Turbomachinery Summary of Equations

Incompressible Turbomachinery

Conservation of energy const H H H H H
f s v p tot
= + + + =

Pressure head
g
p p
H
p

1 2

=
Velocity head
g
v v
H
v
2
2
1
2
2

=

Static head
1 2
h h H
s
=

Friction head
f f
h H =

, where p static pressure, v velocity, h height coordinate, density, g gravitational constant

Note: indices 1 and 2 refer to two arbitrary points in an isoenergetic part of the system.



Bernoulli equation const gh
v p
= + +
2
2

Mass balance =
n
c A m

, where A cross section, c
n
velocity normal to this cross section, density


Momentum balance (axial)
2 2 1 1 2 1
) ( A p A p c c m F
x x x
+ =

, where A cross section (normal to axial), c
x
axial velocity, p static pressure, m mass flow rate


Momentum balance (circumferential) ) (
2 1
c c m F =


Euler turbomachine equation
1 1 2 2
c u c u g H
tot
=





Load line (speed regulation)
2
Q k H =

Affinity law (speed regulation)
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
N
H
H
,
2
1
2
1
N
N
Q
Q
= ,
3
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
N
P
P


, where H head, Q Volume flow rate, N pump speed, P pump power


Load line (trimming of radial pump) Q k H =

Affinity law (trimming of radial pump)
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
H
H
,
2
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
Q
Q
,
4
2
1
2
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
d
d
P
P


, where H head, Q Volume flow rate, d pump impeller outlet diameter, P pump power




Trigonometry



x
c
c

= tan

c
c
x
= cos

c
c

= sin



Algebra

Quadratic equation c Q b Q a H + + =
2


General solution (H=0)
a
c a b b
Q

=
2
4
2
2 , 1



c
c
x

c

Compressible Turbomachinery


Gas Equations

Polytropic relation . const pv
n
=
Polytropic coefficient n
Expansion process

1 1
=

p
n
n

Compression process

1 1 1
=

p
n
n


Note: for 1 =
p
= n isentropic (i.e. ideal)

Equivalent identities .
1
const T p
n
n
=

isentropic

1
2
1
2
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
p
p
T
T

. const p
n
=

pv cpT
1
=

1
02
01
02
01

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s s
p
p
T
T


Enthalpy T c h
p
=

Enthalpy difference (polytropic, expansion)
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

1
01
02
01 02 01 02 01
1 ) (
p
p
p
cpT T T cp h

Enthalpy difference (isentropic)
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
01
02
01 02 01
1
p
p
cpT h
s
tt




Compressible Analysis
Mach number
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
(
(
(

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

p
p
M

Speed of sound RT a =

Velocity
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
(
(
(

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

= =

p
p RT
a M c


Energy, Mass and Momentum Balance

Power
0
h m W =

s
J
W

,
(

s
kg
m ,
(

kg
J
h
0


Expressed by torque M W =

| | Nm M ,
(

s
rad


Rotational frequency
30
n
= | | rpm n


Mass balance u cn m = =

Euler equation
2 2 1 1 02 01
c u c u h h =

Stagnation enthalpy ( constant in stator)
2
0
2
1
c h h + =
Rothalpy ( constant in rotor)
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
u w h c u c h I + = + =





Turbomachinery Stages



















Design Parameters

Assumption: normal repetition stage: turbine:
2 0
c c

= , const c c c
x x x
= = =
2 , 1 , 0 ,
,
2 1 0
u u u = =
compressor
3 1
c c

= , const c c c
x x x
= = =
3 , 2 , 1 ,
,
3 2 1
u u u = =

Parameter Turbine Compressor
Degree of reaction
stage
rotor
h
h
R

=
( )
1 , 2 ,
2
1

w w
u
R + = ( )
2 , 1 ,
2
1

w w
u
R + =
( )
1 2
tan tan
2 2
1
+ =
u
c
R
x
( )
2 1
tan tan
2 2
1
+ =
u
c
R
x

Loading coefficient
2
0
u
h
=
u
c c
2 , 1 ,

=
u
c c
1 , 2 ,

=
( )
2 1
tan tan 1 + =
u
c
x
( )
1 2
tan tan 1 + =
u
c
x

Flow coefficient
u
c
x
=
u
c
x
=
u
c
x
=

Multistage machine with z similar stages

= =
z
i
i i
u z u h
1
2 2
,
0




Engine Geometry

Radius ratio
h
s
r
r
Y =
Hub radius
1
2
+
=
Y
r
r
m
h

Blade length
h s
r r s = Shroud radius
1
2
+
=
Y
Yr
r
m
s

Mean radius
2
s h
m
r r
r
+
=
Cross section s r
m
= 2
0 1 2
stator rotor

Reference radius
1 2 3 rotor stator

Reference radius
Turbine Compressor

Radial compressors

Slip factor definition
'
2
2

c
c
=

Slip factor by Stodola
' tan 1
' cos
1
2 2
2

=
n


Slip factor by Stanitz
' tan 1
63 . 0
1
2 2

=
n



Velocity Triangles

Normalized velocity triangle turbine stage




















Normalized velocity triangle compressor stage

















W
2

C
2
W
1

C
1

U=1 U=1


R
2
1 , 2 ,
W W +

W
1

C
1

W
2

C
2

U=1


R