FM.

1
Angular Modulation
Reference
Chapter 5.1, Carlson, Communication Systems
Introduction
AM
modulated spectrum
translated message spectrum
transmission bandwidth
2 x message bandwidth
S/N (at the receiver)
can be improved only by increasing the transmitted power
FM.2
Angular Modulation
Angular Modulation
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
transmission bandwidth 2 x message bandwidth
Nonlinear
The signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by trading with the
bandwidth.
t t t f 300 cos 200 cos ) ( + =
| |
t t t t
t t t t
t t t g



100 cos 500 cos
2
1
600 cos
2
1
2
1
400 cos
2
1
300 cos 200 cos 2 300 cos 200 cos
300 cos 200 cos ) (
2 2
2
+ + + + + =
+ + =
+ =
) ( ) (
2
t f t g =
) (t g
) ( G
) ( F
100 / 2 3
100 / 1 4 5 6
FM.3
Angular Modulation
Theory
Consider
a sinusoidal signal with constant envelope but time-varying phase
If contains the modulating signal , this type of modulation is called angle
modulation.
PM
instantaneous phase
The modulated signal is
carrier frequency
: constants
The instantaneous frequency of this phase-modulated signal is
| | ) ( ) ( where ) ( cos ) ( t t t t A t c
c
+ = =
) (t ) (t f
) ( ) ( t f t
] ) ( cos[ ) (
o p c PM
t f k t A t f + + =
:
c

o p
k ,
) (t f
dt
d
k
dt
d
p c i
+ = =

: ) (t
FM.4
FM
Example
) ( ) ( t f t
i

(

+ + =

o
t
f c FM
d f k t A t f
0
) ( cos ) (
frequency carrier :
c

constants : ,
o f
k
? =
i

) (t f
signal carrier
) (t f
FM
f
PM
(t) ?
Angular Modulation
FM.5
A FM signal can be expressed as
From this expression, we conclude that FM is nonlinear unless
| |
| |
{ }
{ }
{ }
...
!
...
! 3 ! 2
1
... ) (
! 2
1
) ( 1 Re
) ( ) ( where Re
Re
Re
) ( cos ) (
3 2
2 2 ) (
0
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
0
0
0
+ + + + + + =
)
`

+ =

= =
=
=
+

+ =
+
+
+
+

+
n
x x x
x e
t g k t g jk Ae
d f t g e Ae
e Ae
Ae
d f k t A t f
n
x
f f
t j
t
t g jk
t j
d f jk
t j
d f k t j
o
t
f c FM
o c
f
o c
t
f
o c
o
t
f c
Q







1 ) ( << t f k
f
FM
FM.6
Narrowband FM
Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal
The FM signal can be rewritten as
For small modulation index, we can written as
Normally, a criterion for NBFM is <0.2
t a t f
m
cos ) ( =
| |
| |
| |
| | index modulation : sin cos
sin cos
deviation frequency peak : cos cos
0 let cos cos
) ( cos ) (
0
0
0
m
m c
m
m
c
f
t
m c
o
t
m f c
o
t
f c FM
t t A
t t A
ak d t A
d a k t A
d f k t A t f

= + =
(

+ =
=

+ =
=

+ =
+

+ =
| | | | sin sin sin sin cos cos t t A t t A
m c m c

| | | | t t t
m m m
sin sin sin 1 sin cos Q
sin sin cos ) ( t t A t A t f
m c c NBFM
=
FM.7
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Example
AM:
NBFM:
Let A = 1, m = = 0.1, we have
cos cos cos ) ( t t A m t A t f
m c c AM
+ =
sin sin cos ) ( t t A t A t f
m c c NBFM
=
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
4 cos
m c c
t A =
cos t
m
2 . 0 where =
NBFM
f
2 . 0 where = m f
AM
NBFM
f
cos t A
c

sin sin t t A
m c

cos t A
c

NBFM
f
cos cos t t A m
m c

Narrowband FM
FM.8
AM
the modulation is added in phase with the carrier
NBFM
the modulation is added in quadrature with the carrier
cos t A
c

cos cos t t A m
m c

cos t A
c

sin sin t t A
m c

Narrowband FM
FM.9
Spectral density
{ }
( ) ( )
| | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | t t
A
t t
A
A
t
A
t
A
t A F
t t A t A F F
m c m c m c m c c c
m c m c c
c m c NBFM

+ + + + + + + + + =
)
`

+ + =
=
2 2
) ( ) (
cos
2
cos
2
cos
sin sin cos ) (
A

2
A
) (
NBFM
F

{ }
| | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | t t
A m
t t
A m
A
t t mA t A F F
m c m c m c m c c c
c m c AM

+ + + + + + + + + + =
+ =
2 2
) ( ) (
cos cos cos ) (

2
-
A
A

2
A

2
A
Narrowband FM
FM.10
Wideband FM
where
: Bessel function of the first kind of order n and argument
t a t f
m
cos ) ( =
| |
{ }
m
sin
sin
of frequency l fundamenta a ith function w periodic a is
Re
Re
sin cos ) (

t j
n
t jn
n
t j
t j t j
m c FM
m
m c
m c
e
e F e
e e
t t A t f
Q
)
`

=
=
+ =

=
) (
)
2
let (
2
1
1
) sin (
2 /
2 /
sin

n
m
n j
T
T
t jn t j
n
J
t
T
t d e
dt e e
T
F
m m
=
= = =
=

) (
n
J
FM.11
FM signal with sinusoidal modulation has an infinite number of
sidebands.
The spectral density of the sideband at frequency is
proportional

=
+ =
)
`

=
n
m c n
n
t jn
n
t j
FM
t n J A
e J Ae t f
m c
) cos( ) (
) ( Re ) (

m c
n +
) (
n
J
| |

=
+ + + =
n
m c m c n FM
n n J A F ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
Wideband FM
FM.12
| |

=
+ + + =
n
m c m c n FM
n n J A F ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
FM
F

+
c
m

2
c
+
m

3
c
+
m

-
c
m

2
-
c
m

3
-
c
) (
0
AJ
) (
1
AJ
) (
1


AJ
) (
2
AJ
) (
2


AJ
Wideband FM
FM.13
0 5 10 15
-0.5
0
0.5
1
are real valued.
for n even
for n odd
) (
n
J
) (
n
J
) ( ) (
n n
J J

=
) ( ) (
n n
J J

=
0 5 10
-0.5
0
0.5
1
) (
0
J
) (
1
J
) (
2
J
) (
3
J
) (
6
J

n
) 1 . 0 (
n
J
) 3 (
n
J
) 6 (
n
J
Wideband FM
FM.14
0 5 10 15
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Wideband FM
The amplitude of the carrier
varies with the modulation index
depends on the modulating signal
contains part of the message information
The number of significant sideband lines depends on . With <<1 only J
o
and
J
1
are significant.
0 5 10
-0.5
0
0.5
1
) (
0
J
) (
1
J
) (
2
J
) (
3
J
) (
6
J

n
) 1 . 0 (
n
J
) 3 (
n
J
) 6 (
n
J
2 / ) (
0
AJ
FM.15
Bandwidth
In most applications, a sideband is significant if its magnitude is
equal to or exceed 1% of the unmodulated carrier, i.e.,
The bandwidth can also be calculated using the following equations
For large ,
For small ,
Carson rule,
01 . 0 ) (
n
J
2 W
m
W 2
) ( 2 +
m
W