question is a residential lot
originally owned and possessed by Paulino Pulvinar and Geronimo Lozada. Sometime in April 1917,
Pulvinar sold his share of the unregistered land to the spouses Muoz and Vitero, respondents parents.
In June 1920, Lozada likewise sold his remaining part to the parents of respondent. Thereafter, the
ownership and possession of the property were consolidated by the spouses and declared for taxation
purposes in the name of Muoz in 1920. Furthermore, it was stated that during the cadastral survey
conducted in Ligao, Albay in 1928, the land was designated as Lot No. 2276, as per Survey Notification
Card issued to Muoz dated October 2, 1928. Finally, respondent contended that from 1920 up to 1996,
the time of application, the land taxes for the property had been fully paid.

On February 6, 1997, an Order of General Default
[5]
was entered by the trial court against the
whole world except for the government and a certain Alex Vasquez, who appeared during the
scheduled initial hearing stating that he would file an opposition to the application.
In the Opposition
[6]
filed by Vasquez dated February 19, 1997, he declared that he owns
parcels of land, Lot Nos. 2284-A-2 and 2275, adjoining that of the subject matter of the application. He
added that certain portions of his lands are included in the application as respondents concrete fence is
found within the area of his lots.

Respondent, in his answer to the opposition,
[7]
alleged that his property, Lot No. 2276, is
covered by a technical description, duly certified correct by the Bureau of Lands and approved for
registration by the Land Registration Authority (LRA), which specified the exact areas and boundaries of
Lot No. 2276. Granting that there is an encroachment to the oppositors adjoining land, respondent
reasoned that it is not for the court a quo, sitting as a Land Registration Court, to entertain the
opposition because the case should be ventilated in a separate proceeding as an ordinary civil case.

During the trial, respondent was presented as the sole witness. Respondent, who was 81
years old at that time, testified that he acquired the property in 1956 when his parents donated the
same to him.
[8]
He presented as Exhibit H
[9]
Tax Declaration No. 048-0267, evidencing the payment of
realty taxes for Lot No. 2276 in 1997. A Certification from the Office of the Municipal Treasurer
[10]
was
likewise introduced by the respondent showing the payment of real estate taxes from 1956 up to the
year 1997. He further declared that the property is a residential land with improvements such as a
house made of solid materials and fruit-bearing trees. In 1957, respondent told the court that he
constructed a concrete wall surrounding the entire property. Respondent also narrated that he grew up
on the subject lot and spent his childhood days in the area.
[11]


On cross-examination, respondent claimed that he has six brothers and sisters, none of whom
are claiming any interest over the property.
[12]


On June 16, 1997, the trial court noted
[13]
a Report
[14]
submitted by the Director of Lands,
which informed the court that as per records of the Land Management Bureau in Manila, Lot No. 2276,
CAD-239 is covered by Free Patent Application No. 10-2-664 of Anastacia Vitero.

The RTC rendered a Decision dated October 3, 1997 granting the application for registration.
The dispositive portion of the decision reads:

WHEREFORE, decision is hereby rendered finding the petitioner entitled to
registration. Accordingly, after the finality of this decision, let a decree and, thereafter
the corresponding certificate of title over Lot No. 2276 of the Ligao Cadastre as
delimited by the Technical Description, Annex A-2 of the application, together with
the improvements thereon, issue in the name of LUDOLFO Y. MUOZ, of legal age,
Filipino citizen, married to JOSEFINA PALENCIA, of Mabini Street, Barangay
Tinago, Municipality of Ligao, Province of Albay.

Conformably with the above findings, as prayed for by the Director,
Department of Registration, Land Registration Authority in his Report dated March 6,
1997, the application, if any, in Cad. Case No. 53, Cadastral Record No. 1404 is
hereby ordered dismissed.

The opposition of Alex Vasquez for lack of merit is hereby ordered
dismissed.

Let copy of this Decision be furnished the Office of the Solicitor General,
Provincial Prosecutor of Albay, Oppositor Alez Vasquez and Petitioner.

SO ORDERED.
[15]



On appeal, petitioner argued that the trial court did not acquire jurisdiction over the subject lot
because: (1) the notice of initial hearing was not timely filed; (2) the applicant failed to present the
original tracing cloth plan of the property sought to be registered during the trial; and (3) the applicant
failed to present evidence that the land is alienable and disposable.

Subsequently, the CA affirmed the decision of the court a quo. The appellate court explained
that there was conclusive proof that the jurisdictional requirement of due notice had been complied with
as mandated under Section 24 of Presidential Decree No. 1529. Furthermore, the failure to present in
evidence the tracing cloth plan of the subject property did not deprive the lower court of its jurisdiction to
act on the application in question. Lastly, the CA ruled that respondent need not adduce documentary
proof that the disputed property had been declared alienable and disposable for the simple reason that
the lot had once been covered by free patent application; hence, this alone is conclusive evidence that
the property was already declared by the government as open for public disposition.

The petitioner, through the OSG, raises the following grounds for the petition:

I.
THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN NOT FINDING THAT THE TRIAL COURT
HAS NOT ACQUIRED JURISDICTION OVER THE CASE.

II.
PRIVATE RESPONDENT HAS NOT PROVEN BY COMPETENT EVIDENCE THAT
THE PROPERTY IS ALIENABLE AND DISPOSABLE PROPERTY OF THE PUBLIC
DOMAIN.
[16]


Anent the first issue, petitioner maintains that the failure to present the original tracing cloth plan
is a fatal omission which necessarily affected the trial courts jurisdiction to proceed with the case.

It bears stressing that the constructive seizure of land accomplished by posting of notices and
processes upon all persons mentioned in notices by means of publication and sending copies to said
persons by registered mail in effect gives the court jurisdiction over the lands sought to be
registered.
[17]


While petitioner correctly contends that the submission in evidence of the original tracing cloth
plan is a mandatory and even a jurisdictional requirement, this Court has recognized instances of
substantial compliance with this rule.
[18]
It is true that the best evidence to identify a piece of land for
registration purposes is the original tracing cloth plan from the Bureau of Lands, but blueprint copies
and other evidence could also provide sufficient identification.
[19]
In the present application
for registration, respondent submitted, among other things, the following supporting documents: (1) a
blueprint copy of the survey plan
[20]
approved by the Bureau of Lands; and (2) the technical
descriptions
[21]
duly verified and approved by the Director of Lands.

The Court held in Recto v. Republic
[22]
that the blueprint copy of the cloth plan together with the
lots technical description duly certified as to their correctness by the Bureau of Lands are adequate to
identify the land applied for registration, thus

On the first challenge, the petitioner invokes the case of Director of Lands v.
Reyes, where it was held that the original tracing cloth plan of the land applied for
which must be approved by the Director of Lands was a statutory requirement of
mandatory character for the identification of the land sought to be registered. As
what was submitted was not the tracing cloth plan but only the blueprint copy of the
survey plan, the respondent court should have rejected the same as insufficient.

We disagree with this contention. The Court of Appeals was correct when it
observed that in that case the applicant in effect had not submitted anything at all to
identify the subject property because the blueprint presented lacked the approval of
the Director of Lands. By contrast

In the present case, there was considerable compliance
with the requirement of the law as the subject property was
sufficiently identified with the presentation of blueprint copy of
Plan AS-06-000002 (San Pedro v. Director of Lands, CA-G.R.
No. 65332-R, May 28, 1981). It should be noted in this connection
that the Bureau of Lands has certified to the correctness of the
blueprint copy of the plan including the technical description that
go with it. Hence, we cannot ignore the fact, absent in the Reyes
case, that applicant has provided ample evidence to establish the
identity of the subject property. (Emphasis supplied)

x x x.
[23]


Moreover, if the survey plan is approved by the Director of Lands and its correctness has not
been overcome by clear, strong and convincing evidence, the presentation of the tracing cloth plan may
be dispensed with.
[24]
All the evidence on record sufficiently identified the property as the one applied for
by respondent, and containing the corresponding metes and bounds as well as area. Consequently,
the original tracing cloth plan need not be presented in evidence.
[25]


Anent the second issue, petitioner stresses that in proving the alienable and disposable nature of
the property, there has to be a certification from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
and Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO).

The CA is of the opinion that respondent need not adduce documentary proofs that the disputed
property has been declared alienable and disposable because of the fact that it had once been covered
by Free Patent Application No. 10-2-664 in the name of respondents mother, which was unfortunately
not acted upon by the proper authorities. The CA declares that this is proof enough that the property
was declared by the government as open for public disposition. This contention was adopted by the
respondent both in his Comment and Memorandum filed before the Court.

Notwithstanding all the foregoing, the Court cannot sustain the argument of respondent that the
subject property was already declared alienable and disposable land.

Petitioner is correct when it remarked that it was erroneous for the appellate court to assume that
the property in question is alienable and disposable based only on the Report dated May 21, 1997 of
the Director of Lands indicating that the land involved in said case described as Lot 2276, CAD-239 is
covered by Free Patent Application No. 10-2-664 of Anastacia Vitero.

It must be pointed out that in its Report
[26]
dated March 6, 1997, the LRA stated that:

3. This Authority is not in a position to verify whether or not the
parcel of land subject of registration is already covered by land
patent, previously approved isolated survey and is within forest zone.

WHEREFORE, to avoid duplication in the issuance of titles covering the
same parcel of land and the issuance of titles for lands within the forest zone which
have not been released and classified as alienable, the foregoing is respectfully
submitted to the Honorable Court with the recommendation that the Lands
Management Bureau, Manila, Community Environment and Natural Resources
Office, Lands Management Sector and Forest Management Bureau, all in
Legazpi City, be ordered to submit a report to the Court on the status of the land
applied for, to determine whether or not said land or any portion thereof, is
already covered by land patent, previously approved isolated survey and is
within the forest zone and that should the instant application be given due course,
the application in Cad. Case No. 53, Cadastral Record No. 1404 with respect
to Lot 2276 be dismissed.
[27]


Noteworthy is the fact that neither the Director of Lands nor the LRA attested that the land
subject of this proceeding is alienable or disposable.

For clarity, applications for confirmation of imperfect title must be able to prove the following:
(1) that the land forms part of the alienable and disposable agricultural lands of the public domain; and
(2) that they have been in open, continuous, exclusive and notorious possession and occupation of the
same under a bona fide claim of ownership either since time immemorial or since June 12, 1945.
[28]


Commonwealth Act No. 141, also known as the Public Land Act, remains to this day
the existing general law governing the classification and disposition of lands of the public domain,
other than timber and mineral lands.
[29]
Section 6 of CA No. 141 empowers the President to classify
lands of the public domain into alienable and disposable lands of the public domain, which prior to
such classification are inalienable and outside the commerce of man. Section 7 of CA No. 141
authorizes the President to declare what lands are open to disposition or concession. Section 8 of CA
No. 141 states that the government can declare open for disposition or concession only lands that are
officially delimited and classified.

Under the Regalian doctrine embodied in our Constitution, all lands of the public domain
belong to the State, which is the source of any asserted right to ownership of land. Therefore, all lands
not appearing to be clearly within private ownership are presumed to belong to the State. Accordingly,
public lands not shown to have been reclassified or released as alienable agricultural land or
alienated to a private person by the State remain part of the alienable public domain.
[30]


As already well-settled in jurisprudence, no public land can be acquired by private persons
without any grant, express or implied, from the government; and it isindispensable that the person
claiming title to public land should show that his title was acquired from the State or any other mode of
acquisition recognized by law.
[31]
To prove that the land subject of an application for registration is
alienable, the applicant must establish the existence of a positive act of the government such as a
presidential proclamation or an executive order; an administrative action; investigation reports of Bureau
of Lands investigators; and a legislative act or a statute.
[32]
The applicant may also secure a certification
from the Government that the land applied for is alienable and disposable.
[33]


In the present case, respondent failed to submit a certification from the proper government
agency to prove that the land subject for registration is indeed alienable and disposable. A CENRO
certificate, which respondent failed to secure, could have evidenced the alienability of the land involved.

Considering that respondent has failed to convince this Court of the alienable and disposable
character of the land applied for, the Court cannot approve the application for registration.

WHEREFORE, the instant petition is GRANTED. Accordingly, the decision dated August 29,
2001 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 58170, as reiterated in its resolution of January 29,
2002,
is REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and the application for registration filed by respondent Ludolfo
V. Muoz is DENIED.

No costs.

SO ORDERED.

3. RURAL BANK OF ANDA, INC.,
Petitioner,





- versus -





ROMAN CATHOLIC
ARCHBISHOP OF LINGAYEN-
DAGUPAN,
Respondent.
G.R. No. 155051

Present:

QUISUMBING, J.,
Chairperson,
CARPIO,
CARPIO MORALES,
TINGA, and
VELASCO, JR., JJ.



Promulgated:


May 29, 2007
x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

D E C I S I O N

CARPIO, J .:

The Case

This is a petition for review
[1]
of the Decision
[2]
dated 15 October 2001 and the Resolution dated
23 August 2002 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 66478.
The Facts

The lot in dispute, Cadastral Lot 736 (Lot 736), is located in the Poblacion of Binmaley,
Pangasinan. Lot 736 has a total area of about 1,300 square meters and is part of Lot 3. Cadastral Lot
737 and Lot 739 also form part of Lot 3. Cadastral Lot 737 is known as Imeldas Park, while on Lot 739
is a waiting shed for commuters. Lot 3 is bounded on the north by Lot 1 of Plan II-5201-A and on the
south by the national road. In front of Lot 736 is the building of Mary Help of Christians Seminary
(seminary) which is on Lot 1.

Lot 1 of Plan II-5201-A, which adjoins Lot 3 on the north, is titled in the name of respondent
Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lingayen (respondent) under Transfer Certificate of Title No. 6375 (TCT
6375). An annotation on TCT 6375 states that the ownership of Lot 3 is being claimed by both
respondent and the Municipality of Binmaley.

In 1958, the Rector of the seminary ordered the construction of the fence separating Lot 736 from
the national road to prevent the caretelas from parking because the smell of horse manure was already
bothering the priests living in the seminary.
[3]
The concrete fence enclosing Lot 736 has openings in the
east, west, and center and has no gate. People can pass through Lot 736 at any time of the day.
[4]


On 22 December 1997, the Sangguniang Bayan of Binmaley, Pangasinan, passed and approved
Resolution Nos. 104
[5]
and 105.
[6]
Resolution No. 104 converted Lot 736 from an institutional lot to a
commercial lot. Resolution No. 105 authorized the municipal mayor to enter into a contract of lease for
25 years with the Rural Bank of Anda over a portion of Lot 736 with an area of 252 square meters.
[7]


In December 1997, Fr. Arenos, the director of the seminary, discovered that a sawali fence was
being constructed enclosing a portion of Lot 736. In January 1998, the Municipal Mayor of Binmaley,
Rolando Domalanta (Mayor Domalanta), came to the seminary to discuss the situation. Mayor
Domalanta and Fr. Arenos agreed that the construction of the building for the Rural Bank of Anda
should be stopped.

On 24 March 1998, respondent requested Mayor Domalanta to remove the sawali fence and
restore the concrete fence. On 20 May 1998, Mayor Domalanta informed respondent that the
construction of the building of the Rural Bank of Anda would resume but that he was willing to discuss
with respondent to resolve the problem concerning Lot736.

On 1 June 1998, respondent filed a complaint for Abatement of Illegal Constructions, Injunction
and Damages with Writ of Preliminary Injunction in the Regional Trial Court of Lingayen,
Pangasinan. On 24 August 1998, the trial court ordered the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction.

On 4 January 2000, the trial court rendered a decision, the dispositive portion of which reads:

WHEREFORE, in the light of the foregoing, judgment is hereby rendered in
favor of the plaintiff [Roman Catholic Archbishop of Lingayen-Dagupan]:

1. Making the writ of preliminary injunction permanent;


2. Ordering the defendants to cause to be restored the concrete wall with
iron railings, to cause to be removed the sawali fence, both at the
expense of the defendants, jointly and severally, and

3. Condemning the defendants to pay jointly and severally, to the plaintiff
the amount of P25,000.00 as litigation expenses, attorneys fees in the
amount of P50,000.00 and the costs of this suit.

SO ORDERED.
[8]




On appeal, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decision with the modification that the awards of
litigation expenses, attorneys fees, and costs should be deleted. The Court of Appeals subsequently
denied the motion for reconsideration of the Municipality of Binmaley and the Rural Bank of Anda.

The Ruling of the Trial Court

The trial court found that Lot 736 is not covered by any Torrens title either in the name
of respondent or in the name of the Municipality of Binmaley. The trial court held that Lot 736 is public
in nature. Since Lot 736 is property of public dominion, it is outside the commerce of man. Thus, the
Sangguniang Bayan of Binmaley, Pangasinan exceeded its authority when it adopted Resolution Nos.
104 and 105 converting Lot 736 from an institutional lot to a commercial lot and authorizing the
municipal mayor to enter into a contract of lease for 25 years with the Rural Bank of Anda over a 252
square meter portion of Lot 736 .

The Ruling of the Court of Appeals

The Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court that Lot 736 is property of public dominion and is
used by the public as a pathway. Respondent and the Municipality of Binmaley are mere claimants with
no sufficient evidence to prove their ownership of Lot 736. The Court of Appeals held that property of
public dominion is intended for the common welfare and cannot be the object of appropriation either by
the state or by private persons. Since Lot 736 is for public use, it is a property of public dominion and it
is not susceptible of private ownership. Thus, Resolution Nos. 104 and 105 are void for being enacted
beyond the powers of the Sangguniang Bayan of Binmaley. The contract of lease between
the Municipality of Binmaley and the Rural Bank of Anda is therefore void.

The Court of Appeals also ruled that since neither the respondent nor
the Municipality of Binmaley owns Lot 736, there is no basis for the monetary awards granted by the
trial court.

The Issue

The issue in this case is whether Resolution Nos. 104 and 105 of the Sangguniang Bayan of
Binmaley are valid.

The Ruling of the Court

The petition has no merit.

Both respondent and the Municipality of Binmaley admit that they do not have title over Lot 736.
The Assistant Chief of the Aggregate Survey Section of the Land Management Services in Region I
testified that no document of ownership for Lot 736 was ever presented to their office.
[9]


Respondent claims Lot 736 based on its alleged open, continuous, adverse, and uninterrupted
possession of Lot 736. However, the records reveal otherwise. Even the witnesses for respondent
testified that Lot 736 was used by the people as pathway, parking space, and playground.
[10]


On the other hand, the Municipality of Binmaley alleged that it is the sole claimant of Lot 736
based on the Property Identification Map, Tax Mapping Control Roll of the Municipality of Binmaley, and
the Lot Data Computation in the name of the Municipality of Binmaley. However, these documents
merely show that the Municipality of Binmaley is a mere claimant of Lot 736. In fact, the chief of
Survey Division of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, San Fernando City, La
Union testified that the cadastral survey
[11]
of Lot 736, which was surveyed for the Municipality of
Binmaley in 1989, had not been approved.
[12]
The cadastral survey was based on the Lot Data
Computation
[13]
of Lot 736 which was likewise contracted by the Municipality of Binmaley in 1989.

The records show that Lot 736 is used as a pathway going to the school, the seminary, or the
church, which are all located on lots adjoined to Lot 736.
[14]
Lot 736 was also used for parking and
playground.
[15]
In other words, Lot 736 was used by the public in general.

Both respondent and the Municipality of Binmaley failed to prove their right over Lot 736. Since
Lot 736 has never been acquired by anyone through purchase or grant or any other mode of
acquisition, Lot 736 remains part of the public domain and is owned by the state. As held in Hong Hok
v. David:
[16]


There being no evidence whatever that the property in question was ever acquired by
the applicants or their ancestors either by composition title from the Spanish
Government or by possessory information title or by any other means for the
acquisition of public lands, the property must be held to be public domain. For it is well
settled that no public land can be acquired by private persons without any grant,
express or implied, from the government. It is indispensable then that there be a
showing of a title from the state or any other mode of acquisition recognized by law.
The most recent restatement of the doctrine, found in an opinion of Justice J.B.L.
Reyes follows: The applicant, having failed to establish his right or title over the
northern portion of Lot No. 463 involved in the present controversy, and there being
no showing that the same has been acquired by any private person from the
Government, either by purchase or by grant, the property is and remains part of the
public domain.

This is in accordance with the Regalian doctrine which holds that the state owns all lands and
waters of the public domain.
[17]
Thus, under Article XII, Section 2 of the Constitution: All lands of the
public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy,
fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the
state.

Municipal corporations cannot appropriate to themselves public or government lands without prior
grant from the government.
[18]
Since Lot 736 is owned by the state, the Sangguniang Bayan of Binmaley
exceeded its authority in passing Resolution Nos. 104 and 105. Thus, Resolution Nos. 104 and 105 are
void and consequently, the contract of lease between the Municipality of Binmaley and the Rural Bank
of Anda over a portion of Lot 736 is also void.

WHEREFORE, we DENY the petition. We AFFIRM the Decision dated 15 October 2001 and the
Resolution dated 23 August 2002 of the Court of Appeals.

SO ORDERED.
4. SAGANI CRUZ and CESAR EUROPA, petitioners, vs. SECRETARY OF ENVIRONMENT AND
NATURAL RESOURCES, SECRETARY OF BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT and CHAIRMAN
and COMMISSIONERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES, respondents.
HON. JUAN M .FLAVIER, HON. PONCIANO BENNAGEN, BAYANI ASCARRAGA, EDTAMI
MANSAYANGAN, BASILIO WANDAG, EVELYN DUNUAN, YAOM TUGAS, ALFREMO
CARPIANO, LIBERATO A. GABIN, MATERNIDAD M. COLAS, NARCISA M. DALUPINES,
BAI KIRAM-CONNIE SATURNO, BAE MLOMO-BEATRIZ T. ABASALA, DATU
BALITUNGTUNG-ANTONIO D. LUMANDONG, DATU MANTUMUKAW TEOFISTO
SABASALES, DATU EDUAARDO BANDA, DATU JOEL UNAD, DATU RAMON BAYAAN,
TIMUAY JOSE ANOY, TIMUAY MACARIO D. SALACAO, TIMUAY EDWIN B. ENDING,
DATU SAHAMPONG MALANAW VI, DATU BEN PENDAO CABIGON, BAI NANAPNAY-
LIZA SAWAY, BAY INAY DAYA-MELINDA S. REYMUNDO, BAI TINANGHAGA HELINITA
T. PANGAN, DATU MAKAPUKAW ADOLINO L. SAWAY, DATU MAUDAYAW-CRISPEN
SAWAY, VICKY MAKAY, LOURDES D. AMOS, GILBERT P. HOGGANG, TERESA
GASPAR, MANUEL S. ONALAN, MIA GRACE L. GIRON, ROSEMARIE G. PE, BENITO
CARINO, JOSEPH JUDE CARANTES, LYNETTE CARANTES-VIVAL, LANGLEY
SEGUNDO, SATUR S. BUGNAY, CARLING DOMULOT, ANDRES MENDIOGRIN,
LEOPOLDO ABUGAN, VIRGILIO CAYETANO, CONCHITA G. DESCAGA, LEVY ESTEVES,
ODETTE G. ESTEVEZ, RODOLFO C. AGUILAR, MAURO VALONES, PEPE H. ATONG,
OFELIA T. DAVI, PERFECTO B. GUINOSAO, WALTER N. TIMOL, MANUEL T. SELEN,
OSCAR DALUNHAY, RICO O. SULATAN, RAFFY MALINDA, ALFREDO ABILLANOS,
JESSIE ANDILAB, MIRLANDO H. MANGKULINTAS, SAMIE SATURNO, ROMEO A.
LINDAHAY, ROEL S. MANSANG-CAGAN, PAQUITO S. LIESES, FILIPE G. SAWAY,
HERMINIA S. SAWAY, JULIUS S. SAWAY, LEONARDA SAWAY, JIMMY UGYUB,
SALVADOR TIONGSON, VENANCIO APANG, MADION MALID, SUKIM MALID, NENENG
MALID, MANGKATADONG AUGUSTO DIANO, JOSEPHINE M. ALBESO, MORENO
MALID, MARIO MANGCAL, FELAY DIAMILING, SALOME P. SARZA, FELIPE P. BAGON,
SAMMY SALNUNGAN, ANTONIO D. EMBA, NORMA MAPANSAGONOS, ROMEO
SALIGA, SR., JERSON P. GERADA, RENATO T. BAGON, JR., SARING MASALONG,
SOLEDAD M. GERARDA, ELIZABETH L. MENDI, MORANTE S. TIWAN, DANILO M.
MALUDAO, MINORS MARICEL MALID, represented by her father CORNELIO MALID,
MARCELINO M. LADRA, represented by her father MONICO D. LADRA, JENNYLYN
MALID, represented by her father TONY MALID, ARIEL M. EVANGELISTA, represented
by her mother LINAY BALBUENA, EDWARD M. EMUY, SR., SUSAN BOLANIO, OND,
PULA BATO BLAAN TRIBAL FARMERS ASSOCIATION, INTER-PEOPLES EXCHANGE,
INC. and GREEN FORUM-WESTERN VISAYAS, intervenors.
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, intervenor.
IKALAHAN INDIGENOUS PEOPLE and HARIBON FOUNDATION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES, INC., intervenor.
R E S O L U T I O N
PER CURIAM:
Petitioners Isagani Cruz and Cesar Europa brought this suit for prohibition and mandamus as
citizens and taxpayers, assailing the constitutionality of certain provisions of Republic Act No. 8371
(R.A. 8371), otherwise known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA), and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations (Implementing Rules).
In its resolution of September 29, 1998, the Court required respondents to comment.
[1]
In
compliance, respondents Chairperson and Commissioners of the National Commission on Indigenous
Peoples (NCIP), the government agency created under the IPRA to implement its provisions, filed on
October 13, 1998 their Comment to the Petition, in which they defend the constitutionality of the IPRA
and pray that the petition be dismissed for lack of merit.
On October 19, 1998, respondents Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) and Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) filed through
the Solicitor General a consolidated Comment. The Solicitor General is of the view that the IPRA is
partly unconstitutional on the ground that it grants ownership over natural resources to indigenous
peoples and prays that the petition be granted in part.
On November 10, 1998, a group of intervenors, composed of Sen. Juan Flavier, one of the
authors of the IPRA, Mr. Ponciano Bennagen, a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission, and
the leaders and members of 112 groups of indigenous peoples (Flavier, et. al), filed their Motion for
Leave to Intervene. They join the NCIP in defending the constitutionality of IPRA and praying for the
dismissal of the petition.
On March 22, 1999, the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) likewise filed a Motion to Intervene
and/or to Appear as Amicus Curiae. The CHR asserts that IPRA is an expression of the principle of
parens patriae and that the State has the responsibility to protect and guarantee the rights of those who
are at a serious disadvantage like indigenous peoples. For this reason it prays that the petition be
dismissed.
On March 23, 1999, another group, composed of the Ikalahan Indigenous People and the Haribon
Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc. (Haribon, et al.), filed a motion to Intervene
with attached Comment-in-Intervention. They agree with the NCIP and Flavier, et al. that IPRA is
consistent with the Constitution and pray that the petition for prohibition and mandamus be dismissed.
The motions for intervention of the aforesaid groups and organizations were granted.
Oral arguments were heard on April 13, 1999. Thereafter, the parties and intervenors filed their
respective memoranda in which they reiterate the arguments adduced in their earlier pleadings and
during the hearing.
Petitioners assail the constitutionality of the following provisions of the IPRA and its Implementing
Rules on the ground that they amount to an unlawful deprivation of the States ownership over lands of
the public domain as well as minerals and other natural resources therein, in violation of the regalian
doctrine embodied in Section 2, Article XII of the Constitution:
(1) Section 3(a) which defines the extent and coverage of ancestral domains, and Section
3(b) which, in turn, defines ancestral lands;
(2) Section 5, in relation to section 3(a), which provides that ancestral domains including
inalienable public lands, bodies of water, mineral and other resources found within
ancestral domains are private but community property of the indigenous peoples;
(3) Section 6 in relation to section 3(a) and 3(b) which defines the composition of ancestral
domains and ancestral lands;
(4) Section 7 which recognizes and enumerates the rights of the indigenous peoples over
the ancestral domains;
(5) Section 8 which recognizes and enumerates the rights of the indigenous peoples over the
ancestral lands;
(6) Section 57 which provides for priority rights of the indigenous peoples in the harvesting,
extraction, development or exploration of minerals and other natural resources within the
areas claimed to be their ancestral domains, and the right to enter into agreements with
nonindigenous peoples for the development and utilization of natural resources therein
for a period not exceeding 25 years, renewable for not more than 25 years; and
(7) Section 58 which gives the indigenous peoples the responsibility to maintain, develop,
protect and conserve the ancestral domains and portions thereof which are found to be
necessary for critical watersheds, mangroves, wildlife sanctuaries, wilderness, protected
areas, forest cover or reforestation.
[2]

Petitioners also content that, by providing for an all-encompassing definition of ancestral
domains and ancestral lands which might even include private lands found within said areas,
Sections 3(a) and 3(b) violate the rights of private landowners.
[3]

In addition, petitioners question the provisions of the IPRA defining the powers and jurisdiction of
the NCIP and making customary law applicable to the settlement of disputes involving ancestral
domains and ancestral lands on the ground that these provisions violate the due process clause of the
Constitution.
[4]

These provisions are:
(1) sections 51 to 53 and 59 which detail the process of delineation and recognition of
ancestral domains and which vest on the NCIP the sole authority to delineate ancestral
domains and ancestral lands;
(2) Section 52[i] which provides that upon certification by the NCIP that a particular area is
an ancestral domain and upon notification to the following officials, namely, the Secretary
of Environment and Natural Resources, Secretary of Interior and Local Governments,
Secretary of Justice and Commissioner of the National Development Corporation, the
jurisdiction of said officials over said area terminates;
(3) Section 63 which provides the customary law, traditions and practices of indigenous
peoples shall be applied first with respect to property rights, claims of ownership,
hereditary succession and settlement of land disputes, and that any doubt or ambiguity in
the interpretation thereof shall be resolved in favor of the indigenous peoples;
(4) Section 65 which states that customary laws and practices shall be used to resolve
disputes involving indigenous peoples; and
(5) Section 66 which vests on the NCIP the jurisdiction over all claims and disputes involving
rights of the indigenous peoples.
[5]

Finally, petitioners assail the validity of Rule VII, Part II, Section 1 of the NCIP Administrative
Order No. 1, series of 1998, which provides that the administrative relationship of the NCIP to the
Office of the President is characterized as a lateral but autonomous relationship for purposes of policy
and program coordination. They contend that said Rule infringes upon the Presidents power of control
over executive departments under Section 17, Article VII of the Constitution.
[6]

Petitioners pray for the following:
(1) A declaration that Sections 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 52[I], 57, 58, 59, 63, 65 and 66 and other related
provisions of R.A. 8371 are unconstitutional and invalid;
(2) The issuance of a writ of prohibition directing the Chairperson and Commissioners of the
NCIP to cease and desist from implementing the assailed provisions of R.A. 8371 and its
Implementing Rules;
(3) The issuance of a writ of prohibition directing the Secretary of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources to cease and desist from implementing Department
of Environment and Natural Resources Circular No. 2, series of 1998;
(4) The issuance of a writ of prohibition directing the Secretary of Budget and Management
to cease and desist from disbursing public funds for the implementation of the assailed
provisions of R.A. 8371; and
(5) The issuance of a writ of mandamus commanding the Secretary of Environment and
Natural Resources to comply with his duty of carrying out the States constitutional
mandate to control and supervise the exploration, development, utilization and
conservation of Philippine natural resources.
[7]

After due deliberation on the petition, the members of the Court voted as follows:
Seven (7) voted to dismiss the petition. Justice Kapunan filed an opinion, which the Chief Justice
and Justices Bellosillo, Quisumbing, and Santiago join, sustaining the validity of the challenged
provisions of R.A. 8371. Justice Puno also filed a separate opinion sustaining all challenged provisions
of the law with the exception of Section 1, Part II, Rule III of NCIP Administrative Order No. 1, series of
1998, the Rules and Regulations Implementing the IPRA, and Section 57 of the IPRA which he
contends should be interpreted as dealing with the large-scale exploitation of natural resources and
should be read in conjunction with Section 2, Article XII of the 1987 Constitution. On the other hand,
Justice Mendoza voted to dismiss the petition solely on the ground that it does not raise a justiciable
controversy and petitioners do not have standing to question the constitutionality of R.A. 8371.
Seven (7) other members of the Court voted to grant the petition. Justice Panganiban filed a
separate opinion expressing the view that Sections 3 (a)(b), 5, 6, 7 (a)(b), 8, and related provisions of
R.A. 8371 are unconstitutional. He reserves judgment on the constitutionality of Sections 58, 59, 65,
and 66 of the law, which he believes must await the filing of specific cases by those whose rights may
have been violated by the IPRA. Justice Vitug also filed a separate opinion expressing the view that
Sections 3(a), 7, and 57 of R.A. 8371 are unconstitutional. Justices Melo, Pardo, Buena, Gonzaga-
Reyes, and De Leon join in the separate opinions of Justices Panganiban and Vitug.
As the votes were equally divided (7 to 7) and the necessary majority was not obtained, the case
was redeliberated upon. However, after redeliberation, the voting remained the same. Accordingly,
pursuant to Rule 56, Section 7 of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the petition is DISMISSED.
Attached hereto and made integral parts thereof are the separate opinions of Justices Puno, Vitug,
Kapunan, Mendoza, and Panganiban.
SO ORDERED.
5. Carino v. Insular Government - 212 U.S. 449 (1909)
Syllabus
Writ of error is the general, and appeal the exceptional, method of bringing Cases to this Court. The
latter method is in the main confined to equity cases, and the former is proper to bring up a judgment of
the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands affirming a judgment of the Court of Land Registration
dismissing an application for registration of land.
Although a province may be excepted from the operation of Act No. 926 of 1903 of the Philippine
Commission which provides for the registration and perfecting of new titles, one who actually owns
property in such province is entitled to registration under Act No. 496 of 1902, which applies to the
whole archipelago.
While, in legal theory and as against foreign nations, sovereignty is absolute, practically it is a question
of strength and of varying degree, and it is for a new sovereign to decide how far it will insist upon
theoretical relations of the subject to the former sovereign and how far it will recognize actual facts.
Page 212 U. S. 450
The acquisition of the Philippines was not for the purpose of acquiring the lands occupied by the
inhabitants, and under the Organic Act of July 1, 1902, c. 1369, 32 Stat. 691, providing that property
rights are to be administered for the benefit of the inhabitants, one who actually owned land for many
years cannot be deprived of it for failure to comply with certain ceremonies prescribed either by the acts
of the Philippine Commission or by Spanish law.
The Organic Act of the Philippines made a bill of rights embodying safeguards of the Constitution, and,
like the Constitution, extends those safeguards to all.
Every presumption of ownership is in favor of one actually occupying land for many years, and against
the government which seeks to deprive him of it, for failure to comply with provisions of a subsequently
enacted registration act.
Title by prescription against the crown existed under Spanish law in force in the Philippine Islands prior
to their acquisition by the United States, and one occupying land in the Province of Benguet for more
than fifty years before the Treaty of Paris is entitled to the continued possession thereof.
7 Phil. 132 reversed.
The facts are stated in the opinion.
Page 212 U. S. 455
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the Court.
This was an application to the Philippine Court of Land Registration for the registration of certain land.
The application was granted by the court on March 4, 1904. An appeal was taken to the Court of First
Instance of the Province of Benguet on behalf of the government of the Philippines, and also on behalf
of the United States, those governments having taken possession of the property for public and military
purposes. The Court of First Instance found the facts and dismissed the application upon grounds of
law. This judgment was affirmed by the supreme court, 7 Phil. 132, and the case then was brought here
by writ of error.
The material facts found are very few. The applicant and plaintiff in error is an Igorot of the Province of
Benguet, where the land lies. For more than fifty years before the Treaty of
Page 212 U. S. 456
Paris, April 11, 1899, as far back as the findings go, the plaintiff and his ancestors had held the land as
owners. His grandfather had lived upon it, and had maintained fences sufficient for the holding of cattle,
according to the custom of the country, some of the fences, it seems, having been of much earlier date.
His father had cultivated parts and had used parts for pasturing cattle, and he had used it for pasture in
his turn. They all had been recognized as owners by the Igorots, and he had inherited or received the
land from his father in accordance with Igorot custom. No document of title, however, had issued from
the Spanish Crown, and although, in 1893-1894 and again in 1896-1897, he made application for one
under the royal decrees then in force, nothing seems to have come of it, unless, perhaps, information
that lands in Benguet could not be conceded until those to be occupied for a sanatorium, etc., had been
designated -- a purpose that has been carried out by the Philippine government and the United States.
In 1901, the plaintiff filed a petition, alleging ownership, under the mortgage law, and the lands were
registered to him, that process, however, establishing only a possessory title, it is said.
Before we deal with the merits, we must dispose of a technical point. The government has spent some
energy in maintaining that this case should have been brought up by appeal, and not by writ of error.
We are of opinion, however, that the mode adopted was right. The proceeding for registration is likened
to bills in equity to quiet title, but it is different in principle. It is a proceeding in rem under a statute of the
type of the Torrens Act, such as was discussed in Tyler v. Court of Registration, 175 Mass. 71. It is
nearer to law than to equity, and is an assertion of legal title; but we think it unnecessary to put it into
either pigeon hole. A writ of error is the general method of bringing cases to this Court, an appeal the
exception, confined to equity in the main. There is no reason for not applying the general rule to this
case. Ormsby v. Webb, 134 U. S. 47, 134 U. S. 65; Campbell v. Porter, 162 U. S. 478; Metropolitan R.
Co. v. District of Columbia, 195 U. S. 322.
Page 212 U. S. 457
Another preliminary matter may as well be disposed of here. It is suggested that, even if the applicant
have title, he cannot have it registered, because the Philippine Commission's Act No. 926, of 1903,
excepts the Province of Benguet among others from its operation. But that act deals with the acquisition
of new titles by homestead entries, purchase, etc., and the perfecting of titles begun under the Spanish
law. The applicant's claim is that he now owns the land, and is entitled to registration under the
Philippine Commission's Act No. 496, of 1902, which established a court for that purpose with
jurisdiction "throughout the Philippine Archipelago," 2, and authorized in general terms applications to
be made by persons claiming to own the legal estate in fee simple, as the applicant does. He is entitled
to registration if his claim of ownership can be maintained.
We come, then, to the question on which the case was decided below -- namely, whether the plaintiff
owns the land. The position of the government, shortly stated, is that Spain assumed, asserted, and had
title to all the land in the Philippines except so far as it saw fit to permit private titles to be acquired; that
there was no prescription against the Crown, and that, if there was, a decree of June 25, 1880, required
registration within a limited time to make the title good; that the plaintiff's land was not registered, and
therefore became, if it was not always, public land; that the United States succeeded to the title of
Spain, and so that the plaintiff has no rights that the Philippine government is bound to respect.
If we suppose for the moment that the government's contention is so far correct that the Crown of Spain
in form asserted a title to this land at the date of the Treaty of Paris, to which the United States
succeeded, it is not to be assumed without argument that the plaintiff's case is at an end. It is true that
Spain, in its earlier decrees, embodied the universal feudal theory that all lands were held from the
Crown, and perhaps the general attitude of conquering nations toward people not recognized as entitled
to the treatment accorded to those
Page 212 U. S. 458
in the same zone of civilization with themselves. It is true also that, in legal theory, sovereignty is
absolute, and that, as against foreign nations, the United States may assert, as Spain asserted,
absolute power. But it does not follow that, as against the inhabitants of the Philippines, the United
States asserts that Spain had such power. When theory is left on one side, sovereignty is a question of
strength, and may vary in degree. How far a new sovereign shall insist upon the theoretical relation of
the subjects to the head in the past, and how far it shall recognize actual facts, are matters for it to
decide.
The Province of Benguet was inhabited by a tribe that the Solicitor General, in his argument,
characterized as a savage tribe that never was brought under the civil or military government of the
Spanish Crown. It seems probable, if not certain, that the Spanish officials would not have granted to
anyone in that province the registration to which formerly the plaintiff was entitled by the Spanish laws,
and which would have made his title beyond question good. Whatever may have been the technical
position of Spain, it does not follow that, in the view of the United States, he had lost all rights and was a
mere trespasser when the present government seized his land. The argument to that effect seems to
amount to a denial of native titles throughout an important part of the island of Luzon, at least, for the
want of ceremonies which the Spaniards would not have permitted and had not the power to enforce.
The acquisition of the Philippines was not like the settlement of the white race in the United States.
Whatever consideration may have been shown to the North American Indians, the dominant purpose of
the whites in America was to occupy the land. It is obvious that, however stated, the reason for our
taking over the Philippines was different. No one, we suppose, would deny that, so far as consistent
with paramount necessities, our first object in the internal administration of the islands is to do justice to
the natives, not to exploit their country for private gain. By the Organic Act of July 1, 1902, c. 1369,
12, 32 Stat. 691, all the property and rights acquired there by the
Page 212 U. S. 459
United States are to be administered "for the benefit of the inhabitants thereof." It is reasonable to
suppose that the attitude thus assumed by the United States with regard to what was unquestionably its
own is also its attitude in deciding what it will claim for its own. The same statute made a bill of rights,
embodying the safeguards of the Constitution, and, like the Constitution, extends those safeguards to
all. It provides that
"no law shall be enacted in said islands which shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law, or deny to any person therein the equal protection of the laws."
5. In the light of the declaration that we have quoted from 12, it is hard to believe that the United
States was ready to declare in the next breath that "any person" did not embrace the inhabitants of
Benguet, or that it meant by "property" only that which had become such by ceremonies of which
presumably a large part of the inhabitants never had heard, and that it proposed to treat as public land
what they, by native custom and by long association -- one of the profoundest factors in human thought
-- regarded as their own.
It is true that, by 14, the government of the Philippines is empowered to enact rules and prescribe
terms for perfecting titles to public lands where some, but not all, Spanish conditions had been fulfilled,
and to issue patents to natives for not more than sixteen hectares of public lands actually occupied by
the native or his ancestors before August 13, 1898. But this section perhaps might be satisfied if
confined to cases where the occupation was of land admitted to be public land, and had not continued
for such a length of time and under such circumstances as to give rise to the understanding that the
occupants were owners at that date. We hesitate to suppose that it was intended to declare every
native who had not a paper title a trespasser, and to set the claims of all the wilder tribes afloat. It is true
again that there is excepted from the provision that we have quoted as to the administration of the
property and rights acquired by the United States such land and property as shall be designated by the
President for military or other reservations,
Page 212 U. S. 460
as this land since has been. But there still remains the question what property and rights the United
States asserted itself to have acquired.
Whatever the law upon these points may be, and we mean to go no further than the necessities of
decision demand, every presumption is and ought to be against the government in a case like the
present. It might, perhaps, be proper and sufficient to say that when, as far back as testimony or
memory goes, the land has been held by individuals under a claim of private ownership, it will be
presumed to have been held in the same way from before the Spanish conquest, and never to have
been public land. Certainly, in a case like this, if there is doubt or ambiguity in the Spanish law, we
ought to give the applicant the benefit of the doubt. Whether justice to the natives and the import of the
organic act ought not to carry us beyond a subtle examination of ancient texts, or perhaps even beyond
the attitude of Spanish law, humane though it was, it is unnecessary to decide. If, in a tacit way, it was
assumed that the wild tribes of the Philippines were to be dealt with as the power and inclination of the
conqueror might dictate, Congress has not yet sanctioned the same course as the proper one "for the
benefit of the inhabitants thereof."
If the applicant's case is to be tried by the law of Spain, we do not discover such clear proof that it was
bad by that law as to satisfy us that he does not own the land. To begin with, the older decrees and
laws cited by the counsel for the plaintiff in error seem to indicate pretty clearly that the natives were
recognized as owning some lands, irrespective of any royal grant. In other words, Spain did not assume
to convert all the native inhabitants of the Philippines into trespassers, or even into tenants at will. For
instance, Book 4, Title 12, Law 14 of the Recopilacion de Leyes de las Indias, cited for a contrary
conclusion in Valenton v. Murciano, 3 Phil. 537, while it commands viceroys and others, when it seems
proper, to call for the exhibition of grants, directs them to confirm those who hold by good grants or justa
prescripcion. It is true that it
Page 212 U. S. 461
begins by the characteristic assertion of feudal overlordship and the origin of all titles in the King or his
predecessors. That was theory and discourse. The fact was that titles were admitted to exist that owed
nothing to the powers of Spain beyond this recognition in their books.
Prescription is mentioned again in the royal cedula of October 15, 1754, cited in 3 Phil. 546:
"Where such possessors shall not be able to produce title deeds, it shall be sufficient if they shall show
that ancient possession, as a valid title by prescription."
It may be that this means possession from before 1700; but, at all events, the principle is admitted. As
prescription, even against Crown lands, was recognized by the laws of Spain, we see no sufficient
reason for hesitating to admit that it was recognized in the Philippines in regard to lands over which
Spain had only a paper sovereignty.
The question comes, however, on the decree of June 25, 1880, for the adjustment of royal lands
wrongfully occupied by private individuals in the Philippine Islands. This begins with the usual theoretic
assertion that, for private ownership, there must have been a grant by competent authority; but instantly
descends to fact by providing that, for all legal effects, those who have been in possession for certain
times shall be deemed owners. For cultivated land, twenty years, uninterrupted, is enough. For
uncultivated, thirty. Art. 5. So that, when this decree went into effect, the applicant's father was owner of
the land by the very terms of the decree. But, it is said, the object of this law was to require the
adjustment or registration proceedings that it described, and in that way to require everyone to get a
document of title or lose his land. That purpose may have been entertained, but it does not appear
clearly to have been applicable to all. The regulations purport to have been made "for the adjustment of
royal lands wrongfully occupied by private individuals." (We follow the translation in the government's
brief.) It does not appear that this land ever was royal land or wrongfully occupied. In Article 6, it is
provided that
"interested parties not included within the two preceding
Page 212 U. S. 462
articles [the articles recognizing prescription of twenty and thirty years] may legalize their possession,
and thereby acquire the full ownership of the said lands, by means of adjustment proceedings, to be
conducted in the following manner."
This seems, by its very terms, not to apply to those declared already to be owners by lapse of time.
Article 8 provides for the case of parties not asking an adjustment of the lands of which they are
unlawfully enjoying the possession, within one year, and threatens that the treasury "will reassert the
ownership of the state over the lands," and will sell at auction such part as it does not reserve. The
applicant's possession was not unlawful, and no attempt at any such proceedings against him or his
father ever was made. Finally, it should be noted that the natural construction of the decree is confirmed
by the report of the council of state. That report puts forward as a reason for the regulations that, in view
of the condition of almost all property in the Philippines, it is important to fix its status by general rules
on the principle that the lapse of a fixed period legalizes completely all possession, recommends in two
articles twenty and thirty years, as adopted in the decree, and then suggests that interested parties not
included in those articles may legalize their possession and acquire ownership by adjustment at a
certain price.
It is true that the language of Articles 4 and 5 attributes title to those "who may prove" possession for
the necessary time, and we do not overlook the argument that this means may prove in registration
proceedings. It may be that an English conveyancer would have recommended an application under the
foregoing decree, but certainly it was not calculated to convey to the mind of an Igorot chief the notion
that ancient family possessions were in danger, if he had read every word of it. The words "may prove"
(acrediten), as well, or better, in view of the other provisions, might be taken to mean when called upon
to do so in any litigation. There are indications that registration was expected from all, but none
sufficient to show that, for want of it, ownership actually gained would be lost.
Page 212 U. S. 463
The effect of the proof, wherever made, was not to confer title, but simply to establish it, as already
conferred by the decree, if not by earlier law. The royal decree of February 13, 1894, declaring forfeited
titles that were capable of adjustment under the decree of 1880, for which adjustment had not been
sought, should not be construed as a confiscation, but as the withdrawal of a privilege. As a matter of
fact, the applicant never was disturbed. This same decree is quoted by the Court of Land Registration
for another recognition of the common law prescription of thirty years as still running against alienable
Crown land.
It will be perceived that the rights of the applicant under the Spanish law present a problem not without
difficulties for courts of a different legal tradition. We have deemed it proper on that account to notice
the possible effect of the change of sovereignty and the act of Congress establishing the fundamental
principles now to be observed. Upon a consideration of the whole case, we are of opinion that law and
justice require that the applicant should be granted what he seeks, and should not be deprived of what,
by the practice and belief of those among whom he lived, was his property, through a refined
interpretation of an almost forgotten law of Spain.
Judgment reversed.

Official Supreme Court caselaw is only found in the print version of the United States Reports. Justia
caselaw is provided for general informational purposes only, and may not reflect current legal
developments, verdicts or settlements. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy,
completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or information linked to from this
site. Please check official sources.

6. MANUELA GREY ALBA, ET AL., petitioners-appellants,
vs.
ANACLETO R. DE LA CRUZ, objector-appellee.
Ramon Salinas, for appellants.
Aniceto G. Reyes, for appellee.
TRENT, J .:
These petitioners, Manuela, Jose, Juan, and Francisco, surnamed Grey y Alba, are the only heirs of
Doa Segunda Alba Clemente and Honorato Grey, deceased. Remedios Grey y Alba, a sister of the
petitioners, was married on the 21st day of March, 1903, to Vicente Reyes and died on the 13th of July,
1905, without leaving any heirs except her husband. The four petitioners, as coowners, sought to have
registered the following-described property:
A parcel of land situated in the barrio of Talampas, municipality of Baliuag, Province of
Bulacan, upon which are situated three houses and one camarin of light material, having a
superficial area of 52 hectares, 51 ares, and 22 centares; bounded on the north by the
highway (calzada) of Talampas and the lands of Rita Ruiz Mateo; on the east by the lands of
the said Rita Ruiz Mateo, Hermenegildo Prado, Policarpo de Jesus, and a stream called
Sapang Buslut; on the south by the same stream and the lands of the capellania; and on the
west by the stream called Sapang Buslut, and the lands of Vicente de la Cruz, Jose Camacho
and Domingo Ruiz Mateo.
This parcel of agricultural land is used for the raising of rice and sugar cane and is assessed at $1,000
United States currency. The petition, which was filed on the 18th of December, 1906, was accompanied
by a plan and technical description of the above-described parcel of land.
After hearing the proofs presented, the court entered, on the 12th of February, 1908, a decree in
accordance with the provisions of paragraph 6 of section 54 of Act No. 926, directing that the land
described in the petitioner be registered in the names of the four petitioners, as coowners, subject to the
usufructuary right of Vicente Reyes, widower of Remedios Grey.
On the 16th of June, 1908, Anacleto Ratilla de la Cruz filed a motion in the Court of Land Registration
asking for a revision of the case, including the decision, upon the ground that he is the absolute owner
of the two parcels of land which are described in said motion, and which, according to his allegations,
are included in the lands decreed to the petitioners. He alleged that the decree of February 12, 1908,
was obtained maliciously and fraudulently by the petitioners, thereby depriving him of said two parcels
of land. He further alleged that he was the absolute owner of the two parcels of land, having inherited
them from his father, Baldomero R. de la Cruz, who had a state grant for the same. He therefore asked,
under the provisions of section 38 of the Land Registration Act (No. 496), a revision of the case, and
that the said decree be modified so as to exclude the two parcels of land described in said motion. The
Land Court upon this motion reopened the case, and after hearing the additional evidence presented by
both parties, rendered, on the 23rd of November, 1908, its decision modifying the former decree by
excluding from the same the two parcels of land claimed by Anacleto Ratilla de la Cruz. From this
decision and judgment the petitioners appealed and now insist, first, that the trial court erred in
reopening the case and modifying its decree dated the 12th of February, 1908, for the reason that said
decree was not obtained by means of fraud; and, second, that the court erred in holding that the two
parcels of land described in the appellee's motion are not their property.
It was agreed by counsel that the two small parcels now in dispute forma part of the land described in
the petition and were included in the decree of February 12, 1908, and that the petitioners are the
owners of the remainder of the land described in the said decree.
The petitioners inherited this land from their parents, who acquired the same, including the two small
parcels in question, by purchase, as is evidenced by a public document dated the 26th of November,
1864, duly executed before Francisco Iriarte, alcalde mayor and judge of the Court of First Instance of
the Province of Bulacan.
Baldomero R. de la Cruz, father of the appellee, obtained in march, 1895, a state grant for several
parcels of land, including the two parcels in question. This grant was duly inscribed in the old register of
property in Bulacan on the 6th of April of the same year.
It is admitted that at the time the appellants presented their petition in this case the appellee was
occupying the two parcels of land now in question. It is also admitted that the name of the appellee
does not appear in the said petition as an occupant of the said two parcels. The petitioners insist that
the appellee was occupying these parcels as their tenant and for this reason they did not include his
name in their petition, as an occupant, while the appellee contends that he was occupying the said
parcels as the absolute owner under the estate grant by inheritance.
The court below held that the failure on the part of the petitioners to include the name of the appellee in
their petition, as an occupant of these two parcels of land, was a violation of section 21 of Act No. 496,
and that this constituted fraud within the meaning of section 38 of said Land Registration Act. The trial
court further held that the grant from the estate should prevail over the public document of purchase of
1864.
The mother of the petitioners died on November 15, 1881; their father died prior to that time. Manuela,
the oldest of the petitioners, was about six years of age when their mother died. So these children were
minors when the father of the appellee obtained the estate grant.
On the 13th of June, 1882, Jose Grey, uncle and representative of the petitioners, who were then
minors, rented the land owned by the petitioners' deceased parents to one Irineo Jose for a period of
three years. On the 23d of March, 1895, the said Jose Grey, as the representative of the petitioners,
rented the same land for a period of six years to Baldomero R. de la Cruz, father of the appellee. This
rental contract was duly executed in writing. This land was cultivated during these six years by
Baldomero R. de la Cruz and his children, one of whom is the appellee. On the 14th of December,
1905, Jose Grey, for himself and the other petitioners, rented the same land to Estanislao R. de la Cruz
for a period of two years. Estanislao de la Cruz on entering into this rental contract with Jose Grey did
so for himself and his brothers, one of whom is the appellee. While the appellee admits that his father
and brother entered into these rental contracts and did, in fact, cultivate the petitioners' land,
nevertheless he insists that the two small parcels in question were not included in these contracts. In
the rental contract between the uncle of the petitioners and he father of the appellee the land is not
described. In the rental contract between Jose Grey, one of the petitioners, and Estanislao R. de la
Cruz, brother of the appellee, the two small parcels of land in question are included, according to the
description given therein. This was found to be true by the court below, but the said court held that as
this contract was made by Estanislao R. de la Cruz it was not binding upon Anacleto R. de la Cruz, the
appellee.
The two small parcels of land in question were purchased by the parents of the petitioners in 1864, as is
evidenced by the public document of purchase and sale of that year. The same two parcels of land are
included in the state grant issued in favor of Baldomero Ratilla de la Cruz in 1895. This grant was
obtained after the death of the petitioners' parents and while they were minors. So it is clear that the
petitioners honestly believed that the appellee was occupying the said parcels as their lessee at the
time they presented their application for registration. They did not act in bad faith, nor with any
fraudulent intent, when they omitted to include in their application the name of the appellee as one of
the occupants of the land. They believed that it was not necessary nor required that they include in their
application the names of their tenants. Under these circumstances, did the court below commit an error
in reopening this case in June, 1908, after its decree had been entered in February of the same year?
The application for the registration is to be in writing, signed and sworn to by the applicant, or by some
person duly authorized in his behalf. It is to contain an accurate description of the land. It shall contain
the name in full and the address of the applicant, and also the names and addresses of all occupants of
land and of all adjoining owners, if known; and, if not known, it shall state what search has been made
to find them. In the form of notice given by statute, which shall be sworn to, the applicant is required to
state and set forth clearly all mortgages or encumbrances affecting said land, if any, the rights and
interests, legal or equitable, in the possession, remainder, reversion, or expectancy of all persons, with
their names in full, together with their place of residence and post office addresses. Upon receipt of the
application the clerk shall cause notice of the filling to be published twice in the Official Gazette. This
published notice shall be directed to all persons appearing to have an interest in the land sought to be
registered and to the adjoining owners, and also "to all whom it may concern." In addition to the notice
in the Official Gazette the Land Court shall, within seven days after said publication, cause a copy of the
notice, in Spanish, to be mailed by the clerk to every person named in the application whose address is
known; to cause a duly attested copy of the notice, in Spanish, to be posted in a conspicuous place on
every parcel of land included in the application, and in a conspicuous place on the chief municipal
building of the town in which the land is situated. The court may also cause other or further notice of the
application to be given in such manner and to such persons as it may deem proper. The certificate of
the clerk that he has served the notice as directed by the court by publication or mailing shall be
conclusive proof of such service. Within the time allowed in the notices, if no person appears and
answers, the court may at once, upon motion of the applicant, no reason to the contrary appearing,
order a general default. By the description in the published notice "to all whom it may concern," and by
express provisions of law "all the word are made parties defendant and shall be concluded by the
default an order." If the court, after hearing, finds that the applicant has title, as stated in his application,
a decree or registration shall be entered.
Every decree of registration shall bind the land and quiet title thereto, subject only to the
exceptions stated in the following section. It shall be conclusive upon and against all persons,
including the Insular Government, and all the branches thereof, whether mentioned by name in
the application, notice, or citation, or included in the general description "to all whom it may
concern." Such decree shall not be opened by reason of the absence, infancy, or other
disability of any person affected thereby, nor by any proceedings in any court for reversing
judgments or decrees; subject, however, to the right of any person deprived of land or of any
estate or interest therein by decree of registration obtained by fraud to file in the Court of Land
Registration a petition for review within one year. . . . (Sec. 38 of Act No. 496.)
The appellee is not included in any of the exceptions named in section 38 referred to above.
It will be seen that the applicant is required to mention not only the outstanding interest which he admits
but also all claims of interest, though denied by him. By express provision of law the world are made
parties defendant by the description in the notice "to all whom it may concern."
Although the appellee, occupying the two small parcels of land in question under the circumstances as
we have set forth, was not served with notice, he was made a party defendant by publication; and the
entering of a decree on the 12th of February, 1908, must be held to be conclusive against all persons,
including the appellee, whether his (appellee's) name is mentioned in the application, notice, or citation.
The said decree of February 12, 1908, should not have been opened on account of the absence,
infancy, or other disability of any person affected thereby, and could have been opened only on the
ground that the said decree had been obtained by fraud. That decree was not obtained by fraud on the
part of the applicants, inasmuch as they honestly believed that the appellee was occupying these two
small parcels of land as their tenant. One of the petitioner went upon the premises with the surveyor
when the original plan was made.
Proof of constructive fraud is not sufficient to authorize the Court of Land Registration to reopen a case
and modify its decree. Specific, intentional acts to deceive and deprive anther of his right, or in some
manner injure him, must be alleged and proved; that is, there must be actual or positive fraud as
distinguished from constructive fraud.
The question as to the meaning of the word "fraud" in the Australian statutes has been frequently
raised. Two distinctions have been noted by the Australian courts; the first is the distinction between the
meaning of the word "fraud" in the sections relating to the conclusive effect of certificates of title, and its
meaning in the sections relating to the protection of bona fide purchasers from registered proprietors.
The second is the distinction between "legal," "equitable," or "constructive" fraud, and "actual" or "moral"
fraud. In none of the groups of the sections of the Australian statutes relating to the conclusive effect of
certificates of title, and in which fraud is referred to, is there any express indication of the meaning of
"fraud," with the sole exception of that of the South Australian group. (Hogg on Australian Torrens
System, p. 834.)
With regard to decisions on the sections relating to the conclusive effect of certificates of title, it
has been held in some cases that the "fraud" there mentioned means actual or moral fraud,
not merely constructive or legal fraud. In other cases "fraud" has been said to include
constructive, legal, and every kind of fraud. In other cases, against, knowledge of other
persons' right, and the deliberate acquisition of registered title in the face of such knowledge,
has been held to be "fraud" which rendered voidable the certificates of title so obtained; and
voluntary ignorance is, for this purpose, the same as knowledge. But in none of these three
classes of cases was there absent the element of intention to deprive another of just rights,
which constitutes the essential characteristics of actual as distinguished from legal-fraud.
(Id., p. 835, and cases cited in notes Nos. 85, 86, 87, 88, and 89 at bottom of pages 835 and
836.)
By "fraud" is meant actual fraud-dishonesty of some sort. (Judgment of Privy Council in Assets Co. vs.
Mere Roihi, and Assets Co. vs. Panapa Waihopi, decided in March, 1905, cited by Hogg in his
Supplementary Addendum to his work on Australian Torrens System, supra.) The same meaning
should be given to the word "fraud" used in section 38 of our statutes (Act No. 496).
The question as to whether any particular transaction shows fraud, within the meaning of the word as
used in our statutes, will in each case be a question of fact. We will not attempt to say what acts would
constitutes this kind of fraud in other cases. This must be determined from the fact an circumstances in
each particular case. The only question we are called upon to determine, and have determined, is
whether or not, under the facts and circumstances in this case, the petitioners did obtain the decree of
February 12, 1908, by means of fraud.
It might be urged that the appellee has been deprived of his property without due process of law, in
violation of section 5 of the Act of Congress of July 1, 1902, known as the Philippine Bill," which
provides "that no law shall be enacted in the said Islands which shall deprive any person of life, liberty,
or property without due process of law."
The Land Registration Act requires that all occupants be named in the petition and given notice by
registered mail. This did not do the appellee any good, as he was not notified; but he was made a party
defendant, as we have said, by means of the publication "to all whom it may concern." If this section of
the Act is to be upheld this must be declared to be due process of law.
Before examining the validity of this part of the Act it might be well to note the history and purpose of
what is known as the "Torrens Land Registration System." This system was introduced in South
Australia by Sir Robert Torrens in 1857 and was there worked out in its practicable form.
The main principle of registration is to make registered titles indefeasible. As we have said, upon the
presentation in the Court of Land Registration of an application for the registration of the title to lands,
under this system, the theory of the law is that all occupants, adjoining owners, adverse claimants, and
other interested persons are notified of the proceedings, and have have a right to appear in opposition
to such application. In other words, the proceeding is against the whole word. This system was
evidently considered by the Legislature to be a public project when it passed Act No. 496. The interest
of the community at large was considered to be preferred to that of private individuals.
At the close of this nineteenth century, all civilized nations are coming to registration of title to
land, because immovable property is becoming more and more a matter of commercial
dealing, and there can be no trade without security. (Dumas's Lectures, p. 23.)
The registered proprietor will no longer have reasons to fear that he may evicted because his
vendor had, unknown to him, already sold the and to a third person. . . The registered
proprietor may feel himself protected against any defect in his vendor's title. (Id., p. 21.)
The following summary of benefits of the system of registration of titles, made by Sir Robert
Torrens, has been fully justified in its use:
First. It has substituted security for insecurity.
Second. It has reduced the costs of conveyances from pounds to shillings, and the time
occupied from months to days.
Third. It has exchanged brevity and clearness for obscurity and verbiage.
Fourth. It has so simplified ordinary dealings that he who has mastered the "three R's" can
transact his own conveyancing.
Fifth. It affords protection against fraud.
Sixth. It has restored to their just value many estates held under good holding titles, but
depreciated in consequence of some blur or technical defect, and has barred the reoccurrence
of any similar faults. (Sheldon on Land Registration, pp. 75, 76.)
The boldest effort to grapple with the problem of simplification of title to land was made by Mr.
(afterwards Sir Robert) Torrens, a layman, in South Australia in 1857. . . . In the Torrens
system title by registrationtakes the place of "title by deeds" of the system under the "general"
law. A sale of land, for example, is effected by a registered transfer, upon which a certificate of
title is issued. The certificate is guaranteed by statute, and, with certain exceptions, constitutes
indefeasible title to the land mentioned therein. Under the old system the same sale would be
effected by a conveyance, depending for its validity, apart from intrinsic flaws, on the
correctness of a long series of prior deeds, wills, etc. . . . The object of the Torrens system,
them, is to do away with the delay, uncertainty, and expense of the old conveyancing system.
(Duffy & Eagleson on The Transfer of Land Act, 1890, pp. 2, 3, 5, 7.)
By "Torrens" system generally are meant those systems of registration of transactions with
interest in land whose declared object . . . is, under governmental authority, to establish and
certify to the ownership of an absolute and indefeasible title to realty, and to simplify its
transfer. (Hogg on Australian Torrens system,supra, pp. 1, 2.)
Compensation for errors from assurance funds is provided in all countries in which the Torrens system
has been enacted. Cases of error no doubt will always occur. The percentage of errors, as compared
with the number of registered dealings in Australia, is very small. In New South Wales there were, in
1889, 209, 894 registered dealings, the average risk of error being only 2 cents for each dealing. In
Queensland the risk of error was only 1 cents, the number of registered dealings being 233,309. In
Tasmania and in Western Australia not a cent was paid for compensation for errors during the whole
time of operation, (Dumas's Lectures, supra, p. 96.) This system has been adopted in various countries
of the civilized world, including some of the States of the American Union, and practical experience has
demonstrated that it has been successful as a public project.
The validity of some of the provisions of the statutes adopting the Torrens system has been the subject
of judicial decision in the courts of the United States. (People vs. Chase, 165 Ill., 527; State vs. Guilbert,
56 Ohio St., 575; People vs. Simon, 176 Ill., 165; Tyler vs. Judges, 175 Mass., 71.)
Act No. 496 of the Philippine Commission, known as the "Land Registration Act," was copied
substantially from the Massachussetts law of 1898.
The Illinois and Massachusetts statutes were upheld by the supreme courts of those States.
It is not enough to show a procedure to be unconstitutional to say that we never heard of it
before. (Tyler vs. Judges, supra; Hurtado vs. California, 110 U. S., 516.)
Looked at either from the point of view of history or of the necessary requirements of justice, a
proceedingin rem dealing with a tangible res may be instituted and carried to judgment without
personal service upon claimants within the State or notice by name to those outside of it, and
not encounter any provision of either constitution. Jurisdiction is secured by the power of the
court over the res. As we have said, such a proceeding would be impossible, were this not so,
for it hardly would do to make a distinction between the constitutional rights of claimants who
were known and those who were not known to the plaintiff, when the proceeding is to bar all.
(Tyler vs. Judges, supra.)
This same doctrine is annunciated in Pennoyer vs. Neff (95 U. S., 714); The Mary (9 Cranch, 126);
Mankin vs. Chandler (2 Brock., 125); Brown vs. Levee Commission (50 Miss., 468); 2 Freeman,
Judgments, 4th ed., secs. 606, 611.
If the technical object of the suit is to establish a claim against some particular person, with a
judgment which generally, in theory at least, binds his body, or to bar some individual claim or
objection, so that only certain persons are entitled to be heard in defense, the action is in
personam, although it may concern the right to or possession of a tangible thing. If, on the
other hand, the object is to bar indifferently all who might be minded to make an objection of
any sort against the right sought to be established, and if anyone in the world has a right to be
heard on the strenght of alleging facts which, if true, show an inconsistent interest, the
proceeding is in rem. (Tyler vs. Judges, supra.)
In the case of Hamilton vs. Brown (161 U. S., 256) a judgment of escheat was held conclusive upon
persons notified by advertisement to all persons interested. In this jurisdiction, by the provisions of the
Code of Civil Procedure, Act No. 190, a decree allowing or disallowing a will binds everybody, although
the only notice of the proceedings given is by general notice to all persons interested.
The supreme court Massachusetts, in the case of Tyler vs. Judges (supra), did not rest its judgment as
to the conclusive effect of the decree upon the ground that the State has absolute power to determine
the persons to whom a man's property shall go at his death, but upon the characteristics of a
proceeding in rem. So we conclude that the proceedings had in the case at bar, under all the facts and
circumstances, especially the absolute lack on the part of the petitioners of any dishonest intent to
deprive the appellee of any right, or in any way injure him, constitute due process of law.
As to whether or not the appellee can succesfully maintain an action under the provisions of sections
101 and 102 of the Land Registration Act (secs. 2365, 2366, Compilation) we do not decide.
For these reasons we are of the opinion, and so hold, that the judgment appealed from should be, and
the same is hereby reversed and judgment entered in favor of the petitioners in conformity with the
decree of the lower court of February 12, 1908, without special ruling as to costs. It is so ordered.
Arellano, C.J., Torres, Johnson and Moreland, JJ., concur.
7. CONSUELO LEGARDA, with her husband MAURO PRIETO, plaintiffs-appellants,
vs.
N.M. SALEEBY, defendant-appellee.
Singson, Ledesma and Lim for appellants.
D.R. Williams for appellee.
JOHNSON, J .:
From the record the following facts appear:
First. That the plaintiffs and the defendant occupy, as owners, adjoining lots in the district of Ermita in
the city of Manila.
Second. That there exists and has existed a number of years a stone wall between the said lots. Said
wall is located on the lot of the plaintiffs.
Third. That the plaintiffs, on the 2d day of March, 1906, presented a petition in the Court of Land
Registration for the registration of their lot. After a consideration of said petition the court, on the 25th
day of October, 1906, decreed that the title of the plaintiffs should be registered and issued to them the
original certificate provided for under the torrens system. Said registration and certificate included the
wall.
Fourth. Later the predecessor of the defendant presented a petition in the Court of Land Registration for
the registration of the lot now occupied by him. On the 25th day of March, 1912, the court decreed the
registration of said title and issued the original certificate provided for under the torrens system. The
description of the lot given in the petition of the defendant also included said wall.
Fifth. Several months later (the 13th day of December, 1912) the plaintiffs discovered that the wall
which had been included in the certificate granted to them had also been included in the certificate
granted to the defendant .They immediately presented a petition in the Court of Land Registration for an
adjustment and correction of the error committed by including said wall in the registered title of each of
said parties. The lower court however, without notice to the defendant, denied said petition upon the
theory that, during the pendency of the petition for the registration of the defendant's land, they failed to
make any objection to the registration of said lot, including the wall, in the name of the defendant.
Sixth. That the land occupied by t he wall is registered in the name of each of the owners of the
adjoining lots. The wall is not a joint wall.
Under these facts, who is the owner of the wall and the land occupied by it?
The decision of the lower court is based upon the theory that the action for the registration of the lot of
the defendant was a judicial proceeding and that the judgment or decree was binding upon all parties
who did not appear and oppose it. In other words, by reason of the fact that the plaintiffs had not
opposed the registration of that part of the lot on which the wall was situate they had lost it, even though
it had been theretofore registered in their name. Granting that theory to be correct one, and granting
even that the wall and the land occupied by it, in fact, belonged to the defendant and his predecessors,
then the same theory should be applied to the defendant himself. Applying that theory to him, he had
already lost whatever right he had therein, by permitting the plaintiffs to have the same registered in
their name, more than six years before. Having thus lost hid right, may he be permitted to regain it by
simply including it in a petition for registration? The plaintiffs having secured the registration of their lot,
including the wall, were they obliged to constantly be on the alert and to watch all the proceedings in the
land court to see that some one else was not having all, or a portion of the same, registered? If that
question is to be answered in the affirmative, then the whole scheme and purpose of the torrens system
of land registration must fail. The real purpose of that system is to quiet title to land; to put a stop forever
to any question of the legality of the title, except claims which were noted at the time of registration, in
the certificate, or which may arise subsequent thereto. That being the purpose of the law, it would seem
that once a title is registered the owner may rest secure, without the necessity of waiting in the portals
of the court, or sitting in the "mirador de su casa," to avoid the possibility of losing his land. Of course, it
can not be denied that the proceeding for the registration of land under the torrens system is judicial
(Escueta vs. .Director of Lands, 16 Phil. Rep., 482). It is clothed with all the forms of an action and the
result is final and binding upon all the world. It is an action in rem. (Escueta vs. Director of Lands
(supra); Grey Alba vs. De la Cruz, 17 Phil. rep., 49 Roxas vs. Enriquez, 29 Phil. Rep., 31;
Tyler vs. Judges, 175 Mass., 51 American Land Co. vs. Zeiss, 219 U.S., 47.)
While the proceeding is judicial, it involves more in its consequences than does an ordinary action. All
the world are parties, including the government. After the registration is complete and final and there
exists no fraud, there are no innocent third parties who may claim an interest. The rights of all the world
are foreclosed by the decree of registration. The government itself assumes the burden of giving notice
to all parties. To permit persons who are parties in the registration proceeding (and they are all the
world) to again litigate the same questions, and to again cast doubt upon the validity of the registered
title, would destroy the very purpose and intent of the law. The registration, under the torrens system,
does not give the owner any better title than he had. If he does not already have a perfect title, he can
not have it registered. Fee simple titles only may be registered. The certificate of registration
accumulates in open document a precise and correct statement of the exact status of the fee held by its
owner. The certificate, in the absence of fraud, is the evidence of title and shows exactly the real
interest of its owner. The title once registered, with very few exceptions, should not thereafter be
impugned, altered, changed, modified, enlarged, or diminished, except in some direct proceeding
permitted by law. Otherwise all security in registered titles would be lost. A registered title can not be
altered, modified, enlarged, or diminished in a collateralproceeding and not even by a direct proceeding,
after the lapse of the period prescribed by law.
For the difficulty involved in the present case the Act (No. 496) providing for the registration of titles
under the torrens system affords us no remedy. There is no provision in said Act giving the parties relief
under conditions like the present. There is nothing in the Act which indicates who should be the owner
of land which has been registered in the name of two different persons.
The rule, we think, is well settled that the decree ordering the registration of a particular parcel of land is
a bar to future litigation over the same between the same parties .In view of the fact that all the world
are parties, it must follow that future litigation over the title is forever barred; there can be no persons
who are not parties to the action. This, we think, is the rule, except as to rights which are noted in the
certificate or which arise subsequently, and with certain other exceptions which need not be dismissed
at present. A title once registered can not be defeated, even by an adverse, open, and notorious
possession. Registered title under the torrens system can not be defeated by prescription (section 46,
Act No. 496). The title, once registered, is notice to the world. All persons must take notice. No one can
plead ignorance of the registration.
The question, who is the owner of land registered in the name of two different persons, has been
presented to the courts in other jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, where the "torrens" system has been
adopted, the difficulty has been settled by express statutory provision. In others it has been settled by
the courts. Hogg, in his excellent discussion of the "Australian Torrens System," at page 823, says:
"The general rule is that in the case of two certificates of title, purporting to include the same land, the
earlier in date prevails, whether the land comprised in the latter certificate be wholly, or only in part,
comprised in the earlier certificate. (Oelkers vs. Merry, 2 Q.S.C.R., 193; Miller vs. Davy, 7 N.Z.R., 155;
Lloyd vs. Myfield, 7 A.L.T. (V.) 48; Stevens vs. Williams, 12 V.L. R., 152; Register of
Titles, vs. Esperance Land Co., 1 W.A.R., 118.)" Hogg adds however that, "if it can be very clearly
ascertained by the ordinary rules of construction relating to written documents, that the inclusion of the
land in the certificate of title of prior date is a mistake, the mistake may be rectified by holding the latter
of the two certificates of title to be conclusive." (See Hogg on the "Australian torrens
System," supra, and cases cited. See also the excellent work of Niblack in his "Analysis of the Torrens
System," page 99.) Niblack, in discussing the general question, said: "Where two certificates purport to
include the same land the earlier in date prevails. ... In successive registrations, where more than one
certificate is issued in respect of a particular estate or interest in land, the person claiming under the
prior certificates is entitled to the estate or interest; and that person is deemed to hold under the prior
certificate who is the holder of, or whose claim is derived directly or indirectly from the person who was
the holder of the earliest certificate issued in respect thereof. While the acts in this country do not
expressly cover the case of the issue of two certificates for the same land, they provide that a registered
owner shall hold the title, and the effect of this undoubtedly is that where two certificates purport to
include the same registered land, the holder of the earlier one continues to hold the title" (p. 237).
Section 38 of Act No. 496, provides that; "It (the decree of registration) shall be conclusive upon and
against all persons, including the Insular Government and all the branches thereof, whether mentioned
by name in the application, notice, or citation, or included in the general description "To all whom it may
concern." Such decree shall not be opened by reason of the absence, infancy, or other disability of any
person affected thereby, nor by any proceeding in any court for reversing judgments or decrees;
subject, however, to the right of any person deprived of land or of any estate or interest therein by
decree of registration obtained by fraud to file in the Court of Land Registration a petition for review
within one year after entry of the decree (of registration), provided no innocent purchaser for value has
acquired an interest.
It will be noted, from said section, that the "decree of registration" shall not be opened, for any reason,
in any court, except for fraud, and not even for fraud, after the lapse of one year. If then the decree of
registration can not be opened for any reason, except for fraud, in a direct proceeding for that purpose,
may such decree be opened or set aside in a collateral proceeding by including a portion of the land in
a subsequent certificate or decree of registration? We do not believe the law contemplated that a
person could be deprived of his registered title in that way.
We have in this jurisdiction a general statutory provision which governs the right of the ownership of
land when the same is registered in the ordinary registry in the name of two persons. Article 1473 of the
Civil Code provides, among other things, that when one piece of real property had been sold to two
different persons it shall belong to the person acquiring it, who first inscribes it in the registry. This rule,
of course, presupposes that each of the vendees or purchasers has acquired title to the land. The real
ownership in such a case depends upon priority of registration. While we do not now decide that the
general provisions of the Civil Code are applicable to the Land Registration Act, even though we see no
objection thereto, yet we think, in the absence of other express provisions, they should have a
persuasive influence in adopting a rule for governing the effect of a double registration under said Act.
Adopting the rule which we believe to be more in consonance with the purposes and the real intent of
the torrens system, we are of the opinion and so decree that in case land has been registered under the
Land Registration Act in the name of two different persons, the earlier in date shall prevail.
In reaching the above conclusion, we have not overlooked the forceful argument of the appellee. He
says, among other things; "When Prieto et al. were served with notice of the application of Teus (the
predecessor of the defendant) they became defendants in a proceeding wherein he, Teus, was seeking
to foreclose their right, and that of orders, to the parcel of land described in his application. Through
their failure to appear and contest his right thereto, and the subsequent entry of a default judgment
against them, they became irrevocably bound by the decree adjudicating such land to Teus. They had
their day in court and can not set up their own omission as ground for impugning the validity of a
judgment duly entered by a court of competent jurisdiction. To decide otherwise would be to hold that
lands with torrens titles are above the law and beyond the jurisdiction of the courts".
As was said above, the primary and fundamental purpose of the torrens system is to quiet title. If the
holder of a certificate cannot rest secure in this registered title then the purpose of the law is defeated. If
those dealing with registered land cannot rely upon the certificate, then nothing has been gained by the
registration and the expense incurred thereby has been in vain. If the holder may lose a strip of his
registered land by the method adopted in the present case, he may lose it all. Suppose within the six
years which elapsed after the plaintiff had secured their title, they had mortgaged or sold their right,
what would be the position or right of the mortgagee or vendee? That mistakes are bound to occur
cannot be denied, and sometimes the damage done thereby is irreparable. It is the duty of the courts to
adjust the rights of the parties under such circumstances so as to minimize such damages, taking into
consideration al of the conditions and the diligence of the respective parties to avoid them. In the
present case, the appellee was the first negligent (granting that he was the real owner, and if he was
not the real owner he can not complain) in not opposing the registration in the name of the appellants.
He was a party-defendant in an action for the registration of the lot in question, in the name of the
appellants, in 1906. "Through his failure to appear and to oppose such registration, and the subsequent
entry of a default judgment against him, he became irrevocably bound by the decree adjudicating such
land to the appellants. He had his day in court and should not be permitted to set up his own omissions
as the ground for impugning the validity of a judgment duly entered by a court of competent jurisdiction."
Granting that he was the owner of the land upon which the wall is located, his failure to oppose the
registration of the same in the name of the appellants, in the absence of fraud, forever closes his mouth
against impugning the validity of that judgment. There is no more reason why the doctrine invoked by
the appellee should be applied to the appellants than to him.
We have decided, in case of double registration under the Land Registration Act, that the owner of the
earliest certificate is the owner of the land. That is the rule between original parties. May this rule be
applied to successive vendees of the owners of such certificates? Suppose that one or the other of the
parties, before the error is discovered, transfers his original certificate to an "innocent purchaser." The
general rule is that the vendee of land has no greater right, title, or interest than his vendor; that he
acquires the right which his vendor had, only. Under that rule the vendee of the earlier certificate would
be the owner as against the vendee of the owner of the later certificate.
We find statutory provisions which, upon first reading, seem to cast some doubt upon the rule that the
vendee acquires the interest of the vendor only. Sections 38, 55, and 112 of Act No. 496 indicate that
the vendee may acquire rights and be protected against defenses which the vendor would not. Said
sections speak of available rights in favor of third parties which are cut off by virtue of the sale of the
land to an "innocent purchaser." That is to say, persons who had had a right or interest in land
wrongfully included in an original certificate would be unable to enforce such rights against an "innocent
purchaser," by virtue of the provisions of said sections. In the present case Teus had his land, including
the wall, registered in his name. He subsequently sold the same to the appellee. Is the appellee an
"innocent purchaser," as that phrase is used in said sections? May those who have been deprived of
their land by reason of a mistake in the original certificate in favor of Teus be deprived of their right to
the same, by virtue of the sale by him to the appellee? Suppose the appellants had sold their lot,
including the wall, to an "innocent purchaser," would such purchaser be included in the phrase
"innocent purchaser," as the same is used in said sections? Under these examples there would be two
innocent purchasers of the same land, is said sections are to be applied .Which of the two innocent
purchasers, if they are both to be regarded as innocent purchasers, should be protected under the
provisions of said sections? These questions indicate the difficulty with which we are met in giving
meaning and effect to the phrase "innocent purchaser," in said sections.
May the purchaser of land which has been included in a "second original certificate" ever be regarded
as an "innocent purchaser," as against the rights or interest of the owner of the first original certificate,
his heirs, assigns, or vendee? The first original certificate is recorded in the public registry. It is never
issued until it is recorded. The record notice to all the world. All persons are charged with the knowledge
of what it contains. All persons dealing with the land so recorded, or any portion of it, must be charged
with notice of whatever it contains. The purchaser is charged with notice of every fact shown by the
record and is presumed to know every fact which the record discloses .This rule is so well established
that it is scarcely necessary to cite authorities in its support (Northwestern National Bank vs. Freeman,
171 U.S., 620, 629; Delvin on Real Estate, sections 710, 710 [a]).
When a conveyance has been properly recorded such record is constructive notice of its contents and
all interests, legal and equitable, included therein. (Grandin vs. Anderson, 15 Ohio State, 286, 289;
Orvis vs. Newell, 17 Conn., 97; Buchanan vs. Intentional Bank, 78 Ill., 500; Youngs vs. Wilson, 27 N.Y.,
351; McCabe vs. Grey, 20 Cal., 509; Montefiore vs. Browne, 7 House of Lords Cases, 341.)
Under the rule of notice, it is presumed that the purchaser has examined every instrument of record
affecting the title. Such presumption is irrebutable. He is charged with notice of every fact shown by the
record and is presumed to know every fact which an examination of the record would have disclosed.
This presumption cannot be overcome by proof of innocence or good faith. Otherwise the very purpose
and object of the law requiring a record would be destroyed. Such presumption cannot be defeated by
proof of want of knowledge of what the record contains any more than one may be permitted to show
that he was ignorant of the provisions of the law. The rule that all persons must take notice of the facts
which the public record contains is a rule of law. The rule must be absolute. Any variation would lead to
endless confusion and useless litigation.
While there is no statutory provision in force here requiring that original deeds of conveyance of real
property be recorded, yet there is a rule requiring mortgages to be recorded. (Arts. 1875 and 606 of the
Civil Code.) The record of a mortgage is indispensable to its validity. (Art .1875.) In the face of that
statute would the courts allow a mortgage to be valid which had not been recorded, upon the plea of
ignorance of the statutory provision, when third parties were interested? May a purchaser of land,
subsequent to the recorded mortgage, plead ignorance of its existence, and by reason of such
ignorance have the land released from such lien? Could a purchaser of land, after the recorded
mortgage, be relieved from the mortgage lien by the plea that he was a bona fide purchaser? May there
be a bona fide purchaser of said land, bona fide in the sense that he had no knowledge of the existence
of the mortgage? We believe the rule that all persons must take notice of what the public record
contains in just as obligatory upon all persons as the rule that all men must know the law; that no one
can plead ignorance of the law. The fact that all men know the law is contrary to the presumption. The
conduct of men, at times, shows clearly that they do not know the law. The rule, however, is mandatory
and obligatory, notwithstanding. It would be just as logical to allow the defense of ignorance of the
existence and contents of a public record.
In view, therefore, of the foregoing rules of law, may the purchaser of land from the owner of the second
original certificate be an "innocent purchaser," when a part or all of such land had theretofore been
registered in the name of another, not the vendor? We are of the opinion that said sections 38, 55, and
112 should not be applied to such purchasers. We do not believe that the phrase "innocent purchaser
should be applied to such a purchaser. He cannot be regarded as an "innocent purchaser" because of
the facts contained in the record of the first original certificate. The rule should not be applied to the
purchaser of a parcel of land the vendor of which is not the owner of the original certificate, or his
successors. He, in nonsense, can be an "innocent purchaser" of the portion of the land included in
another earlier original certificate. The rule of notice of what the record contains precludes the idea of
innocence. By reason of the prior registry there cannot be an innocent purchaser of land included in a
prior original certificate and in a name other than that of the vendor, or his successors. In order to
minimize the difficulties we think this is the safe rule to establish. We believe the phrase "innocent
purchaser," used in said sections, should be limited only to cases where unregistered land has been
wrongfully included in a certificate under the torrens system. When land is once brought under the
torrens system, the record of the original certificate and all subsequent transfers thereof is notice to all
the world. That being the rule, could Teus even regarded as the holder in good fifth of that part of the
land included in his certificate of the appellants? We think not. Suppose, for example, that Teus had
never had his lot registered under the torrens system. Suppose he had sold his lot to the appellee and
had included in his deed of transfer the very strip of land now in question. Could his vendee be
regarded as an "innocent purchaser" of said strip? Would his vendee be an "innocent purchaser" of said
strip? Certainly not. The record of the original certificate of the appellants precludes the possibility. Has
the appellee gained any right by reason of the registration of the strip of land in the name of his vendor?
Applying the rule of notice resulting from the record of the title of the appellants, the question must be
answered in the negative. We are of the opinion that these rules are more in harmony with the purpose
of Act No. 496 than the rule contended for by the appellee. We believe that the purchaser from the
owner of the later certificate, and his successors, should be required to resort to his vendor for
damages, in case of a mistake like the present, rather than to molest the holder of the first certificate
who has been guilty of no negligence. The holder of the first original certificate and his successors
should be permitted to rest secure in their title, against one who had acquired rights in conflict therewith
and who had full and complete knowledge of their rights. The purchaser of land included in the second
original certificate, by reason of the facts contained in the public record and the knowledge with which
he is charged and by reason of his negligence, should suffer the loss, if any, resulting from such
purchase, rather than he who has obtained the first certificate and who was innocent of any act of
negligence.
The foregoing decision does not solve, nor pretend to solve, all the difficulties resulting from double
registration under the torrens system and the subsequent transfer of the land. Neither do we now
attempt to decide the effect of the former registration in the ordinary registry upon the registration under
the torrens system. We are inclined to the view, without deciding it, that the record under the torrens
system, supersede all other registries. If that view is correct then it will be sufficient, in dealing with land
registered and recorded alone. Once land is registered and recorded under the torrens system, that
record alone can be examined for the purpose of ascertaining the real status of the title to the land.
It would be seen to a just and equitable rule, when two persons have acquired equal rights in the same
thing, to hold that the one who acquired it first and who has complied with all the requirements of the
law should be protected.
In view of our conclusions, above stated, the judgment of the lower court should be and is hereby
revoked. The record is hereby returned to the court now having and exercising the jurisdiction
heretofore exercised by the land court, with direction to make such orders and decrees in the premises
as may correct the error heretofore made in including the land in the second original certificate issued in
favor of the predecessor of the appellee, as well as in all other duplicate certificates issued.
Without any findings as to costs, it is so ordered.
Arellano, C.J., Torrens, and Araullo, JJ., concur.
8. TRADERS ROYAL BANK, petitioner, vs. HON. COURT OF APPEALS, PATRIA, RUBY ANN,
MARGARITA, ROSARIO, CYNTHIA, LINDA JOY, all surnamed CAPAY and RAMON A.
GONZALES, respondents.
[G.R. No. 118862. September 24, 1999]

PATRIA, RUBY ANN, MARGARITA, ROSARIO, CYNTHIA, LINDA JOY, all surnamed CAPAY, and
RAMON A. GONZALES, petitioners, vs. SPS. HONORATO D. SANTOS and MARIA CRISTINA S.
SANTOS, SPS. CECILIO L. PE and JOSEFINA L. PE, FLORA LARON WESCOMBE, SPS.
TELESFORO P. ALFELOR II and LIZA R. ALFELOR, SPS. DEAN RODERICK FERNANDO and
LAARNI MAGDAMO FERNANDO, REMEDIOS OCA, DEVELOPMENT BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES
and TRADERS ROYAL BANK, respondents.
D E C I S I O N
KAPUNAN, J .:
The present controversy has its roots in a mortgage executed by the spouses Maximo and Patria
Capay in favor of Traders Royal Bank (TRB) pursuant to a loan extended by the latter to the
former. The mortgage covered several properties, including a parcel of land, the subject of the present
dispute.
[1]
The loan became due on January 8, 1964 and the same having remained unpaid, TRB
instituted extra-judicial foreclosure proceedings upon the mortgaged property.
To prevent the propertys sale by public auction, the Capays, on September 22, 1966, filed a
petition for prohibition with preliminary injunction (Civil Case No. Q-10453) before the Court of First
Instance (CFI) of Rizal, alleging that the mortgage was void since they did not receive the proceeds of
the loan. The trial court initially granted the Capays' prayer for preliminary injunction.
On March 17, 1967, the Capays caused to be filed in the Register of Deeds of Baguio City a notice
of lis pendens over the disputed property. Said notice was entered in the Day Book, as well as in the
Capays certificate of title.
Subsequently, the injunction issued by the trial court was lifted thus allowing the foreclosure sale
to proceed. Foreclosure proceedings were initiated and on October 17, 1968, the property was sold to
TRB which was the highest bidder at the auction sale. A sheriff certificate of sale was issued in its
name on the same day. On February 25, 1970, the property was consolidated in the name of TRB, the
sole bidder in the sale. TCT No. T-6595 in the name of the Capay spouses was then cancelled and a
new one, TCT No. T-16272,
[2]
was entered in the banks name. The notice of lis pendens, however,
was not carried over in the certificate of title issued in the name of TRB.
Thereafter, the Capays filed with the CFI a supplemental complaint praying for the recovery of the
property with damages and attorneys fees. Trial in Civil Case No. Q-10453 proceeded and, on October
3, 1977, the CFI rendered its decision declaring the mortgage void for want of consideration. The CFI
ordered, among other things, the cancellation of TCT No. T-16272 in the name of TRB and the issuance
of new certificates of title in the name of the Capay spouses.
TRB appealed to the Court of Appeals. While the case was pending in the Court of Appeals, TRB
on March 17, 1982 sold the land to Emelita Santiago in whose name a new certificate of title, TCT No.
33774,
[3]
was issued, also, without any notice of lis pendens annotated thereon. Santiago in turn divided
the land into six (6) lots and sold these to Marcial Alcantara, Armando Cruz and Artemio Sanchez, who
became co-owners thereof.
[4]
Alcantara and his co-owners developed the property and thereafter sold
the six (6) lots to separate buyers who were issued separate titles, again, bearing no notice of lis
pendens.
[5]

On July 30, 1982, the Court of Appeals rendered its decision modifying the decision of the trial
court as to the award of damages but affirming the same in all other respects.
For having been filed out of time and for lack of merit, the petition for certiorari filed by TRB before
this Court
[6]
was denied in a Resolution dated September 12,1983. TRBs motion for reconsideration
was similarly denied in a Resolution dated October 12, 1983. The Courts September 12, 1983
Resolution having become final and executory on November 9, 1983, the trial court issued a writ of
execution directing the Register of Deeds of Baguio City to cancel TCT No. T-16272 in the name of
TRB, and to issue a new one in the name of the Capay spouses.
Said writ, however, could not be implemented because of the successive subsequent transfers of
the subdivided property to buyers who obtained separate titles thereto. Thus, a complaint for recovery
of possession/ownership dated 8 June 1985 was filed before the Quezon City Regional Trial Court
against TRB and the subsequent transferees of the property, the respondents in G.R. No. 118862
(hereinafter, the non-bank respondents). Plaintiffs in said case were Patria Capay, her children by
Maximo
[7]
who succeeded him upon his death on August 25, 1976, and Ramon Gonzales, counsel of
the spouses in Civil Case No. Q-10453 who became co-owner of the property to the extent of 35%
thereof as his attorneys fees (collectively, the Capays). On March 27, 1991, the trial court rendered
its decision, the dispositive portion of which states:
WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiffs against the defendants and
ordering the Register of Deeds for Baguio to cancel TCT No. T-36177, Books 198, Page 177 in the
names of defendants Spouses Honorato D. Santos and Maria Cristina Santos; to cancel TCT No.
36707, Book 201, Page 107 in the names of defendant Spouses Cecilio Pe and Josefina L. Pe; to
cancel TCT No. T-36051, Book 198, Page 51 in the name of Flora Laron Wescombe, married to Kevin
Lind Wescombe (now deceased); to cancel TCT No. T-36147, Book 198, page 147 in the names of
Spouses Telesforo P. Alfelor II and Liza R. Alfelor; to cancel TCT No. T-36730, Book 201, Page 130 in
the names of Spouses Dean Roderick Fernando and Laarni Magdamo Fernando; to cancel TCT No.
37437, Book 205, Page 37 in the name of Remedios Oca, and issue new ones free from all liens and
encumbrances, together with all the improvements therein in the names of plaintiffs sharing pro indiviso
as follows: 35% to Ramon A. Gonzales, married to Lilia Y. Gonzales, of legal age, with postal address
at 23 Sunrise Hill, New Manila, Quezon City; 37.92% to Patria B. Capay, of legal age, widow, Filipino;
5.41% each to Ruby Ann Capay, of legal age, Filipino, married to Pokka Vainio, Finnish citizen; Chona
Margarita Capay, of legal age, Filipino, married to Waldo Flores; Rosario Capay, of legal age, Filipino,
married to Jose Cuaycong, Jr.; Cynthia Capay, of legal age, Filipino, married to Raul Flores; Linda Joy
Capay, of legal age, Filipino, married to Pedro Duran, all with postal address at 37 Sampaguita St.,
Capitolville Subd., Bacolod City, ordering said defendants to vacate the premises in question and
restoring plaintiffs thereto and for defendant Traders Royal Bank to pay each of the plaintiffs moral
damages in the amount of P100,000.00, P40,000.00 in exemplary damages and P40,000.00 as
attorneys fees, all with legal interest from the filing of the complaint, with costs against defendants.
SO ORDERED.
[8]

TRB and the non-bank respondents appealed to the Court of Appeals. In a Decision promulgated
on February 24, 1994 in CA-G.R. CV No. 33920, the appellate court affirmed the decision of the trial
court in toto.
[9]
It ruled that the non-bank respondents cannot be considered as purchasers for value and
in good faith, having purchased the property subsequent to the action in Civil Case No. Q-10453 and
that while the notice oflis pendens was not carried over to TRBs certificate of title, as well as to the
subsequent transferees titles, it was entered in the Day Book which is sufficient to constitute
registration and notice to all persons of such adverse claim, citing the cases of Villasor vs.
Camon,
[10]
Levin vs. Bass
[11]
and Director of Lands vs. Reyes.
[12]

As regard TRB, the Court of Appeals said that the bank was in bad faith when it sold the property
knowing that it was under litigation and without informing the buyer of that fact.
On April 26, 1994, TRB filed with this Court a petition for review to set aside the CA decision,
docketed herein as G.R. No. 114299, invoking the following grounds:
I.
THE RESPONDENT HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS COMMITTED GRAVE AND SERIOUS
ERROR OF LAW IN PROMULGATING THE DISPUTED DECISION AND THEREBY DECIDED A
QUESTION OF SUBSTANCE WHOLLY CONTRARY TO SETTLED JURISPRUDENCE AND
TOTALLY NOT IN ACCORD WITH APPLICABLE DECISION OF THIS HONORABLE SUPREME
COURT.
II.
THE RESPONDENT HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS HAS COMMITTED SO GRAVE AND
SERIOUS ERRORS OF LAW IN SANCTIONING A DEPARTURE FROM THE USUAL AND
ACCEPTED COURSE OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDING AS TO CALL FOR THE EXERCISE OF THE
POWER OF REVIEW BY THIS HONORABLE SUPREME COURT.
a) The public respondent has plainly and manifestly acted whimsically, arbitrarily, capriciously, with
grave abuse of discretion, in excess of jurisdiction tantamount to lack of jurisdiction.
x x x
b) The public respondent erred in not finding that it was not the fault of petitioner when the notice of lis
pendens was not carried over to its new title.
x x x
c) The public respondent erred in not finding that PD No. 1271 had legally caused the invalidation of
the Capays property and the subsequent validation of TRBs title over the same property was effective
even as against the Capays.
[13]

Meanwhile, the non-bank respondents moved for a reconsideration of the Court of Appeals
decision. Convinced of the movants arguments, the Court of Appeals in a Resolution promulgated on
August 10, 1994 granted the motion for reconsideration and dismissed the complaint as against
them. The dispositive portion of the resolution states:
ACCORDINGLY, in view of the foregoing disquisitions and finding merit in the motion for
reconsideration, the same is hereby GRANTED. Consequently, the decision of this Court, promulgated
on February 24, 1994, is hereby RECONSIDERED. The complaint filed against defendants-appellants
with the court a quo is hereby ordered DISMISSED, and the certificate of titles originally issued to them
in their individual names are hereby ordered restored and duly respected. We make no pronouncement
as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
[14]

The Capays thus filed with this Court a petition for review, docketed as G.R. No. 118862, to set
aside the resolution of the Court of Appeals raising the following errors:
I
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF BY NOW HOLDING THAT
TUAZON VS. REYES, 48 PHIL. 814 AND RIVERA VS. MORAN, 48 PHIL. 836 ARE NOT APPLICABLE
HEREOF, WHILE PINO VS. COURT OF APPEALS, 198 SCRA 436, IS APPLICABLE.
II
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF BY NOW HOLDING THAT
ATUN VS. MUNOZ, 97 PHIL. 762 AND LAROZA VS. GUIA, 134 SCRA 34, ARE NOT APPLICABLE.
III
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF BY NOW HOLDING THAT
LEVIN VS. BASS, 91 PHIL. 419 VILLASOR VS. CAMON, 89 PHIL. 404 AND DIRECTOR OF LANDS
VS. REYES, 68 SCRA 73, ARE NOT APPLICABLE HEREOF.
IV
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF BY NOW HOLDING THAT
PETITIONERS ARE GUILTY OF LACHES.
V
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF BY NOW HOLDING THAT
THERE IS NO DISTINCTION IN THE REGISTRATION OF VOLUNTARY INSTRUMENTS VIS--VIS
INVOLUNTARY INSTRUMENTS.
VI
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF BY NOW HOLDING THAT
RESPONDENTS WHO ARE LAWYERS, RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS AND WELL-RESPECTED
RESIDENTS IN THE COMMUNITY, ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE EFFECTS OF THE
CONSTRUCTIVE NOTICE ARISING FROM REGISTRATION.
VII
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN REVERSING ITSELF WITH REGARDS TO
TRADERS ROYAL BANK, AFTER THE LATTER HAS PERFECTED ITS APPEAL TO THE SUPREME
COURT.
VIII
THE COURT OF APPEALS PALPABLY ERRED IN NOT RULING ON THE COUNTER-ASSIGNMENT
OF ERROR THAT:
B) THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT HOLDING THAT DEFENDANTS ARE BOUND BY THE
DECISION IN CIVIL CASE NO. Q-10453.
Subsequently, G.R. No. 118862 was consolidated with G. R. No. 114299, pursuant to this Courts
Resolution dated July 3, 1996.
[15]

The consolidated cases primarily involve two issues: (1) who, as between the Capays and the
non-bank respondents, has a better right to the disputed property, and (2) whether or not TRB is liable
to the Capays for damages.
On the first issue, we rule for the non-bank respondents.
I
First, when TRB purchased the property at the foreclosure sale, the notice of lis pendens that the
Capays caused to be annotated on their certificate of title was not carried over to the new one issued to
TRB. Neither did the certificate of title of Emelita Santiago, who purchased the property from TRB,
contain any such notice. When Santiago caused the property to be divided, six (6) new certificates of
title were issued, none of which contained any notice of lis pendens. Santiago then sold the lots to
Marcial Alcantara and his co-owners who next sold each of these to the non-bank respondents. The
non-bank respondents, therefore, could not have been aware that the property in question was the
subject of litigation when they acquired their respective portions of said property. There was nothing in
the certificates of title of their respective predecessors-in-interest that could have aroused their
suspicion. The non-bank respondents had a right to rely on what appeared on the face of the title of
their respective predecessors-in-interest, and were not bound to go beyond the same. To hold
otherwise would defeat one of the principal objects of the Torrens system of land registration, that is, to
facilitate transactions involving lands.
The main purpose of the torrens system is to avoid possible conflicts of title to real estate and to
facilitate transactions relative thereto by giving the public the right to rely upon the face of a Torrens
certificate of title and to dispense with the need of inquiring further, except when the party concerned
has actual knowledge of facts and circumstances that should impel a reasonably cautious man to make
such further inquiry. Where innocent third persons, relying on the correctness of the certificate of title
thus issued, acquire rights over the property, the court cannot disregard such rights and order the total
cancellation of the certificate. The effect of such an outright cancellation would be to impair public
confidence in the certificate of title, for everyone dealing with property registered under the Torrens
system would have to inquire in every instance as to whether the title has been regularly or irregularly
issued by the court. Every person dealing with registered land may safely rely on the correctness of the
certificate of title issued therefor and the law will in no way oblige him to go beyond the certificate to
determine the condition of the property.
The Torrens system was adopted in this country because it was believed to be the most effective
measure to guarantee the integrity of land titles and to protect their indefeasibility once the claim of
ownership is established and recognized. If a person purchases a piece of land on the assurance that
the sellers title thereto is valid, he should not run the risk of being told later that his acquisition was
ineffectual after all. This would not only be unfair to him. What is worse is that if this were permitted,
public confidence in the system would be eroded and land transactions would have to be attended by
complicated and not necessarily conclusive investigations and proof of ownership. The further
consequence would be that land conflicts could be even more numerous and complex than they are
now and possibly also more abrasive, if not even violent. The Government, recognizing the worthy
purposes of the Torrens system, should be the first to accept the validity of titles issued thereunder
once the conditions laid down by the law are satisfied.
[16]

Second, the foregoing rule notwithstanding, the non-bank respondents nevertheless physically
inspected the properties and inquired from the Register of Deeds to ascertain the absence of any defect
in the title of the property they were purchasing-an exercise of diligence above that required by law.
Thus, respondent Aida Fernando Meeks, who bought Lot 5 for her son Dean, testified:
Q How did you come to live in Baguio City, particularly in Km. 2.5 San Luis, Baguio City?
A In one of my visits to my sister who has been residing here for twelve (12) years now, I got
interested in buying a property here.
Q How did you come to know of this property at Asin Road where you now reside?
A My sister, Ruth Ann Valdez, sir.
Q When this particular property was bought by you, when was that?
A I do not remember the exact date, but it was in early 1984, sir.
Q At the time when you went to see the place where you now reside, how did it look?
A This particular property that I bought was then a small one (1)-room structure, it is a two (2)-
storey one (1) bedroom structure.
Q What kind of structure with regards to material?
A It is a semi-concrete structure, sir.
Q And aside from this two (2)-storey one (1)-room structure, how did the surrounding area look
like at the time you visited?
A There were stone walls from the road and there were stone walls in front of the property and
beside the property.
Q At the time you went to see the property with your agent, rather, your sister Ruth Ann Valdez,
did you come to know the owner?
A We did because at the time we went there, Mr. Alcantara was there supervising the workers.
Q And who?
A Amado Cruz, sir.
Q After you saw this property, what else did you do?
A My first concern then was am I buying a property with a clean title.
Q In regards to this concern of yours, did you find an answer to this concern of yours?
A At first, I asked Mr. Alcantara and I was answered by him.
Q What was his answer?
A That it was a property with a clean title, that he has shown me the mother title and it is a clean
title.
Q Aside from being informed that it is a property with a clean title, did you do anything to answer
your question?
A Yes, sir.
Q What did you do?
A Well, the first step I did was to go to the Land Registration Office.
Q Are you referring to the City Hall of Baguio?
A Yes, the City Hall of Baguio.
Q And what did you do in the Registry of Deeds?
A We looked for the title, the original title, sir.
Q When you say we, who was your companion?
A Mr. Alcantara and my present husband, sir.
Q The three (3) of you?
A Yes, sir.
Q What title did you see there?
A We saw the title that was made up in favor of Amado Cruz, sir.
Q And what was the result of your looking up for this title in the name of Amado Cruz?
A We had to be reassured that it was a genuine one, so we asked Atty. Diomampo who heads
the office. We showed him a copy of that title and we were also reassured by him that
anything that was signed by him was as good as it is.
Q Did this Atty. Diomampo reassure you that the title was good?
A He did.
Q After your conversation with the Register of Deeds, what did you do?
A The second step we did was to confer with our lawyer, a friend from RCBC Binondo, Manila,
this is Atty. Nelson Waje.
Q What is your purpose in going to this lawyer?
A We wanted an assurance that we were getting a valid title just in case we think of buying the
property.
Q What was the result of your conference with this lawyer?
A He was absolutely certain that that was a valid title.
Q Mrs. Meeks, after looking at the place, going to the Register of Deeds, looking at the title and
seeing your lawyer friend, what decision did you finally make regarding the property?
A We wanted more reassurances, so we proceeded to Banaue, as advised by that same lawyer,
there is another office of the Bureau of Lands. I cannot recall the office but it has something to
do with registration of the old.
Q What is your purpose in going to this Office in Banaue?
A I wanted more reassurances that I was getting a valid title.
Q What was the result of your visit to the Banaue Office?
A We found the title of this property and there was reassurance that it was a clean title and we
saw the mother title under the Hilario family.
Q Mrs. Meeks, when you say Banaue, what particular place is this Banaue?
A It is in Banaue Street in Quezon City, sir.
Q And when you saw the title to this property and the mother title, what was the result of your
investigation, the investigation that you made?
A We were reassured that we were purchasing a valid title, we had a genuine title.
Q When you were able to determine that you had a valid, authentic or genuine title, what did you
do?
A That is when I finally thought of purchasing the property.
[17]

Telesforo Alfelor II, the purchaser of Lot 4, narrated going through a similar routine:
Q How did you come to know of this place as Asin Road where you are presently residing?
A It was actually through Mrs. Flory Recto who is presently the Branch Manager of
CocoBank. She informed my wife that there is a property for sale at Asin road, and she was
the one who introduced to us Mr. Alcantara, sir.
Q When you were informed by Mrs. Recto and when you met with Mr. Alcantara, did you see the
property that was being offered for sale?
A Yes, sir.
Q When did you specifically see the property, if you can recall?
A I would say it is around the third quarter of 1983, sir.
Q When you went to see the place, could you please describe what you saw at that time?
A When we went there the area is still being developed by Mr. Alcantara. As a matter of fact the
road leading to the property is still not passable considering that during that time it was rainy
season and it was muddy, we fell on our way going to the property and walked to have an
ocular inspection and physical check on the area, sir.
x x x
Q What was the improvement, if any, that was in that parcel which you are going to purchase?
A During that time, the riprap of the property is already there, the one-half of the riprap sir.
Q Do you know who was making this improvement at the time that you went there?
A I would understand that it was Marcial Alcantara, sir.
Q After you saw the place and you saw the riprap and you were in the course of deciding to
purchase this property, what else did you do?
A First, I have to consider that the property is clean.
Q How did you go about determining whether the title of the property is clean?
A Considering that Marcial Alcantara is a real estate broker, I went to his office and checked the
documents he has regarding the property.
Q And what was the result of your checking as to whether the title of the property is clean?
A He showed me the copy of the title and it was clean, sir.
Q Aside from going to Mr. Alcantara to check up the title of the property, what else did you do?
A Well, the next thing is I requested his wife to accompany me to the Bureau of Lands or rather
the Registry of Deeds, sir.
Q What registry of Deeds are you referring to?
A The Registry of Deeds of Baguio City, sir.
Q And were you able to see the Register of Deeds regarding what you would like to know?
A Yes, and we were given a certification regarding this particular area that it was clean, sir.
Q What Certification are you referring to?
A It is a Certification duly signed by the employee of the Registry of Deeds Adelina Tabangin, sir.
Q Do you have a copy of that Certification?
A Yes, I have, sir.
[18]

The testimonies of Honorato Santos
[19]
and Josefina Pe
[20]
were to the same effect.
The non-bank respondents predecessor-in-interest, Marcial Alcantara, was no less thorough:
Q And will you give a brief description of what you do?
A I normally acquire land, quite big tract of land and subdivide it into smaller lots and sold it to
some interested parties.
Q Specifically, Mr. Alcantara, will you please inform the Court in what place in Baguio have you
acquired and subdivided and sold lots?
A Dominican Hill, Leonila Hill, Crystal Cave and Asin Road, sir.
Q You mentioned Asin Road, what particular place in Asin Road are you referring?
A That property I bought from Emelita Santiago, sir.
Q When you say you bought it from Emelita Santiago, how did you come to know that Emelita
Santiago is disposing of the property?
A Because of the father, he is the one who offered me the property, sir, Armando Gabriel.
Q Is he also a resident of Baguio?
A He is from Buyagan, La Trinidad, sir.
Q How did you come to know of this Armando Gabriel wanting to sell a property in Asin?
A He approached me in the house, sir. He has acquired a title from the Traders Royal Bank.
Q Can you inform the Honorable Court when you had this conversation with Armando Gabriel on
the sale of the property at Asin Road?
A Later part of March, 1983, sir.
Q Now, when this Armando Gabriel informed you that he wants his property to be sold, what did
you do?
A I went to the place with the agent, sir.
Q When you say you went to the place with the agent, what place?
A Kilometer 2, Asin Road, sir.
Q And when you went there to see the place, did you actually go there to see the place?
A By walking, I parked my car a kilometer away, sir.
Q Is it my understanding that when you went to see the property there were no roads?
A None, sir.
x x x
Q Mr. Alcantara, when you went to see this place at Asin Road last week of March, 1983, will you
please briefly describe how this place looked like at that time?
A The place was mountainous, grassy, there were cogon trees, some of the roads were eroding
already, so we cannot possibly enter the property, sir.
Q At the time you entered the place, was there any visible sign of claim by anyone?
A None, sir.
Q In terms of fence in the area?
A There is no such, sir.
x x x
Q Aside from looking or going to the property, what else did you do to this property prior to your
purchase?
A I investigated it with the Register of Deeds, sir.
Q What is your purpose in investigating it with the Register of Deeds?
A To see if the paper is clean and there are no encumbrances, sir.
Q To whom did you talk?
A To Atty. Ernesto Diomampo, sir.
Q And when you went to the Registry of Deeds to investigate and check, did you have occasion
to talk with Atty. Diomampo?
A Yes, sir.
Q And what was the result of your talk with Atty. Diomampo?
A The papers are clean except to the annotation at the back with the road right of way, sir.
Q After making this investigation with the Register of Deeds and talking with Atty. Diomampo,
what else transpired?
A We bought the property, sir.
Q After purchasing the property from Emelita Santiago, could you please tell the Honorable Court
what you did with that deed of sale?
A We registered it with the Register of Deeds for the Certificate of Title because at that time when
we bought the property, Emelita Santiago had it subdivided into six (6) lots, sir.
Q Is it our understanding that prior to your purchase the property was subdivided into six (6)
parcels?
A Yes, sir.
Q Could you please inform the Honorable Court if you have any buyers in the subdivision of this
property prior to your purchase?
A Yes, I have.
Q This subdivision of this property, to what office was it brought for action?
A Bureau of Lands, San Fernando, La Union, sir.
Q Now, Mr. Alcantara, at the time that you had this property subdivided by the owner, could you
please inform the Court if there was any claim by any other party opposing the subdivision or
claiming the property?
A None, sir.
Q When the Deed of Sale was executed and you said that you presented it to the Register of
Deeds and after the subdivision already, what action did the Register of Deeds have regarding
the matter?
A They approved it and registered it already in six (6) titles, sir.
Q In whose names?
A One (1) title under my name, Amado Cruz and Dr. Sanchez, sir.
Q Initially, Mr. Alcantara, you said that you are the sole purchaser of this entire area of One
Thousand Five Hundred Ninety One (1,591) Square Meters. Now, you are informing this
Honorable Court that one Amado Cruz and one Dr. Sanchez were also issued two (2)
titles. Could you explain how these titles came into their possession?
A Actually, two (2) are our co-owners, sir.
Q So, is it our understanding that the Deed of Sale from Emelita Santiago is in favor of these two
(2) Atty. Cruz and Dr. Sanchez?
A Yes, sir.
[21]

Third, between two innocent persons, the one who made it possible for the wrong to be done
should be the one to bear the resulting loss.
[22]
The Capays filed the notice of lis pendens way back on
March 17, 1967 but the same was not annotated in TRBs title. The Capays and their counsel Atty.
Ramon A. Gonzales knew in 1968 of the extra-judicial foreclosure sale of the property to TRB and the
consolidation of title in the banks name following the lapse of the one-year period of redemption. But in
the next fifteen (15) years or so, they did not bother to find out the status of their title or whether the
liens noted on the original certificate of title were still existing considering that the property had already
been foreclosed. In the meantime, the subject property had undergone a series of transfers to buyers in
good faith and for value. It was not until after the land was subdivided and developed with the buyers
building their houses on the other lots when the Capays suddenly appeared and questioned the
occupants titles. At the very least, the Capays are guilty of laches. Laches has been defined as the
failure or neglect, for an unreasonable and unexplained length of time, to do that which by exercising
due diligence could nor should have been done earlier; it is negligence or omission to assert a right
within a reasonable time, warranting presumption that the party entitled to it either has abandoned it or
declined to assert it.
[23]

Verily, the principle on prescription of actions is designed to cover situations such as the case at bar,
where there have been a series of transfers to innocent purchasers for value. To set aside these
transactions only to accommodate a party who has slept on his rights is anathema to good order.
Independently of the principle of prescription of actions working against petitioners, the doctrine of
laches may further be counted against them, which latter tenet finds application even to imprescriptible
actions. x x x.
[24]

In De La Calzada-Cierras vs. Court of Appeals,
[25]
we held:
While it is true that under the law it is the act of registration of the deed of conveyance that serves as
the operative act to convey the land registered under the Torrens System (Davao Grains, Inc. vs.
Intermediate Appellate Court, 171 SCRA 612), the petitioners cannot invoke said dictum because their
action to recover Lot 4362 is barred by the equitable doctrine of laches.
The act of registering the conveyance to Rosendo was constructive notice to the whole world of the fact
of such conveyance (Heirs of Maria Marasigan vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, 152 SCRA 253).
But the petitioners complaint to recover the title and possession of Lot 4362 was filed only on July 21,
1981, twelve (12) years after the registration of the sale to Rosendo. The petitioners failed and
neglected for an unreasonably long time to assert their right, if any, to the property in Rosendos
possession.
Being guilty of laches, the Capays cannot invoke the ruling in Villasor vs. Camon, Levin vs. Bass
and Director of Lands vs. Reyes
[26]
to the effect that entry of the notice of lis pendens in the day book
(primary entry book) is sufficient to constitute registration and such entry is notice to all persons of such
adverse claim. Certainly, it is most iniquitous for the Capays who, after sleeping on their rights for
fifteen years, to assert ownership over the property that has undergone several transfers made in good
faith and for value and already subdivided into several lots with improvements introduced thereon by
their owners.
In the same vein, the cases cited by the Capays in their first two (2) assignment of errors do not
help them any, as the transferees In said cases were not innocent purchasers for value and in good
faith. In Tuazon vs. Reyes and Siochi,
[27]
where the land involved therein was sold by Petronilo David to
Vicente Tuazon, it was with a deed containing the recital that the land was in dispute between the
vendor and Roberto Siochi. Tuazon, who was merely subrogated to the rights of the vendor was aware
of the dispute and, furthermore, David did not warrant the title to the same. In Rivera vs.
Moran,
[28]
Rivera acquired interest in the land before the final decree was entered in the cadastral
proceedings. Rivera, the transferee, was aware of the pending litigation and, consequently, could not
have been considered a purchaser in good faith. Similarly, in Atun, et al. vs. Nunez, et al.
[29]
and Laroza
vs. Guia,
[30]
the buyers of the property at the time of their acquisition knew of the existence of the notice
of lis pendens. In contrast to the cited cases, the non-bank respondents in the case at bar acquired
their respective portions of the land with clean title from their predecessors-in-interest.
II
We come now to TRBs liability towards the Capays.
The Bank unconvincingly tries to wash its hands off the present controversy, and attempts to shift
the blame on the Capays, thus:
x x x
23. The petitioner Bank, during all the time that it was holding the title for over fourteen (14) years that
there was no legal impediment for it to sell said property, Central Bank regulations require that real
properties of banks should not be held for more than five (5) years;
24. The fault of the Register of Deeds in not carrying over the Notice of Lis Pendens to the new title of
the petitioner Bank should not be absorbed by the latter considering that in all good faith, it was not
aware of the existence of said annotation during all the time that said title was in its possession for
almost fourteen (14) years before the property was sold to Emelita G. Santiago xxx.
[31]

TRB concludes that (t)he inaction and negligence of private respondents, allowing ownership to
pass for almost 15 years constitute prescription of action and/or laches.
[32]

Section 25 of the General Banking Act,
[33]
provides that no bank shall hold the possession of any
real estate under mortgage or trust, deed, or the title and possession of any real estate purchased to
secure any debt due to it, for a longer period than five years. TRB, however, admits holding on to the
foreclosed property for twelve (12) years after consolidating title in its name. The bank is, therefore,
estopped from invoking banking laws and regulations to justify its belated disposition of the property. It
cannot be allowed to hide behind the law which it itself violated.
TRB cannot feign ignorance of the existence of the lis pendens because when the property was
foreclosed by it, the notice of lis pendens was annotated on the title. But when TCT No. T-6595 in the
name of the Capay spouses was cancelled after the foreclosure, TCT No. T-16272 which was issued in
place thereof in the name of TRB did not carry over the notice of lis pendens.
We do not find the Capays guilty of inaction and negligence as against TRB. It may be recalled
that upon the commencement of foreclosure proceedings by TRB, the Capays filed an action for
prohibition on September 22, 1966 against the TRB before the CFI to stop the foreclosure sale. Failing
in that attempt, the Capays filed a supplemental complaint for the recovery of the property. The case
reached this Court. Prescription or laches could not have worked against the Capays because they had
persistently pursued their suit against TRB to recover their property.
On the other hand, it is difficult to believe TRBs assertion that after holding on to the property for
more than ten (10) years, it suddenly realized that it was acting in violation of the General Bank
Act. What is apparent is that TRB took advantage of the absence of the notice of lis pendens at the
back of their certificate of title and sold the property to an unwary purchaser. This notwithstanding the
adverse decision of the trial court and the pendency of its appeal. TRB, whose timing indeed smacks of
bad faith, thus transferred caused the property without the lis pendens annotated on its title to put it
beyond the Capays' reach. Clearly, the bank acted in a manner contrary to morals, good customs and
public policy, and should be held liable for damages.
[34]

Considering, however, that the mortgage in favor of TRB had been declared null and void for want
of consideration and, consequently, the foreclosure proceedings did not have a valid effect, the Capays
would ordinarily be entitled to the recovery of their property. Nevertheless, this remedy is not now
available to the Capays inasmuch as title to said property has passed into the hands of third parties who
acquired the same in good faith and for value. Such being the case, TRB is duty bound to pay the
Capays the fair market value of the property at the time it was sold to Emelita Santiago, the transferee
of TRB.
WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals dated February 24, 1994 in CA-G.R. CV No.
33920, as modified by its Resolution dated August 10, 1994 is hereby AFFIRMED. In addition, Traders
Royal Bank is ordered to pay the Capays the fair market value of the property at the time it was sold to
Emelita Santiago.
This Decision is without prejudice to whatever criminal, civil or administrative action against the
Register of Deeds and/or his assistants that may be taken by the party or parties prejudiced by the
failure of the former to carry over the notice of lis pendens to the certificate of title in the name of TRB.
SO ORDERED.