Cell

Organisation in
Plants
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Tissues
Two main types of
tissues :
MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE S and
PERMANENT
TISSUES
Meristematic
tissues are divided
into two
meristems; Apical
meristems and
Lateral meristems
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Meristematic Tissues
Small cells with large nucleus, no vacuoles
and thin walls
Actively dividing to produce new cells for
growth
Apical meristems : located at the tips of
roots and shoots; produces new cells for
growth
Lateral meristems (cambium): found
between the xylem and phloem tissues;
responsible for secondary growth
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Shoot apex Root apex
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Permanent Tissues
Mature tissues that are undergoing
differentiation
Mature tissues which are already
differentiated
Can be categorised into epidermal tissue,
ground tissue and vascular tissue
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Epidermal Tissue
Covers the
surfaces of leaves,
stems, roots,
flowers, fruits and
seeds
Made up of one
layer of flat cells
which have large
vacuoles
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Upper epidermis : secretes waxy layer
called cuticle ; reduces loss of water
through transpiration
Guard cells : modified from epidermal
cells; control the opening and closing of
stoma
Root hairs : modified from epidermal cells;
help in the absorption of water and
minerals
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Ground tissues
Fills up the spaces
between the
epidermal and
vascular tissues
Three types :
parenchyma,
collenchyma,
sclerenchyma tissues
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Collenchyma : polygonal cells with
uneven cellulose cell walls thickened by
pectin; provides support for young plants
and herbaceous or non-woody plants
Sclerenchyma : uneven cells walls
thickened by lignin and die when
matured; provides support and
mechanical strength to the plant
Parenchyma : thin-walled cells with large
vacuoles and loosely arranged with
spaces between them; photosynthesis
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Vascular tissues
Involved in the transport of water and other
substances in the plant
Continuous vessels or tubes in all parts of a
plant
Two types : xylem tissue and phloemtissue
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Xylem tissue : long, hollow tube from the roots to
the leaves and shoots, has lignified walls and
consists of xylem vessels and tracheids
Function: Transports water and minerals salts from
the roots to the leaves
Phloem tissue : consists of elongated living cells
connect end to end to form a tube with sieve
plates
Function: Transport organic nutrients such as
carbohydrates from the leaves to other parts and
storage organs of plant
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Organs
Plant organs
include roots, stems,
flowers and leaves
which consists of
tissues
There are less
organs in plants as
compared to
animals.
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Systems
Plants have two main systems: Root
system and shoot system
Root system : consists of all roots of a
plant; forms the absorptive system as roots
absorb water and mineral salts from the
soil
Shoot system: consists of leaves, flowers,
stems and fruits for flowering plants; stem
act as a support system and flowers form
the reproductive system
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Organism
The root system
and shoot system
work together for
the plant to
survive.
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Label parts of tissues shown in the diagram
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Regulating the internal
environment
The internal environment of multicellular
organism
Internal environment is the environment within
the body of an organism
The intercellular space between cells is filled
with a fluid = the interstitial fluid
The cells obtain the substances required for
biochemical reactions from the interstitial fluid.
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The necessity for maintaining an
optimal internal environment
Internal environment is affected by
physical and chemical factors.
Physical factors : temperature, blood
pressure, osmotic pressure.
Chemical factors : pH, blood glucose
level, salt level
Both factors are regulated by a process
called HOMEOSTASIS
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Homeostasis
A process in which the chemical and
physical factors of the internal
environment are regulated so that the
conditions are maintained at a relatively
constant level for the optimal functions of
cells
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Homeostasis is carried out by means of
ve feedback mechanism
In the ve feedback mechanism, the
stimulus will trigger a response by the
effector to reverse the change back to its
normal level.
Receptor detects change in stimulus and
sends message to control centre.
Control centre processes message and
sends response message to effector.
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The involvement of various systems in
maintaining an optimal internal
environment
Regulations of chemical and physical
factors involve various systems such as
respiratory system, circulatory system,
nervous system, excretory system,
muscular system and endocrine system.
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Example :
Factor : Body Temperature
System Involved : Nervous system,
integumentary system, circulatory system,
endocrine system and muscular system
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Regulatory system in Plant
Less important in plants because :
Most plant cells are dead cells = no biochemical
reactions
Water and minerals salts are transported by xylem tissues
and aided by natural factors = capillary action and
transpiration pull
The internal environment of a plant is air and not fluid.
Plant cells have vacuoles to store waste substances
before they are transformed into non-toxic substances to
be excreted.
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Appreciating the uniqueness
of the cell
The cellular components are dependent
on each other and work together
systematically to ensure the cell functions
optimally on its own.
Organisms cannot survive if cells fail to
function. The absence of certain cellular
components affects the activities of the
cell.
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Predict each effect on a cell if the
following cellular components are
absent
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Nucleus
lysosome
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