PHYSICS PROJECT

REPORT

2014-2015

SUBODH PUBLIC SCHOOL

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:
ARK DUTTA MR.HARI OM OJHA
XI-B DEPARTMENT (PHYSICS)

CERTIFICATE OF
AUTHENTICITY

This is to certify that ARK DUTTA, a student of class XI
has successfully completed the project report on the topic:
Rain Water Detector-Alarm Circuit under the
guidance of Mr. Hari Om Ojha (Subject Teacher).

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making
this project have been declared at the end of this report.




Signature(Subject Teacher) Signature(Examiner)



ACKNOWLEGDEMENT


The project could have never been possible without the support
of various sources. It is extremely impossible to thank every
individual who has helped me in completing this project. Some
people have helped in the basic formularization and there were
sources that helped me in giving the ideas a physical
form/shape. I am extremely grateful to my teacher,
Mr. Hari Om Ojha, for his invaluable guidance in the project
right from the beginning. His vital support helped the project to
take a logical and suitable shape.

I take this opportunity to thank the School authorities, for
extending their full support and cooperation in the project.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank everyone who has
offered a helping hand when required.







INTRODUCTION

Water is basic need in every ones life.
Saving and proper usage of water is very important. Here
is an easy project which will give the alarm when there is
rain, so that we can make some actions and save the rain
water. As a result, we can increase the water levels of
underground water by using underwater recharge
technique.

Rain water detector will detect the rain and make an alert;
rain water detector is used in the irrigation field, home
automation, communication, automobiles etc.

Here is the simple and reliable circuit of rain water
detector which can be constructed at low cost.

If there is no rain, the resistance between the wires will be
very high and there will be no conduction between the
wires in the sensor. If there is rain, the water drops will
fall on the rain sensor which will also decrease the
resistance between the wires and wires on the sensor
board will conduct and trigger the transistors circuitry. It
will make the output pin high and which will make the
buzzer to make alarm.
MATERIAL REQUIRED

Connecting Wires
PCB Board
Resistors
220k Ohms
10k Ohms
A Capacitor
0.01 uF
Transistors
TL188
BC548
Insulating Tapes
Solder Machine, Solder Wax and Flux
A Buzzer
AC/DC Adapter(DC: 9volts)


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM






DETAILS OF MATERIAL REQUIRED
Connecting wires and a plug - A normal insulated copper
wire able to withstand 230 250 v is required.

A circuit board -A normal board of mica facilitated with
clips to simplify the connection.

A small box - To place the equipment safely.

A CAPACITOR-The ability of a metal to store electric
charges measures the capacitances of a conductor. It
provides high impedance to Alternating Current and stores
them while all the D.C components are let to pass. There
are different types of capacitors
o PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
o SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
o CYLINDRICLAL CAPACITOR

Here we use capacitor of 0.01 uF.

A Resistor - A resistor is an electronic components whose
resistance value tells us about the opposition it offers to the
flow of electric current. Resistance is measured in ohms.

A Transistor - a semiconductor device used
to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at
least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

WORKING


Water is a conductor of electricity. When water is in contact
with the probe then there is a flow of current which reaches to
the base of Q1. Transistor Q1 is a NPN transistor which
conducts. With the conduction of Q1 electron reaches to Q2
which is a PNP transistor .Q2 also conducts and current flows
through the speaker. In a speaker there is inductive coil which
causes motion in one direction and also produce induce
current which is in opposite direction to the flow of current
this induce current in the form of pulse flows through a
capacitor, resistance and switches off Q1 and relax .this
process repeats again and again till probe is in contact with
water or we can say there is a oscillation in the circuit thus
speaker diaphragm vibrates and gives a tone. Frequency of the
circuit depends on the value of Speaker Coil impendence,
Capacitor and Resistance Value.










PHOTO GALLERY






APPLICATIONS OF RAIN
WATER ALARM


In the irrigation, it will detect the rain and immediately alert
the farmer.

In automobiles, when the rain detector detects the rain it will
immediately active the wipers and inform to the driver.

In communications, it will boost the power of the antenna
and increase the signal strength to send or receive the
signals.

In normal house hold, with the help of rain water detector we
can automatically save the rain water. (This can be done only
when home automation is done and equipment to save the
rain water. In this, rain water detector will detect the rain and
helps to switch ON the equipment which will automatically
save rain water for different purposes).

This can also be used if there is a chemical rain also. This is
very common in industrial areas.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1) Electronic projects Blog for beginners by A.K Manini
2) H.C VERMA XIIth
3) S.L ARORA PHYSICS XIIth
4) NCERT based CBSE text for XIIth
5) Website: www.Google.com





THANKS TO ALL.